全麻术中唤醒状态下定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶（附8例报告）

目的：初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下精确定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶的方法。为外伤性迟发性癫痫的微侵袭外科手术提供经验。方法：对8例明确由额叶功能区病灶引起的外伤性迟发性癫痫病人进行气管（或喉罩）插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅,术中麻醉唤醒,在清醒状态下,通过皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激等方法进行额叶运动区和（或）语言区定位,在保护脑功能区的前提下切除致病灶,然后在全麻下关颅。结果：8例病人均顺利经过气管（或喉罩）插管下全麻一术中唤窿一再全麻手术过程,唤醒后额叶功能区均采用神经电生理技术得到精确定位,额叶致痫灶得到最大程度切除,无明显的术后神经功能障碍发生,外伤性癫痫得以治愈或显著改善。无手术并发症,病人术后无痛苦回忆。结论：全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激定位额叶功能区手术有助于安全准确地切除致痫灶,提高外伤性迟发性癫痫病人术后生活质量。     

颅内电极脑电监测定位致癫痫灶的应用价值

目的评估颅内埋置电极脑电图（iEEG）监测定位致痫灶的意义和安全性。方法头皮脑电图（sEEG）监测致痫灶定位困难的顽固性癫痫患者27倒。采用颅内硬膜下和／或脑内电极长程视频脑电监测,根据术中癫痫放电的表现,术后病理结果,疗效和脑电图复查结果分析颅内电极脑电监测定位致痫灶的准确性。结果18例埋置硬膜下电极,7例联合应用硬膜下电极和深度电极,2例埋置深部电极,颅内电极埋置1—6d,平均3．1d,脑电监测24—140h,平均70h。根据癫痫发作初始期iEEG23例患者准确定位了致痫灶。无颅内出血和感染等严重并发症。结论对于那些无创检查不能明确致痫灶的患者iEEG是一种安全可靠的定位方法。     

颅内电极监测技术在癫痫外科中的应用

目的：探讨颅内电极监测技术在难治性癫痫外科治疗中的应用价值。方法：对常规头皮脑电图及影像学等非侵袭性检查难以确定致病灶的或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的难治性癫痫患者51例,采用开颅手术方式在怀疑脑区埋置颅内电极。术后行长程视频脑电监测确定致病灶后,进行腊皮层电刺激功能区测定。再次手术行致病灶切除。结果：硬膜下电极埋置50例,硬膜外电极1例。术后所有病例均记录到明确的发作间期异常放电和／或发作期脑电图变化。致痛灶切除术后效果Engel分级：Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例。头皮愈合不良3例,延长住院时间后治愈。无永久性神经功能缺失发生。结论：颅内电极监测可以精确定位致痫灶,皮层电刺激术对脑功能区定位可靠、方便。对于采用非侵袭性检查不能明确致痫灶,或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的难治性癫痫患者。颅内电极监测结合皮层电刺激术可以提高癫痫治愈率,并有效降低并发症发生率。     

难治性癫痫伴脑内结构性病灶的手术治疗

目的探讨有脑内结构性病灶的难治性癫痫手术治疗的方法和疗效。方法对63例有结构性异常的难治性癫痫患者,术前行影像学和电生理检查定位,术中在皮质脑电图监测下手术。根据检测结果采用不同手术方式处理病灶和(或)致痫灶。结果63例患者中,单纯病灶切除27例,病灶切除加致痫皮层切除26例,病灶切除加皮层电灼5例,单纯致痫皮层切除3例,单纯致痫皮层电灼2例。其中41例(65%)术后癫痫完全消失,18例(28.6%)发作显著减少,4例(6.4%)发作减少。结论对伴有结构性病灶的难治性癫痫患者,应用皮层脑电图监测手术,切除结构性病灶和处理致痫灶,可取得很好效果。     

难治性癫痫伴脑内结构性病灶的手术治疗

目的探讨有脑内结构性病灶的难治性癫痫手术治疗的方法和疗效.方法对63例有结构性异常的难治性癫痫患者,术前行影像学和电生理检查定位,术中在皮质脑电图监测下手术.根据检测结果采用不同手术方式处理病灶和(或)致痫灶.结果63例患者中,单纯病灶切除27例,病灶切除加致痫皮层切除26例,病灶切除加皮层电灼5例,单纯致痫皮层切除3例,单纯致痫皮层电灼2例.其中41例(65%)术后癫痫完全消失,18例(28.6%)发作显著减少,4例(6.4%)发作减少.结论对伴有结构性病灶的难治性癫痫患者,应用皮层脑电图监测手术,切除结构性病灶和处理致痫灶,可取得很好效果.     

扣带回癫痫六例临床分析

目的 总结扣带回癫痫的临床电生理特点.方法 选取2014年9月至2019年8月首都医科大学宣武医院收治的扣带回癫痫患者6例,回顾分析其临床资料,包括临床表现、神经影像学、脑电图、手术预后及病理结果.结果 4例前扣带回癫痫患者有不对称性强直,继发性全面性强直阵挛发作,眼球左右转动,无明确目的的怪异动作等多样性表现;2例中扣带回癫痫患者表现为过度运动和姿势性强直.4例患者的头颅MRI阴性,所有患者的头皮脑电图、PET-CT和脑磁图对扣带回癫痫的定位价值有限.颅内电极脑电图发现症状学不同的扣带回癫痫,扩散通路不同.全部患者行致痫灶切除术且术后无发作,最常见的病理改变是局灶性皮质发育不良.结论 扣带回癫痫临床症状复杂多样,颅内电极脑电图,尤其是立体定向脑电图(stereoelectroencephalography,SEEG)对扣带回癫痫的定位具有重要作用.头颅MRI阴性的扣带回癫痫,手术切除癫痫灶后也可获得良好预后.局灶性皮质发育不良是扣带回癫痫最常见的病理改变.     

颅内电极置入视频脑电监测期患者的护理

癫痫是最常见的神经系统疾病,人群患病率约为0．08％,大部分对药物治疗有效,然而,还有20％-25％的癫痫患者对药物治疗无效,称之为难治性癫痫。对难治性癫痫而言,手术治疗是唯一有效的手段。手术治疗的关键在于致痫灶的精确定位,视频脑电监测捕捉发作期脑电是癞痫定位的重要手段。当非侵袭性手段难以确定致痫灶时,可以采用颅内电极置入,行皮层脑电监测捕捉发作期脑电定位致病灶。颅内电极置入是指颅内电极直接埋藏于大脑表面或脑深部实质（如海马）,对于患者的身体和心理方面可能具有潜在的危险。因此。我们对70例难治性癫痫行颅内电极置入行视频皮层脑电监测（IEEG）的患者给予护理干预。取得良好效果,现将护理体会总结如下：     

癫痫致痫灶的定位

致痫灶的定位是选择外科手术方式的基础,也是决定手术效果的关键。我们对20例顽固性癫痫,术前根据病史,头皮脑电图(包括各种诱发试验)脑电地形图、颅内电极记录、CT,神经心理检查等进行综合评价,确定致痫灶。全组病例均手术治疗,随访6～18个月,发作完全消失16例,发作减少50%以上4例,无死亡。切除的致痫灶组织均行神经病理学检查,都发现有明显病理改变。     

头皮与皮层脑电监测对难治性癫痫不同脑叶致痫灶定位的比较

目的比较难治性癫痫患者术前与术中头皮与皮层脑电监测不同脑叶致痫灶的定位价值。方法对29例将进行癫痫灶切除术的患者,术前进行1-2周头皮视频脑电监测(V-EEG),捕捉其临床发作与发作前有定位价值的脑电活动,根据头皮脑电监测结果与MRI异常提示放置颅内电极(皮层与深部电极),然后再捕捉至少3次临床发作与其脑异常放电后进行手术。结果 29例患者中,头皮脑电能够定位额叶致痫灶的概率为84.2%,Kappa值为-0.02,可靠性较低;而头皮脑电能够真正定位颞叶致痫灶的概率为93.3%,其Kappa值为0.5,可靠性高。其中3例顶-枕叶癫痫,头皮脑电异常放电区域与皮层电极大致相符。术后经过至少1年的随访,根据Engel’s癫痫术后结果分类,10例颞叶致痫灶切除术后Ⅰ级者8例(80%),Ⅱ级者2例(20%);16例额叶致痫灶切除术后Ⅰ级者8例(50%),Ⅱ级者5例(31.2%),Ⅲ级者3例(18.8%);3例顶-枕叶致痫灶癫痫患者术后均为Ⅰ级。结论在颞叶致痫灶的癫痫患者通过术前头皮视频脑电监测来定位致痫灶的准确率较额叶致痫灶患者高,枕叶癫痫尤其合并影像学异常者,头皮脑电监测定位价值较高。     

难治性癫痫的外科治疗

目的 总结难治性癫痫外科治疗的术前致痫灶定侧与定位、术中致痫灶定位和多种手术方式的组合选择。方法 回顾性分析162例难治性癫痫患者的术后随访结果。所有患者术前均经神经电生理检查和影像学检查,其中有16例还行发作间期单光子发射计算体层摄影（SPECT）,5例行正电子发射断层摄影（PET）。所有病例均在皮层脑电监护系统（EcoG）及深部电极监测下行手术。手术方式以切除致痫灶为主。结果 46例患者术后癫痫发作完全消失,73例发作显著改善．22例改善较好,15例改善较差,6例发作无改善,同时提示在难治性癫痫中,颞叶癫痫手术总体效果最好,额叶或其他局灶性癫痫次之,多灶性及广泛性癫痫总体效果比前两类差。结论 外科手术是治疗难治性癫痫的一种有效方法,但手术前应准确定位致痫灶,并选择适当的手术方式。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.