Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

A comprehensive synopsis on cerebral venous thrombosis is presented. It emphasizes the various aetiologies, the wide clinical spectrum and the unpredictable outcome. Imaging techniques and pitfalls are reported and the therapeutic options are discussed.     

Polycythemia mimicking venous sinus thrombosis

Venous sinus thrombosis is a relatively uncommon disorder that frequently is associated with confusing clinical findings and delayed diagnosis. Patients are often screened with unenhanced CT, and CT findings may be subtle and may include hyperattenuation of cerebral veins or venous sinuses secondary to intracranial thrombosis. This hyperattenuation may be mimicked by polycythemia, as shown in this case.     

脑静脉窦及深静脉血栓的CT、MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑静脉窦及深静脉血栓的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析17例脑静脉窦及深静脉血栓患者的CT和MRI表现特点。结果:CT表现为静脉窦密度略高信号增高、窦腔增宽(n=5/12),增强扫描可见“空三角”征(n=3/3);随着病程的改变,MRI可表现为静脉窦T1WI(n=15/17),T2WI(n=13/17)流空效应消失,磁共振静脉成像(MRV)及增强MRV可显示静脉窦闭塞及静脉窦内充盈缺损(n=17/17;n=4/4);CT及MRI还可见皮层及皮层下多发、散在的出血性脑梗塞(n=7/12;n=13/17),基底节区脑梗塞(n=3/12;n=4/17)等间接征象。结论:CT增强可以显示静脉窦血栓,MRI、MRV及增强MRV相结合能准确地诊断脑静脉窦及深静脉血栓,MRI优于CT平扫。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的介入治疗

目的 研究血管内介入治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成的疗效和安全性.方法 对10例临床抗凝治疗无效的颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者行血管内介入治疗,全部患者均接受经静脉插管接触性溶栓联合机械性碎栓治疗,其中4例在接受经静脉途径溶栓后又接受了经动脉溶栓.术后继续抗凝治疗6个月,随访12～29个月,平均21个月.结果 8例患者的临床症状和体征得到缓解或部分缓解,其中6例头痛消失,2例存在轻度头痛.1例症状无明显改善,1例病稃较长的患者残留语言功能障碍.所有患者腰椎穿刺脑脊液压力均恢复正常,未再发生血栓形成和新的神经功能症状.所有患者术中和术后均未发生与操作相关的颅内或全身出血并发症.结论 血管内介入治疗颅内静脉窦血栓是安全、有效的治疗手段.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的MRI诊断

目的 :探讨MRI和MR血管成像 (MRA ,MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成 (CVST)的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 10例CVST患者的临床和影像资料。全部病例行常规MRI和MRA( 3DTOF)、MRV( 2DTOF)检查 ,其中 9例行增强扫描。结果 :MR常规扫描示脑实质内均出现异常信号 ,仅 1例T2 WI未见异常信号 ,增强扫描 9例全部出现静脉异常强化。有 5例MRA除可见动脉正常显影外 ,还可见受累的静脉和静脉窦显影。MRV示栓塞的静脉窦不显影或显影欠佳。结论 :常规MRI结合MRA、MRV是诊断CVST的无创和有效手段     

血管内介入治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成

目的 探讨血管内介入方法治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成的疗效和安全性.方法 对27例抗凝治疗无效的颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者行血管内介入治疗,其中19例行局部静脉窦溶栓及机械性破栓治疗,5例行局部静脉窦溶栓、机械性破栓及动脉溶栓治疗,3例行静脉窦支架置入术.结果 23例患者的症状、体征明显改善,其中头痛消失18例,视力改善12例;3例症状无改善,出院前22例患者测脑脊液压力正常,血管造影等检查证实21例患者静脉窦主干通畅,皮层静脉和深静脉恢复正常;3例部分再通,皮层静脉和深静脉部分代偿.结论 血管内介入治疗是颅内静脉窦血栓形成安全、有效的治疗手段.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的MRI诊断

目的 探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的磁共振成像(MRI)表现及其对本病的诊断价值。方法 搜集8例经临床确诊的颅内静脉窦血栓形成的MRI资料，回顾性分析其MR影像学表现。结果 颅内静脉窦血栓形成的MRI表现有如下特点：(1)常为多处静脉窦同时受累；(2)形成血栓的静脉窦增粗、流空效应消失，呈现等或短、混杂T1、短或长T2信号影，典型表现为“白三角”征；(3)在急性期做增强扫描可见“黑三角”征；(4)MR静脉成像显示：栓堵的静脉窦影缺失。结论 颅内静脉窦血栓形成有比较典型的MR影像学特点；MRI检出本病优于CT，且能作出早期诊断；MRI增强扫描及MR静脉成像在本病的早期诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要意义。     

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis at high altitude

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but potentially life-threatening medical condition. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman who presented with headache, speech defects, and visual disturbances, and was later diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The article describes a possible risk of such thrombotic events with exposure to high altitude environment in patients with coagulation defects such as Factor V Leiden mutation. Besides, such neurological conditions can occur independent of altitude illness and need to be recognized as their management differs.     

Recanalization of the falcine sinus after venous sinus thrombosis.

Thrombosis of the straight and transverse sinuses associated with a large hemorrhagic venous infarct developed in an infant with large chronic subdural fluid collections after drainage of the subdurals. CT and MR studies obtained before and after the onset of venous sinus thrombosis showed interval widening of a segment of the posterior falx between the vein of Galen and the superior sagittal sinus. MR angiography confirmed a recanalized falcine sinus.     

The importance of venous hypertension in the formation of dural arteriovenous fistulas: a case report of multiple fistulas remote from sinus thrombosis

Various hypotheses have been reported concerning the pathogenesis of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). However, it is still controversial whether sinus thrombosis or venous hypertension has a greater influence on the formation of DAVFs. We present a rare case of multiple DAVFs that developed after sinus thrombosis. Chronic venous hypertension secondary to sinus thrombosis in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus induced the multiple DAVFs, including one in the right cavernous sinus, which was remote from the occluded sinus. This case indicates the importance of venous hypertension in the formation of DAVFs. Received: 27 November 2000/Accepted: 13 March 2001     

Carotid-cavernous fistulas. A report of two cases

Carotid-cavernous fistulas are uncommon anomalous communications between the venous cavernous sinus and the carotid arterial system. We present two cases studied at our center. We show the characteristic CT, MRI, and orbital ultrasound findings and review the relevant literature.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的影像学诊断及预后评估

脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)是少见的卒中样颅内静脉系统疾病,其诊断主要依靠影像学检查。本文从CVST的流行病学、病因学、临床与病理入手,重点介绍了CVST特征性CT、MRI及DSA表现,并根据其影像表现初步判断预后。CVST早期准确诊断,对指导临床精准治疗及预后评估具有重要意义。     

Basal cerebral venous drainage from cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas

Introduction  This study aimed to define the patterns of basal cerebral venous drainage (BCVD) from cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVFs). Materials and methods  Forty sets of selective angiographic data from 36 patients with spontaneous CSDAVFs (age range, 53–79 years) were retrospectively analyzed for their drainage patterns. Three types of BCVD were observed, i.e., superolateral type, BCVD via the deep middle cerebral vein or uncal vein; posterolateral type, BCVD via the superior petrosal sinus and petrosal vein; and posteromedial type, BCVD via the bridging vein and the anterior pontomesencephalic vein. MR images and/or 3D-DSA images were also reviewed when available. Results  BCVD from CSDAVF was found in 12 patients (30%), and the other drainage routes included the superior ophthalmic vein in 25 (63%), the inferior petrosal sinus in 17 (43%), the superficial middle cerebral vein in 17 (43%), intercavernous sinus in 15 (38%), the superior petrosal sinus in seven (18%), and pterygoid plexus in two (5%), respectively. In 12 patients with BCVD, superolateral type was found in four (33%), posterolateral type in five (42%), and posteromedial type in seven (58%). Four cases of posteromedial type were associated with other types of BCVD. Conclusion  CSDAVFs are often associated with BCVD via three different pathways. The posteromedial type via the bridging vein is the most frequent type of BCVD.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的MRI和MRV表现

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的MRI和MRV（磁共振静脉成像）表现特点。方法回顾分析20例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的MRI和MRV表现。20例均行常规MRI,10例行MRI增强,15例行MRV检查（2DTOF）。结果20例常规MRI榆查中,12例静脉窦内正常流空效应消失,T1WI,T2WI和FLAIR静脉赛内见等、高或低信号,3例静脉宴内未见明屁异常信号但伴有腑组织水肿、出血、梗死及脑积水。5例海绵窦区T1WI见稍低或等信号,T2WI见高信号并可见强化．15例MRV见静脉窦高信号缺失、静脉窦粗细不规则、静脉窦内充盈缺损。结论MRI和MRV相互结合可有助于对顿内静咏窦血栓形成的早期作出正确诊断。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的影像学诊断

目的 探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的影像学诊断.方法 回顾性分析15例经临床和影像检查确诊的静脉窦血栓患者中,行CT检查11例,MRI+ MRV检查15例,DSA检查8例.结果 CVST直接征象12例,即血栓本身征象:急性和亚急性期CT平扫静脉窦区可见三角形或条索样高密度灶,慢性期为低密度灶;MRI平扫,正常静脉窦流空信号消失,其内见不同时期血栓信号.CT和MRI增强扫描见静脉窦内三角形或条索样充盈缺损.MRV和DSA可见静脉窦内充盈缺损或静脉窦不显影.间接征象6例,表现为脑实质内水肿、静脉性脑梗塞及不典型部位脑出血、脑静脉扩张.其中3例同时可见直接征象和间接征象.结论 综合影像学检查可以明确诊断颅内静脉窦血栓形成,DSA检查是诊断静脉窦血栓的金标准.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) represents a diagnostic challenge due to the diversity of clinical presentation. The radiologist should be aware of the common neurological features. Unenhanced CT may show the first indications of venous sinus occlusion. Confirmatory diagnostic imaging should be performed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) or computed tomography (CT) venography. We illustrate the MRI and MRV features of the thrombosed venous sinus and venous oedema or infarction and discuss the diagnostic limitations of these techniques.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的个体化介入治疗

目的 探讨个体化介入治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的疗效和安全性.方法 对12例临床抗凝治疗无效的CVST患者根据发病的严重程度及病程特点行个体化介入治疗.以患者临床症状及体征、脑脊液压力及脑动静脉循环时间为疗效观察和随访指标.12例患者均接受经静脉插管接触性溶栓联合机械性碎栓治疗,其中3例在接受经静脉途径溶栓后又接受了经动脉溶栓.术后继续抗凝治疗6个月;随访12～24个月,平均(18±4)个月.结果 术后,12例患者中2例仍存在轻度头痛,但较治疗前明显减轻.1例遗留轻度偏瘫,3例遗留复视或视物模糊,腰椎穿刺脑脊液压力从术前的28～38 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),平均(32.4±3.0)cm H2O,均降至26 cm H2O以下,脑血管造影显示脑动静脉循环时间从术前的11～20 s恢复至10 s以内,未再发生血栓形成和新的神经功能缺失症状.除1例患者出现股静脉穿刺部位皮下渗血外,其余患者均未发生与操作相关的颅内或全身出血并发症.结论 个体化介入治疗颅内静脉窦血栓是安全、有效的治疗手段.