老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的危险因素

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)发生的危险因素.方法 通过整群抽样法,回顾性分析55例老年COPD患者的临床资料,将其纳入对照组;回顾性分析同时期收治的55例老年COPD合并IPA患者的临床资料,将其纳入观察组.记录两组一般人口学资料、治疗措施、机械通气等指标,分析老年COPD患者合并IPA的危险因素.结果 入住ICU、并发糖尿病、有创操作、机械通气、使用类固醇及抗生素时间较长、血清白蛋白含量较低及病情较严重均是导致老年COPD合并IPA的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05).结论 临床应提高COPD患者IPA感染认知,加强预防,对疑似患者应早期完善相关检查,早诊断、早治疗,以改善患者预后,提高生存质量.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的研究进展

近年来,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)发病率不断增高,该类患者预后差、病死率高,早期诊断、及时治疗是改善其预后的重要措施。本文结合相关文献对COPD合并IPA的发病机制、临床特征、实验室检查、诊断及治疗等进行综述,为临床医生早期诊断和及时治疗该病提供参考。     

COPD合并侵袭性肺曲霉病5例并文献复习

目的 分析重症COPD合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)患者临床特征,提高对COPD合并IPA的认识.方法 过从2015年6月至2016年3月西京医院呼吸与危重症科诊断的5例COPD合并IPA患者的资料进行回顾性分析及文献复习.结果 5例COPD合并IPA患者中确诊3例,临床诊断2例.在入住RICU前5例使用广谱抗生素,4例使用大量激素.5例均表现为气道显著痉挛,4例使用无创机械通气后有2例转为有创机械通气,2例自动出院.胸部CT早期无特殊表现,病情进展出现沿支气管周围渗出病变以及实变,病变多发.支气管镜下可见气道黏膜水肿、充血、溃烂、伪膜形成,痰液黏稠.病情进展迅速,病死率高.结论 COPD合并IPA容易误诊,病情进展快,病死率高,需充分认识其临床特点以提高诊断率及降低死亡风险.     

血清半乳甘露聚糖抗原及曲霉抗体检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)抗原及烟曲霉特异性抗体检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的早期诊断价值。方法 对2008年1月至2010年1月在我院行血清GM抗原及烟曲霉特异性抗体IgG、IgM检测的51例COPD患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 11例患者临床拟诊IPA,治愈7例,死亡4...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌的临床研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺癌早期诊断与治疗方法。方法对45例COPD合并肺癌患者的临床表现、早期诊断方法及选择的治疗方法进行分析。结果 13例患者经电子纤维支气管镜检查确诊,11例经肺穿刺活检证实,9例经痰细胞学证实,7例经淋巴结活检证实,5例胸腔积液病理学证实。所有患者均给予支气管扩张剂及糖皮质激素联合制剂治疗,其中手术治疗6例,存活5例(83.3%),化疗和(或)放疗30例,存活7例(23.3%),两者存活率有明显差异。结论 COPD患者合并肺癌的症状无特异性,早期确诊率低。COPD患者伴胸痛、血痰、胸腔积液、进行性消瘦应警惕合并肺癌的可能;行纤维支气管镜、穿刺活检或痰脱落细胞学检查对COPD合并肺癌的早期发现有一定的临床意义;手术可作为COPD合并肺癌的主要治疗方法,其次是放疗或是化疗。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的危险因素及诊断进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病.侵袭性肺曲霉病（IPA）是肺曲霉病的一种类型,其危害最大,病死率最高.近年来,侵袭性肺曲霉病作为一种严重的机会性真菌感染,在COPD患者报道日益增多,除恶性肿瘤、器官移植外,COPD已成为IPA的第3位易患因素.据文献报道10％以上的COPD患者并发侵袭性肺曲霉病,5％以上合并IPA.另外有研究表明,全球约1％～2％ COPD患者死于IPA,而COPD合并IPA的病死率高达72％ ～ 95％.现将COPD合并IPA等风险因素研究及诊断进展综述如下.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的危险因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选取2015-05～2018-05该院呼吸内科住院的COPD合并IPA的住院患者24例为病例组,以年龄为匹配因素(±2岁),按1∶2的比例选取同期住院的COPD患者48例为对照组,采用条件Logistic回归分析对COPD合并IPA的危险因素进行分析。结果单因素分析结果显示COPD频繁急性加重、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的危险因素(P0.10);采用条件Logistic分析,糖尿病、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的独立危险因素(OR=7.384,6.681,32.354,P0.05)。结论糖尿病、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的独立危险因素。     

侵袭性肺曲霉病诊治需要注意的几个问题

近20年来侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)作为器官移植受者、骨髓干细胞移植受者以及合并有慢性肺部疾病患者主要的并发症在临床上明显增多,也是患者致残和死亡的原因之一。该文就IPA诊治过程中需要注意的几个问题,如IPA的诊断标准、肺曲霉病的分类、半乳甘露聚糖抗原(galactomannan,GM)试验和1,3-β-D葡聚糖(G试验)检测对IPA诊断的价值、IPA的临床处理原则以及IPA的抗真菌药物治疗等问题作一讨论。     

非获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者肺隐球菌病42例影像学特征及诊断方法

目的 提高非AIDS肺隐球菌病(PC)的临床诊断水平.方法 收集2003-2008年复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科确诊的42例非AIDS的PC资料,总结分析其临床表现、胸部CT征象和诊断方法 .结果 42例非AIDS的PC患者均无禽鸟或其粪便接触史,免疫健全者占71.4%(30/42).影像学以多发性结节病灶(67.9%)最常见,胸膜下分布为主(67.9%),可伴空洞形成(50%).亦可见团块和(或)实变(31.4%)或斑片(2.9%)病灶.无创检查如痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)、支气管镜吸出物阳性检出率分别为4.3%、8.3%、6.3%,有创检查包括经支气管镜肺活检、经皮细针穿刺肺活检、手术切除肺组织活检阳性检出率则分别达64.7%、64.3%、100%.14例经病理或培养确诊的PC,同时行血清乳胶凝集试验,结果均阳性.结论 PC在免疫健全者中常见.禽鸟或其粪便接触史对此病的鉴别诊断意义不大.影像学表现多样化且变化较慢,除胸膜下多发性结节外,尤其应警惕团块和(或)实变或斑片表现.创伤性检查如经支气管镜或经皮肺穿刺活检可提高非手术病例的临床诊断率.血清隐球菌抗原检测是PC较理想的早期无创性诊断及病情随访和疗效评价的重要手段之一.     

超细支气管镜肺活检并刷检结合经皮肺自动弹性活检对肺周边病灶的诊断

目的评价经X线引导超细支气管镜活检并刷检,结合B超引导经皮肺自动弹性穿刺活检在肺周围型病变诊断中的价值。方法89例肺外周病变患者先进行X线引导超细支气管镜肺活检并刷检共110次,对于经超细支气管镜检未获得诊断的26例患者,再进行B超引导经皮肺自动弹性穿刺活检共32次。结果经超细支气管镜肺活检并刷检获得诊断者63例,诊断率70.8%。经皮肺自动弹性穿刺活检获得诊断者21例,诊断率80.08%。二者结合后的诊断率明显提高为94.4%。结论经X线引导超细支气管镜肺活检并刷检,结合B超引导经皮肺自动弹性穿刺活检,可明显提高肺外周病变的诊断率,值得临床推广应用。     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aspergillus spp. cultured in specimens from the airways of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are frequently considered as a contaminant. However, growing evidence suggests that severe COPD patients are at higher risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), although IPA incidence in this population is poorly documented. Some data report that COPD is the underlying disease in 1% of patients with IPA. Definitive diagnosis of IPA in COPD patients is often difficult as tissue samples are rarely obtained before death. Diagnosis is therefore usually based on a combination of clinical features, radiological findings (mostly thoracic computed tomography scans), microbiological results and, sometimes, serological information. Of 56 patients with IPA reported in the literature, 43 (77%) were receiving corticosteroids on admission to hospital. Breathlessness was always a feature of disease and excess wheezing was present in 79% of patients. Fever (>38 degrees C) was present in only 38.5%. Chest pain and haemoptysis were uncommon. Six out of 33 (18%) patients had tracheobronchitis observed during bronchoscopy. The median delay between symptoms and diagnosis was 8.5 days. The mortality rate was high: 53 out of 56 (95%) patients died despite invasive ventilation and antifungal treatment in 43 (77%) of them. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis currently carries a very poor prognosis. Outcome could perhaps be improved by more rapid diagnosis and prompt therapy with voriconazole.     

COPD患者继发侵袭性肺曲菌病的危险因素研究

目的探讨COPD患者继发侵袭性肺曲菌病（IPA）的危险因素。方法将37例COPD继发IPA患者（病例组）及74例未继发IPA的COPD患者（对照组）的临床指标纳入单因素和多因素分析。结果 COPD继发IPA与下列4个因素密切相关：机械通气（OR值为5.625,95%CI为1.601-19.765）,侵入性操作（OR值为4.876,95%CI为1.922-12.37）,低蛋白血症（OR值为3.618,95%CI为1.580-8.264）,使用激素（OR值为2.558,95%CI为1.086-6.026）。结论 COPD继发IPA是多个因素相互影响的结果,其中机械通气、侵入性操作、低蛋白血症、使用激素等4个因素是独立危险因素。     

Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a rare cause of pneumothorax in immunocompetent patient: brief report

Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) represents a form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis which affects immunocompetent individuals or mildly immunocompromised persons with underlying pulmonary disease. Pneumothorax can be a rare complication of subacute IPA due to a leakage of air from an air-filled lung cavitation into the pleural space. Herein, we report rare and unusual case of pneumothorax in a patient with pulmonary cavity infection. A 40-year-old woman was admitted to thoracic surgery due to complete pneumothorax of the left lung. She was active smoker with untreated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After thoracic drainage multiple cavity forms in the both lungs were noticed. Galactomannan antigen was positive in bronchoalveolar lavage as well as culture of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antifungal treatment by voriconazole was started and continued during 6 months with a favorable outcome. This case highlights that subacute IPA is a diagnose that should be considered in patients with end-stage COPD, low body mass index, or patient who developed pneumothorax. The results of our case show that voriconazole is a safe and effective treatment as primary or salvage therapy in subacute forms of IPA, irrespective of the immunological status of the patients.     

支气管肺泡灌洗液半乳甘露聚糖检测在侵袭性肺曲霉病诊断中的应用价值

侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)好发于免疫功能低下的宿主中,其诊断较困难,病死率高;如能对IPA进行早期诊断并及时给予适当的治疗,能明显改善患者预后.半乳甘露聚糖(galactomannan,GM)是曲霉菌的细胞壁成份,血清GM可用于早期诊断IPA.随着研究的深...     

Diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis using optical brighteners.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is increasingly recognized especially in immunocompromised patients, but early diagnosis remains a problem. Fungal elements in clinical specimens can be directly stained with an optical brightener. The high intensity of the elicited fluorescence allows for rapid and reliable microscopic screening. In the present study the authors aimed to validate this method. All specimens from bronchial secretions or pleural fluid suspected of mycosis (n=94) and all bronchoalveolar lavages (n=439) were prospectively evaluated by culture and staining with the optical brightener Blankophor-P-Flüssig. IPA was diagnosed for 17 specimens from 13 patients, using a combination of clinical, culture and radiological data, and by biopsy (n=3) or autopsy (n=3). The overall incidence of IPA was 3.3%. Nine of the 13 patients with IPA died (mortality=69%). Staining with the optical brightener and consecutive microscopic screening took 9+/-3 min. For the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, sensitivity was 0.88 and specificity was 0.99. Using culture, sensitivity was 0.76 and specificity was 0.99. In conclusion, direct examination of clinical specimens using the optical brightener has a high diagnostic potential for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The reliability, simplicity and speed of the method render it suitable for routine diagnostic work.     

Independent contribution of bronchoalveolar lavage and serum galactomannan in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

The optimal combination of galactomannan index (GMI) testing for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains unclear. For diagnostic approaches that are triggered by clinical signs and symptoms in high‐risk patients, institutional variation remains, with some centers routinely relying on only serum GMI or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) GMI testing. In addition, use of mold‐active agents before diagnosis of IPA is becoming increasingly common, and understanding the effect of these drugs on test yield is important when making time‐critical treatment decisions. In a single‐center cohort of 210 allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, we found that serum and BAL GMI testing contributed independently to IPA diagnosis, supporting the practice of sending both tests simultaneously to ensure a timely diagnosis of IPA. BAL GMI sensitivity was not affected by receipt of mold‐active therapy in our cohort.     

支气管镜检查对老年COPD合并肺结核患者的诊断价值

目的观察支气管镜检查在老年COPD合并肺结核患者诊断中的应用价值。方法分析142例老年COPD合并肺结核患者的临床资料,收集患者的痰涂片查抗酸杆菌结果,以及经支气管镜取支气管分泌物刷检涂片、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）查抗酸杆菌、活检病理等检查结果,观察支气管镜检查对此类患者的诊断价值。结果老年COPD合并肺结核患者经支气管镜取支气管分泌物刷检涂片、BALF涂片、活检病理阳性率分别为44．4％,51．4％和60．6％,三种方法联合阳性率为100％,均显著高于痰涂片的阳性率21．8％（P〈0．05）。结论经支气管镜刷检、BALF涂片联合活检可提高老年COPD合并肺结核患者的阳性诊断率。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的临床特点及其危险因素.方法 结合文献回顾分析2006年1月至2008年6月我院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病感染的临床资料.结果 肺部真菌感染呵能是慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者病情急剧恶化的原因之一.慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的病死率高.肺曲霉菌感染临床表现和影像学缺乏特异性;广谱抗生素和激素的应用、高龄、营养不良等因素是导致肺曲霉菌感染的主要因素.结论 慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病缺乏特异性;减少危险因素,及时、合理应用抗真菌药物,做到早期诊断和早期治疗是改善预后的有效方法.