氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮对血糖和血脂的影响

目的　比较氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮对血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白的影响。方法　对2 0 0 2年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月我院住院的 12 0例单一服用氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮治疗的精神分裂症患者 (各 4 0例 )治疗前和治疗 6w末的血糖、血脂四项进行组内统计分析。结果　氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮对血糖和血脂四项均有影响 ,其中氯丙嗪组患者的血糖升高较治疗前有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;氯氮平组患者的血糖升高较治疗前有极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白变化较治疗前有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且女性变化比男性显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;利培酮组对血糖、血脂的影响较小。结论　抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者的血糖、血脂等有明显的影响 ,建议治疗前和治疗过程中应及时监测血糖和血脂的变化 ,防止并发症的发生     

氯氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者血糖调控机制的影响

目的：探讨非典型抗精神病药氯氮平、利培酮对精神分裂症患者糖耐量、胰岛素和c肽释放的影响，比较两者之间的差异，探讨药物影响血糖的可能机制。方法：病例来源于2002-01／2004-01首都医科大学附属北京安定医院住院患者，共计40例，其中利培酮治疗组19例、氯氮平组21例完成6周的试验。在抗精神病药治疗前和6周末时分别进行简化的糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验。血糖由葡萄糖氧化酶法测定，胰岛素和c肽水平由化学发光免疫分析法测定：同时观察记录患者的一般资料、体质量指数等，并用阳性及阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的临床症状。结果：①治疗6周末时，氯氮平组较利培酮组有更高的空腹血糖[(4．88&;#177;0．62)和(4．43&;#177;0．63)mmol／L]，差异有显著性(t=-2．270，P=0．029)。②与基础水平相比，氯氮平组6周末空腹血糖[(4．88&;#177;0．62)和(4．55&;#177;0．50)mmol／L]、餐后1h血糖[(9．90&;#177;2．73)和(8．12&;#177;1．88)mmc&;#183;l／L]、餐后2h血糖[(7．81&;#177;2．92)和(5．83&;#177;1．33)mmol／L]及餐后2h C肽胰岛素[(7．90&;#177;3．39)和(5．88&;#177;1．70)μg／L]均有显著升高，差异均有显著性(t=-2．452，-3．044，-2．754，-2．511；P=0．023，0．006，0．012，0．021)；而利培酮组仅餐后1h胰岛素[(71．22&;#177;44．36)和(48．24&;#177;31．79)mIU／L]有显著升高，差异有显著性(t=-2．830，P=0．011)。③氯氮平组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖变化与胰岛素抵抗指数变化的相关性有显著性意义(Rs=0．545，P=0．011；Rs=0．434，P=0．049)。结论：氯氮平较利培酮更明显影响血糖代谢，氯氮平对血糖代谢的影响可能与胰岛素抵抗机制有关。     

利培酮治疗难治性精神分裂症依从性3a随访比较

目的　比较利培酮与氯氮平对难治性精神分裂症疗效及依从性。方法　对原来在我院门诊及正在住院难治性精神分裂症 135例有效病例利培酮组 6 8例 ,氯氮平组 6 7例 ,分别用利培酮和氯氮平继续治疗 3a,在治疗前及治疗后 2、4、6、36个月用 BPRS、SANS、SDSS、CGI量表评定疗效。结果　在治疗难治性精神分裂症 3a随访利培酮 6 4例坚持用药 ,有效 6 1例 ,脱落 4例。氯氮平 44例坚持用药 ,有效 42例 ,脱落 2 3例。治疗有效病例的 3 a用药依从性随访比较有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　利培酮治疗难治性精神分裂症以椎体外系不良反应为主 ,依从性高 ,疗效显著。     

利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:探讨利培酮治疗精神分裂症的有效性和安全性。方法:将60例精神分裂症患者分为利培酮组和氯氮平组进行治疗,疗程共8周,采用简明精神分裂症评定量表和副反应量表对治疗前及治疗后2、4、6、8周末进行疗效和不良反应评定。结果:两组病例疗效相似,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。利培酮组副反应发生率低于氯氮平组。结论:利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症均有良好疗效,利培酮安全,副反应小,患者依从性好,利于维持治疗。     

氯氮平齐拉西酮利培酮对精神分裂症患者脂代谢的影响

目的 探讨氯氮平、齐拉西酮、利培酮对精神分裂症患者脂代谢的影响,为临床安全用药提供依据.方法 将126例精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组、齐拉西酮组和利培酮组,每组42例,分别口服氯氮平、齐拉西酮、利培酮治疗,观察8周.于治疗前及治疗8周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表评定临床疗效,同时检测血脂水平.结果 治疗8周末3组患者阳性与阴性症状量表总分及各因子分均较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.01),有效率差异无显著性(P＞0.05).治疗后3组血脂水平均有不同程度的增加,其中氯氮平组血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均显著高于齐拉西酮组和利培酮组,齐拉西酮组血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油水平显著高于利培酮组(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 氯氮平、齐拉西酮和利培酮对精神分裂症患者血脂代谢均有不同程度的影响,但氯氮平对血脂影响最显著,齐拉西酮和利培酮影响较小,因此,对服用氯氮平治疗的患者应定期监测血脂水平.     

利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢的影响

目的：探讨利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢的影响。方法将120例精神分裂症患者按照随机数字表法分为两组,分别口服利培酮、氯氮平治疗,观察6周。于治疗前后检测两组患者血糖、血脂水平的变化。结果治疗后利培酮组仅血糖各项指标较治疗前显著升高(P <0.01),而氯氮平组血糖、血脂各项指标均较治疗前显著升高,且显著高于利培酮组(P <0.01)。利培酮组治疗后空糖血糖异常增高率为1.7%,氯氮平组为41.7%,利培酮组显著低于氯氮平组(P <0.01)。结论利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者的糖脂代谢均有不同程度的影响,氯氮平的影响更明显,临床上选用氯氮平治疗时应密切监测各项代谢指标的变化。     

氯氮平奥氮平利培酮对精神分裂症患者脂代谢及体质量的影响

目的 探讨氯氮平、奥氮平、利培酮对精神分裂症患者脂代谢及体质量的影响,为临床安全用药提供依据.方法 将120例男性精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组、奥氮平组和利培酮组,每组40例,分别口服氯氮平、奥氮平、利培酮治疗,观察8周.于治疗前及治疗4周、8周末分别检测血脂、体质量,并计算体质量指数.结果 治疗各时段3组血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白B水平均较治疗前显著升高,以氯氮平组升高最为显著(P＜0.05或0.01);治疗8周末氯氮平组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平较治疗前显著下降(P＜0.01),利培酮组和奥氮平组则无显著变化(P＞0.05).治疗后氯氮平组体质量及体质量指数较治疗前显著升高(P＜0.01),治疗8周末有下降趋势,但仍显著高于治疗前(P＜0.01);奥氮平组和利培酮组治疗前后虽有变化,但差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 氯氮平、奥氮平和利培酮对精神分裂症患者血脂代谢均有不同程度的影响,但氯氮平对血脂和体质量影响最显著,奥氮平和利培酮影响较小,因此,对服用氯氮平治疗的患者应定期监测血脂和体质量.     

新型抗精神病药引起血糖升高的对照研究

目的探讨利培酮对糖代谢的影响。方法将63例精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮组31例和氯氮平组32例,两组均单一用药,利培酮平均剂量4.0±0.74mg.d-1,氯氮平平均剂量340.56±122.43mg.d-1。兴奋躁动和睡眠障碍者可联合小剂量苯二氮艹卓类药物。疗程均为8w。分别于治疗前及治疗第4、8w末晨抽空腹静脉血检测血糖;治疗前及治疗第8w末测量体重。结果治疗第8w末,氯氮平组血糖明显高于利培酮组,差异有极显著性(P<0.01);利培酮组患者的年龄与治疗4w末血糖和8w末体重存在相关关系(r=0.496,P=0.007;r=0.493,P=0.006)。结论利培酮与氯氮平均可引起血糖升高,但氯氮平对血糖的影响较利培酮显著。     

利培酮和氯氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效评价及其对糖、脂代谢的影响分析

目的 探讨利培酮和氯氮平治疗精神分裂症初诊患者的临床疗效及其对糖脂代谢的影响.方法 94例精神分裂症初诊患者分为利培酮组和氯氮平组,治疗8周后评价临床疗效,测定并比较治疗前后患者总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)及胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)水平.结果 两组患者治疗总有效率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).两组患者治疗后血浆TC、TG、LDL、FBG、Fins、IRI水平升高,HDL、ISI水平降低(P＜0.05),氯氮平组TC、TG、LDL水平升高幅度、HDL降低幅度大于利培酮组(P＜0.05).结论 氯氮平和利培酮对精神分裂症初诊患者临床疗效确切,二者均对患者糖、脂代谢有影响;利培酮对患者脂代谢的影响相对较小,可作为患者临床治疗的首选用药.     

利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探讨利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性.方法 将84例精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮组和氯氮平组,每组42例,分别口服利培酮与氯氮平治疗.观察8周.于治疗前及治疗1周、2周、4周、6周、8周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表及副反应量表评定临床疗效和不良反应.结果 治疗1周末,利培酮组阳性与阴性症状量表总分、阳性症状及精神病理因子分均较治疗前有显著下降（P〈0.05或0.01）;氯氮平组阳性与阴性症状量表总分、阳性症状因子分较治疗前有显著下降（P〈0.05或0.01）.治疗2周末起,两组阳性与阴性症状量表总分及各因子分较治疗前下降更显著（P〈0.01）.同期两组间比较差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）.利培酮组不良发生率显著低于氯氮平组（χ2=3.95,P〈0.05）. 结论 利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效相当,但利培酮口服剂量小,不良反应发生率低、安全性更高、依从性更好.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.