内毒素耐受大鼠与正常大鼠急性肺损伤反应比较

目的　动态观察内毒素耐受 (ET)大鼠在内毒素血症时肺部炎症反应和肺损伤与正常对照 (NC)大鼠的异同。方法　SD大鼠腹腔注射脂多糖 (LPS) 0 6mg·kg 1·d 1,连续 4d ,建立ET模型。第 5d腹腔注射 6mg/kgLPS。在注射大剂量LPS前、后不同时间点进行外周血和支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)细胞学检查 ,以及肺组织病理学检查 ,测定BALF中白蛋白及其与血清白蛋白的比值衡量肺微血管通透性。结果　ET大鼠注射大剂量LPS后 ,未出现类似NC大鼠的体重减轻、肺部微血管通透性升高 (6h至高峰 )以及肺组织灶性中性粒细胞 (PMN)浸润和炎症反应。NC组 2 4h外周血PMN明显升高 ,而ET组始终以淋巴细胞为主 ;NC组BALF中PMN百分率 2h即升高 ,2 4h时为(8 0 0 0± 2 896) % ,而ET组始终小于 1%。结论　内毒素耐受可减轻内毒素血症引起以PMN浸润为特点的急性肺部炎症反应和肺损伤 ,提示内毒素耐受可能有助于防治急性呼吸窘迫综合征。     

TNF-α和CINC在内毒素耐受大鼠肺部炎症中的动态变化

目的　研究内毒素血症时内毒素耐受大鼠肺部肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF α)和细胞因子诱导的中性粒细胞趋化物 (CINC)表达的情况。方法　SD大鼠随机分入正常对照组 (NC组 )和内毒素耐受组 (ET组 )。腹腔注射脂多糖 (LPS) ,每日 0 .6mg/kg连续 4d建立内毒素耐受模型。第 5天腹腔注射 6mg/kg。各组按注射大剂量LPS前 (0h) ,注射后 2、6、2 4、4 8、72h分为 6小组 ,n =6。用ELISA测定BALFTNF α。用RT PCR半定量检测肺组织CINCmRNA的表达。用SPSS 10 .0医学统计软件分析数据。结果　NC组注射LPS(6mg/kg)前 ,BALF中有少量TNF α ,肺组织有微量CINCmRNA表达 ;给药后两者均迅速上升 ,前者的高峰为 6h ,(10 .79±3.5 3) μg/L ,P =0 .0 0 1,后者的高峰出现于 2～ 6h(相对值为 1.6左右 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,持续至 2 4h。而ET组两者均无上升。结论　内毒素耐受时 ,大剂量内毒素引起的肺部炎症反应和肺损伤减轻与肺部TNF α和CINC低表达有关     

内毒素耐受大鼠铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染炎症反应的动态变化

目的　动态观察内毒素耐受大鼠肺部感染铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa ,PA)后肺部炎症反应与正常大鼠的异同。方法　SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)和内毒素耐受组(ET组)。ET组每天腹腔注射脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide ,LPS) 0 .6mg/kg ,共4d ,建立内毒素耐受大鼠模型;NC组每天注射生理盐水。第5天气管内滴入0 .2mL (6×10 8)cfu/mLPA新鲜菌液。各组按滴入PA前(0h) ,滴入后6、2 4h分为3小组,进行外周血和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)白细胞计数和分类,测定BALF白蛋白并计算其与血清白蛋白比值以评估肺部微血管通透性。结果　ET组滴入PA后体重下降幅度明显小于NC组,未出现类似NC组大鼠的肺部微血管通透性升高。在气管内滴入PA后NC组外周血中性粒细胞(polymorphonuclearneutrophilleukocyte,PMN)明显升高,而ET组仍以淋巴细胞为主;NC组BALF中PMN %在滴入后6h即明显升高,至2 4h有所下降,而ET组BALF中PMN %始终<1%。结论　内毒素耐受有助于减轻PA感染所致的以PMN浸润为主要特征的急性肺部炎症反应和急性肺损伤。     

气管滴入及腹腔注入内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤机制的研究

目的 :探讨肺内因素及肺外因素致急性肺损伤 (ALI)的异同。方法 :气道内滴注及腹腔内注射内毒素(LPS ,10mg kg)建立大鼠ALI模型。 5 4只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、气道组、腹腔组 ,每组 18只 (2h、6h、2 4h各6只 )。按时相处死并采集标本 ,观察大鼠动脉血气分析、支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)总蛋白水平、细胞总数、细胞分类及TNF α水平、肺病理。结果 :和腹腔组比较 ,气道组大鼠动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )明显降低 (P <0 0 0 1) ,BALF总蛋白水平、PMN明显增加 (P <0 0 0 1) ,BALF中TNF α水平明显升高 (2h、6hP <0 0 0 1,2 4hP <0 0 5 ) ,肺病理示肺内PMN大量浸润伴出血、透明膜形成。结论 :①气道内滴注LPS致大鼠PaO2 进行性降低 ,而腹腔内注射LPS对PaO2 无明显影响。②气道内滴注LPS致大鼠肺内PMN大量浸润 ,而腹腔内注射LPS肺内PMN数量明显少于前者     

细胞因子信号转导抑制因子在内毒素耐受大鼠肝组织中的作用

目的 研究内毒素耐受(endotoxin tolerance,ETT)及正常大鼠接受D-胺基半乳糖(D-galactosamine,D-GaiN)/脂多糖(lipopolysacharide,LPS)刺激后肝组织细胞因子信号转导抑制因子(SOCSs)基因表达的异同,探讨内毒素耐受的可能机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分为急性肝功能衰竭模型组(acute liver failure,ALF组)和内毒素耐受组(ETT组).ETT组及ALF组先分别以0.1mg/kg LPS和生理盐水腹腔注射,每日1次,连续5次,于LPS或生理盐水第5次注射24 h后同时腹腔注射D-GaIN 800 ms/kg和LPS 8μg/只,分别在注射D-GaIN/LPS前(0 h)和注射后2.6、12、24和48 h 6个时间点留取大鼠血及肝脏标本.HE染色及透射电镜下观察肝组织病理及超微结构变化;RT-PCR法检测动物肝组织中SOCS1和SOCS3 mRNA表达;采用鲎试剂基质显色法测定血清内毒素水平,ELISA法检测TNF-α水平.结果 ETT组大鼠肝组织病理改变及超微结构变化明显轻于ALF组,其血清内毒素、TNF-α水平明显低于ALF组.内毒素:6 h组分别为1.11±0.38和0.74±0.22,24h组分别为1.12±0.24和0.86±0.21,均P<0.05,12 h组分别为1.88±0.35和0.62±0.16,48 h组分别为1.10±0.13和0.84±0.19,均P<0.01.TNF-α:6 h组分别为86.9±12.6和70.0±12.8,P<0.05,12 h组分别为77.0±18.1和48.8 ±12.8,24 h组分别为63.8±9.2和39.1±5.7,48 h组分别为53.2±8.3和38.2±9.9,均P<0.01.ALF组大鼠肝组织SOCS1和SOCS3 mRNA表达均明显上调,造模后2 h即明显高于对照组,分别于12 h、6 h达峰值,ETT组的SOCS1和SOCS3 mRNA表达较模型组明显上升.SOCS1:6 h组分别为0.955±0.186和1.349±0.390,48 h组分别为0.766±0.145和0.970±0.205,均P<0.05,2 h组分别为0.554±0.164和0.841±0.175,12 h组分别为1.130±0.181和1.888±0.573,24 h组分别为0.990±0.212和1.550±0.439,均P<0.01.SOCS3:6h组分别为0.914±0.054和1.039±0.109,12 h组分别为0.781±0.044和0.863±0.063,均P<0.05,2 h组分别为0.681±0.139和0.898±0.058,24 h组分别为0.700±0.065和0.811±0.055,均P<0.01.结论 内毒素耐受时,大剂量的D-GalN和LPS腹腔注射引起的肝脏损害减轻,内毒素、TNF-α释放减少,可能与肝组织SOCS1、SOCS3的高表达有关.     

内毒素致新生SD大鼠肺损伤模型的建立及鉴定

目的:探讨新生大鼠急性肺损伤模型的建立及其病理特征。方法:采用腹腔注射内毒素(LPS,5 mg/kg)的方法制备新生SD大鼠急性肺损伤动物模型,在光镜下观察肺的病理变化,观察支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中细胞分类情况,用ELISA、RT-PCR法检测血清和肺组织中白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果:LPS注射3 h后,光镜下可见明显的肺出血和中性粒细胞浸润;肺湿/干重比(W/D)增加,BALF中多形核白细胞(PMN)数量明显增加,血清中TNF-α和IL-6表达水平和肺组织中TNF-αmRNA水平均显著增高。结论:新生SD大鼠腹腔注射LPS后,能够引起显著的急性肺部炎症反应。     

灯盏花素肺部给药抗LPS致大鼠急性肺损伤的作用研究

目的 从组织因子（TF）的途径研究灯盏花素肺部给药抗内毒素（LPS）致大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的作用．方法 健康SD大鼠120只随机分成5组（n=24）：正常组、生理盐水组、灯盏花素组、LPS组和灯盏花素＋LPS组；观察2、6、12h的肺组织病理形态学变化、肺组织湿／干比、肺组织MPO活力、肺组织蛋白含量、血浆和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中TF含量．结果 与LPS组相比，灯盏花素＋LPS组大鼠肺组织损伤减轻，肺组织湿／干比下降（P〈0.05），肺组织MPO活力下降（P〈0．05），BALF蛋白含量减少（P〈0．05）．血浆和BALF中TF含量明显下降（P〈0．05）．结论 灯盏花素肺部给药对肺组织TF的产生具有抑制作用，能够减轻LPS致大鼠的ALI的损伤程度．     

重组杀菌渗透性增加蛋白21在大鼠内毒素血症中保护机制的探讨

目的探讨重组杀菌渗透性增加蛋白21(rBPI21)在大鼠内毒素血症中保护效应的机制。方法给内毒素血症大鼠注射不同剂量的rBPI21,动态观察rBPI21不同剂量组大鼠血液中内毒素(LPS)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量的变化。结果rBPI21治疗1组(rBPI21剂量为0.625mg/kg)大鼠,6,12h血浆LPS含量明显低于内毒素组大鼠相同时间点LPS含量(P<0.01),血清TNF-α含量各检测时间点均明显低于内毒素组大鼠相同时间点的含量(P<0.01)。与内毒素组大鼠相比,rBPI21治疗2、3、4组(rBPI21剂量分别为1.25,2.5,5.0mg/kg)大鼠各检测时间点血浆LPS、血清TNF-α含量均明显降低(P<0.01)。结论rBPI21对内毒素血症大鼠的保护作用机制主要是通过促进体内LPS的聚合和清除,降低LPS活性,减少TNF-α等细胞因子的过度表达。     

异丙酚对内毒素诱导的急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨不同剂量异丙酚对内毒素(LPS)诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用。方法：股静脉注射内毒素(LPS，5mg／kg)建立大鼠ALI模型。24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组：空白对照组(C组)；LPS对照组(L组)；低剂量异丙酚治疗组(Lp1组)；高剂量异丙酚治疗组(Lp2组)，每组6只。按预设时相采集标本，酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平；以肺湿／干重比反应肺含水量；并观察BALF中性粒细胞计数比、蛋白含量。结果：内毒素组大鼠肺湿／干重比、BALF中性粒细胞计数比及蛋白含量均明显增加，血清及BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10水平显著升高，而异丙酚治疗组的各项指标均较内毒素组减轻，大剂量作用更明显。结论：异丙酚对内毒素诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤有保护作用，大剂量作用较明显。     

汉防己甲素对大肠杆菌脂多糖所致急性肺损伤大鼠炎症介质的影响

目的 探讨中药单体汉防己甲素(trandrine,Tet)干预对静脉注射内毒素(LPS)所致急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响及其可能机制.方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组:即正常组、模型组、Tet预防组和Tet治疗组.除正常组外,其他3组采用大肠杆菌LPS静脉注射造成急性肺损伤模型,Tet预防组和Tet治疗组分别于注射LPS前后30 min内缓慢注射T注射液(20 mg/kg),正常组给予等量生理盐水.于初始(0)、0.5、2,4、6 h 5个时间点采集动脉血测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2).实验结束时测定肺组织湿干重比(W/D),检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)白细胞总数及总蛋白含量;ELISA法测定外周血及BALF中炎症介质TNF-α及BALF中IL-1β、IL-6浓度;测定肺组织一氧化氮(NO)浓度.结论 模型组在LPS输注完毕后PaO2逐渐下降,PaCO2逐渐下降(P<0.05),Tet预防组0.5、2、4、6 h,Tet治疗组2、4、6 h PaO2高于模型组(P<0.05),PaCO2与模型组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);模型组肺组织W/D值和NO含量、BALF中自细胞计数、总蛋白含量、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6浓度显著性增高(P<0.05),两T组均能减轻上述变化(P<0.05).结论 Tet早期干预能减轻内毒素所致急性肺损伤的炎症介质失衡.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.