Comparative study of the multiple dose pharmacokinetics and the tolerance of a new NSAID (droxicam) versus piroxicam in healthy volunteers

A controlled, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial has been performed in healthy volunteers in order to study the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of droxicam in comparison with piroxicam, when both drugs were administered at a dose of 20 mg/day for 20 days. Since transformation into piroxicam takes place in the gastrointestinal tract, unchanged droxicam was not detected in plasma. Steady state of plasma piroxicam concentrations was reached in all volunteers during the course of the study. Absorption kinetics of droxicam were delayed with respect to those of piroxicam (t1/2 a = 7.55 h for droxicam and 1.78 h for piroxicam). The remaining pharmacokinetical parameters studied showed no statistically significant differences. The bioavailability of both drugs was equal. Tolerability of droxicam and piroxicam was as usual for the NSAIDs, and no clinical or analytical side effects which could hinder its administration to wider populations were detected. Statistically significant differences in the number and type of side effects detected in the two treatment groups were not encountered.     

Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of a new NSAID (droxicam) in healthy volunteers

The pharmacokinetics of droxicam, both as a single 10 mg dose and as a multidose regimen of 10 mg/day for 20 consecutive days, have been studied in healthy volunteers. The study was performed in two separate groups of volunteers. Following a single dose the Cmax was 0.82 +/- 0.15 micrograms/ml, the Tmax was achieved at 6.1 +/- 3.5 h, the elimination half life was 65.7 +/- 17.6 h, the Clt/F was 2.04 +/- 0.53 ml/min, the Vd/F was 11.0 +/- 1.7 l and the AUC infinity was 86.9 +/- 24.6 mugh/ml, which was similar to results reported in other study from piroxicam (10 mg). Following multiple doses the Cmed(ss) was 2.06 +/- 0.42 microgram/ml, the Tmax(ss) was 8.2 +/- 6.0 h, the elimination half life was 41.4 +/- 12.4 h, the Clt/F was 3.30 +/- 0.63 ml/min, the Vd/F was 11.8 +/- 4.3 l and the AUC infinity was 52.4 +/- 11.3 mugh/ml. The differences encountered between single and multiple dose administration in elimination kinetics are due to the wide interpersonal variation described for the elimination half life of piroxicam. It may be concluded from these results that absorption, elimination and bioavailability kinetics of droxicam are independent of the administered dose.     

Pharmacokinetics of adimolol after single and multiple dose administration in healthy volunteers

The pharmacokinetic properties of adimolol (MEN 935), a new antihypertensive agents with predominantly beta-receptor blocking and additional alpha-adrenolytic activity were investigated in healthy volunteers. Study A subjects (n = 6) received single intravenous doses of 5 mg adimolol and single oral doses of 200 mg capsules, 200 mg tablets and 100 mg tablets on four occasions separated by at least two weeks. Study B subjects (n = 6) were given single intravenous doses of 5 mg and single oral doses of 100 mg of the 14C-labelled drug on two different occasions. Study C subjects (n = 6) were administered multiple oral doses of 100 mg adimolol daily for five days, and three weeks later 50 mg daily for five days. Adimolol plasma concentrations were assayed over seven days following each single dose using a specific and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. The plasma concentration data obtained from the single i.v. dose studies were individually fitted to an open four-compartment model. To describe mathematically the single oral dose plasma level data, two compartments were added to the model to take care of the absorption. Irrespective of the route of administration, the doses and formulations given, all plasma concentration curves could be described with similar pharmacokinetic parameters. Plasma concentration curves predicted by the open four-compartment model were fully confirmed by the actual data obtained after chronic oral administration. The terminal half-life averaged 12 h following intravenous and 15 h after oral administration. The peak plasma concentration was reached on average 4 h following oral administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparative bioavailability of 4 amoxicillin formulations in healthy human volunteers after a single dose administration

OBJECTIVE: To compare the bioavailability of two amoxicillin oral suspension (250 mg/5 ml) formulations and two amoxicillin capsule (500 mg) formulations (Amoxicilina from Medley S/A Indústria Farmace?tica, Brazil, as test formulations and Amoxil from SmithKline Beecham Laboratórios Ltda., Brazil, as reference formulations) in 48 volunteers of both sexes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted open with a randomized two-period crossover design and a one-week washout period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 12-hour interval. Amoxicillin concentrations were analyzed by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization using the selected ion monitoring method. From the amoxicillin plasma concentration vs. time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUC(last), AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax. RESULTS: Geometric mean of Amoxicilina/Amoxil 250 mg/5 ml individual percent ratio was 103.70% for AUC(last), 103.15% for AUC(0-infinity) and 106.79% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 97.82-109.94%, 97.40 to 109.24%, and 96.38-118.33%, respectively. Geometric mean of Amoxicilina/Amoxil 500 mg capsule individual percent ratio was 93.26% for AUC(last), 93.27% for AUC(0-infinity) and 90.74% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 85.0-102.33%, 85.12-102.31%, and 80.14-102.73%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Since the 90% CI for both Cmax, AUC(last) and AUC(0-inifnity) were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that Amoxicilina 250 mg/5 ml oral suspension and Amoxicilina 500 mg capsule were bioequivalent to Amoxil 250 mg/5 ml oral suspension and to Amoxil capsule 500 mg, respectively, with regard to both the rate and extent of absorption.     

Comparative bioavailability of two losartan formulations in healthy human volunteers after a single dose administration

OBJECTIVE: To compare the bioavailability of two potassic losartan immediate release tablet (50 mg) formulations (Losartan from Laboratórios Cristália Ltd., Brazil, as a test formulation and Cozaar from Merck Sharp & Dohme Farmacêutica Ltd., Brazil, as a reference formulation) in 25 volunteers of both sexes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in an open, randomized, 2-period crossover design and a 1-week washout period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval. The concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite losartan acid were analyzed by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with negative ion electrospray ionization using a selected ion monitoring method. From the losartan and losartan acid plasma concentrations vs. time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUClast, AUC0-inf and Cmax. RESULTS: The geometric mean and respective 90% confidence interval (CI) of Losartan/Cozaar losartan percent ratios were 92.9% (82.2-105.0%) for Cmax, 99.0% (92.5-105.9%) for AUClast, and 99.1% (92.7-105.8%) for AUC0-inf. Furthermore, the geometric mean and respective 90% CI of Losartan/Cozaar losartan acid percent ratios were 98.5% (91.5-106.0%) for Cmax, 97.9% (93.3 102.7%) for AUClast, and 98.1% (93.6-102.9%) for AUC0-inf. CONCLUSION: Since the 90% CI for Cmax, AUClast and AUC0-inf were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that the potassic losartan immediate release 50 mg tablet was bioequivalent to the Cozaar immediate release 50 mg tablet, according to both the rate and extent of absorption. While there were no significant differences in the bioequivalence assessed by either losartan or losartan acid, future bioequivalence studies on losartan may be performed by quantifying losartan alone as the parent compounds are more discriminative.     

格列齐特2种缓释片单次和多次给药 的药动学和生物利用度比较(英文)

目的:比较国产和进口格列齐特缓释片的人体药动学和相对生物利用度。方法:采用单次和多次给药的4周期双交叉设计,用液相色谱质谱联用法测定20名健康男性志愿者血浆中格列齐特的浓度。结果:单次口服国产和进口格列齐特缓释片后的药动学参数分别为:tmax为(7.2±s1.5)h和(6.9±1.4)h,cmax为(2.4±0.8)mg·L-1和(2.3±0.6)mg·L-1,t1/2为(13.4±1.2)h和(13.7±1.3)h,AUC0～60为(48±14)mg·h·L-1 和(48±14)mg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞为(51±15)mg·h·L-1和(50±14)mg·h·L-1,平均滞留时间(MRT)为(22.4±1.9)h和(22.78±1.9)h。多次(60mg,6d)口服国产和进口格列齐特缓释片后的稳态药动学参数分别为:tmax为(6.1±1.4)h和(6.5±1.4)h,cmax为(4.6±0.9)mg·L-1和(4.7±1.1) mg·L-1,cmin为(0.23±0.08)mg·L-1和(0.26±0.08)mg·L-1,稳态血药浓度均值(cav)为(1.6±0.3)mg·L-1和(1.6±0.3)mg·L-1,AUCss为(94±19)mg·h·L-1和(95±20)mg·h·L-1,波动度(DF)为(282±33)%和(283±43)%。单次和多次口服国产与进口格列齐特缓释片相对生物利用度分别为(102±9)%和(99±10)%。上述单次和多次给药的药动学参数经方差分析无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:双单侧t检验表明2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

Comparative bioavailability of two capsule formulations of ofloxacin in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration

Abstract

The bioavailability of two ofloxacin (OFX) tablet formulations (OTT, test formulation from Laboratorio Atral SA - Portugal, and Tarivid, reference formulation from Hoechst AG - Germany) were compared in 24 (12M, 12F) healthy volunteers who received a single oral dose of 200 mg of each formulation in an open, randomized, two-period crossover fashion with a 14 day washout interval between doses. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24 h interval and OFX concentrations were determined by HPLC with UV detection. From the OFX plasma concentration vs time curves, the AUC_[0-24] (area under the concentration vs time curves from 0 to 24 h), AUC_[0-α] (area under the concentration vs time curves extrapolated to infinity), C_max (maximum concentration achieved), t_max (time to achieve C_max), t_1/2 (terminal first order elimination half-life), and elimination constant (K_e) were obtained. All these variables were analyzed using both parametric and non-parametric statistics. The two OFX tablet brands did not show statistically significant differences in bioavailability as assessed by the statistical analysis of AUC_[0-24] (14.8 and 14.7μg h ml^?1, respectively for OTT and Tarivid), AUC_[0-α] (16.0 and 15.6 μg h ml^?1), C_max (2.9 and 3.1 μg/ml), t_max (0.8 and 1.5 h), t_1/2 (5.9 and 5.6 h), and K_e (0.12 and 0.13 h^?1) values. Based on these results and on the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements [1993], both formulations were considered to be bioequivalent.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of piretanide in healthy volunteers following intramuscular administration

The pharmacokinetics of the diuretic compound 4-phenoxy-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid (piretanide, Arelix) were investigated in 10 healthy male volunteers following intravenous and intramuscular administration of single doses of 6 mg. Plasma concentration-time data followed in general characteristics of a three-compartment model. Following intravenous administration, the terminal half-life of elimination was 1.29 +/- 0.40 h, the total clearance 219 +/- 36 ml/min and the steady state volume of distribution was calculated to be 12.4 +/- 2.1 l. The renal excretion of unchanged drug amounted to 34.4 +/- 6.9% of the dose. Following intramuscular administration, peak plasma concentrations of 366 +/- 85 mg/ml were achieved 13.8 +/- 4.8 min after administration. All other parameters were not statistically significantly different from those obtained after i.v. bolus. The bioavailability of piretanide following intramuscular administration was 0.88 +/- 0.17.     

舒林酸胶囊的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的：单剂量口服舒林酸胶囊（试验品）对普通片（对照品）的相对生物利用度研究。方法：按双周期交叉试验,８位健康男性受试者服药后,采用快速,准确ＨＰＬＣ法测定其血药浓度。以３ｐ９７药动学程序计算。结果：宁波昆厂生产的舒林酸胶囊对普通片的相对生物利用度为９７．６％;方差分析与双单侧检验示明,两制剂ＡＵＣ间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,试验品生物利用度参数ＡＵＣ平均值的９０％可信限（８９．７％－１０４．８     

Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of ACP-103 following single or multiple oral dose administration in healthy volunteers

The pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ACP-103, a selective serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor inverse agonist, were evaluated in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalation studies in healthy male volunteers. Pharmacokinetic sampling was measured up to 216 hours after single oral/nasogastric doses of ACP-103 and after the last dose of once-daily oral administration of ACP-103 for 14 days. Single doses of ACP-103 (20-300 mg) resulted in dose-proportionate mean C(max) values (9-152 ng/mL) and AUC(0-infinity) (706-10 798 h x ng/mL), and multiple doses (50-150 mg) resulted in dose-proportionate mean C(max,ss) (93-248 ng/mL) and AUC(0-infinity,ss) (1839-4680 h x ng/mL). The half-life of ACP-103 was approximately 55 hours, with a t(max) at 6 hours. ACP-103 was well tolerated at single doses up to and including 300 mg and multiple doses up to 100 mg once daily for 14 days.     

The bioavailability of Tamoplex (tamoxifen). Part 2. A single dose cross-over study in healthy male volunteers

Tamoxifen and N-desmethyltamoxifen plasma concentrations were determined in a single dose cross-over study with Tamoplex and Nolvadex at the dose height of 40 mg in 18 healthy male volunteers with a wash-out period of at least 140 days. ANOVA, power analysis and novel bioequivalence tests on AUC, Cmax and tcmax, including a non-parametric one, demonstrated bioequivalence of Tamoplex and Nolvadex 10 mg tablets. The mean AUC ( +/- SD) values of tamoxifen after administration of Tamoplex or Nolvadex tablets were 1076 +/- 265 and 1131 +/- 301 h ng ml-1, respectively. ANOVA on the AUC values gave a p value of 0.450 with a power of 0.85 and a 95% confidence interval of 81.8-108.5% was obtained. The 0.8 power test showed a determined difference of 18.9%, whereas the actual difference was 4.9%. Interindividual and intraindividual variation was assessed. The pharmacokinetic data, well established for 34 hr, constitute a basis for further studies on tamoxifen distribution, elimination and metabolism.     

单剂量和多剂量巴洛沙星片在健康人体内的药动学特征

目的研究巴洛沙星片在10名健康志愿者体内的药动学特征。方法5名男性、5名女性健康志愿者单剂量和多剂量口服巴洛沙星片100 mg,采用Waters OASISTMHLB固相萃取小柱提取样品,反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果主要药动学参数:单剂量为女t1/2(7．26±2．02)h、ρmax(1 229．93±419．98)μg·L-1、AUC0→48(10 031．56±2 856．78)μg·h·L-1;男t1/2(10．21±1．93)h、ρmax(989．37±219．62)μg·L-1、AUC0→48(9 783．05±879．95)μg·h·L-1。多剂量为女t1/2(8．53±1．84)h,ρav (690．28±150．0)μg·L-1,AUCss(8 283．30±1 800．08)μg·h·L-1,DF(1．68±0．68);男t1/2(8．72±1．23)h、ρav(784．74±82．62)μg·L-1、AUCss(9 416．93±991．41)μg·h·L-1、DF(1．19±0．15)。结论用DAS 2．0软件进行房室模型拟合,巴洛沙星体内过程符合一级消除二室模型,每次100mg,bid连续5 d,可达到稳定有效血药浓度。     

Study on safety and bioavailability of ubiquinol (Kaneka QH) after single and 4-week multiple oral administration to healthy volunteers

The safety and bioavailability of ubiquinol (the reduced form of coenzyme Q(10)), a naturally occurring lipid-soluble nutrient, were evaluated for the first time in single-blind, placebo-controlled studies with healthy subjects after administration of a single oral dose of 150 or 300 mg and after oral administration of 90, 150, or 300 mg for 4 weeks. No clinically relevant changes in results of standard laboratory tests, physical examination, vital signs, or ECG induced by ubiquinol were observed in any dosage groups. The C(max) and AUC(0-48 h) derived from the mean plasma ubiquinol concentration-time curves increased non-linearly with dose from 1.88 to 3.19 micro g/ml and from 74.61 to 91.76 micro g h/ml, respectively, after single administration. Trough concentrations had nearly plateaued at levels of 2.61 micro g/ml for 90 mg, 3.66 micro g/ml for 150 mg, and 6.53 micro g/ml for 300 mg at day 14, and increased non-linearly with dose in the 4-week study. In conclusion, following single or multiple-doses of ubiquinol in healthy volunteers, significant absorption of ubiquinol from the gastrointestinal tract was observed, and no safety concerns were noted on standard laboratory tests for safety or on assessment of adverse events for doses of up to 300 mg for up to 2 weeks after treatment completion.     

The single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of pranlukast in healthy volunteers

Objective: The pharmacokinetics of pranlukast, a leukotriene LTD₄ antagonist, were studied in 48 young, healthy subjects after single and repeated oral doses (given every 12 h) ranging from 112.5 to 675 mg. The doses were administered 30 minutes after a light breakfast. Results: Maximal drug concentrations generally occurred between 2 and 6 h after dosing, and there was some evidence of an absorption lag-time. Secondary peaks were observed in the plasma concentration vs. time profiles of many of the study subjects after both single and repeated doses, particularly during the period of maximum drug absorption. In general, after both single and repeated doses, there were related increases in the corresponding C_max and AUC with a rise in dose, although the increase was diminished at doses above 450 mg. With repeated dosing of pranlukast the mean AUC was generally higher (up to 1.6-fold), and the higher plasma concentrations allowed characterisation of a longer mean t_1/2 than after single dose administration. The mean steady-state trough plasma concentrations attained after evening doses were considerably higher (up to 14-fold) than those obtained after the morning dose. Conclusion: The data suggested that the pharmacokinetics of pranlukast are influenced by the time of dosing. Based on analysis of urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol excretion, there was no evidence that pranlukast modified the metabolic activity of cytochrome P-450 3A isoenzymes. Received: 6 November 1995/Accepted in revised form: 17 April 1996     

Pharmacokinetics of bencyclane after single dose administration to healthy volunteers

The pharmacokinetics of bencyclane were studied in 4 healthy volunteers. In a randomized cross-over design, 35 and 70 mg of bencyclane were infused intravenously and 71 and 143 mg were given orally as a solution in water. After intravenous application bencyclane is distributed very rapidly into tissues (t1/2 approx. 7 min). The volume of distribution is about 600 l. In almost every subject the plasma levels rose again after this distribution phase. Bencyclane is eliminated mainly by metabolism. At the most 3% of the dose is excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. Total clearance is appr. 44 l/h, the elimination half-life approx. 12 h. Oral bioavailability ranges between 18 and 84%.     

单剂量口服曲昔匹特胶囊的相对生物利用度及生物等效性

目的 研究曲昔匹特胶囊的药代动力学特征及生物等效性。方法 18名健康男性志愿者随机双交叉给药,分别单剂量口服100mg的曲昔匹特胶囊试验药和片剂对照药,用血浆碱化、液相萃取提取和反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算两者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果 口服曲昔匹特胶囊100mg试验药及片剂对照药的主要药代动力学参数t_(1/2ke)分别为6.52±1.62和7.03±2.27h;t_(max)分别为2.89±0.93和2.97±1.25h,C_(max)分别为0.98±0.27和1.06±0.31mg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-24)分别为15.18±4.11和15.96±3.97mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为15.83±4.12和16.82±4.47 mg·h·L~(-1)相对生物利用度为(95.72±14.92)％。结论 试验药曲昔匹特胶囊和对照药曲昔匹特片剂具有生物等效性。     

单次静滴重组葡激酶在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究重组葡激酶（r-SAK）（抗急性心肌梗死药）单次静脉给药后在健康人体内的药代动力学。方法24例健康受试者随机分为3组（5，10，15mg剂量组），建立双抗体酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA），测定r-SAK的血药浓度，用3P97药代动力学软件进行数据处理。结果r-SAK符合二房室一级消除模型，％为6．68-23．19L，AUC0-t为1．39-3．59μg·h·mL^-1,为1．35～4．37h。结论建议临床给药方法为r-SAK10mg、30min内静脉输注。     

A bioavailability/bioequivalence study of two oral lansoprazole formulations after single administration to healthy volunteers.

Two oral lansoprazole formulations, containing encapsulated microgranules, Lasoprol (test formulation) and Lanzor (reference), were administered to 12 healthy volunteers of both sexes in a single dose of 30 mg lansoprazole in order to investigate their comparative bioavailability. No statistically significant differences, at the probability level of 90%, were observed neither for the maximal serum concentrations (1.12:1.22 micrograms/ml) nor for the area under the concentration-time curves (5.01:5.77 micrograms/ml.h), the parameter to which the inhibition of acid secretion induced by lansoprazole is directly related. The similar holds true for the value of time to reach the maximal concentration of lansoprazole in serum, although this parameter was previously described as less sensitive in comparative bioavailability studies. The terminal elimination half-lives were 4.56 h for Lasoprol and 4.57 h for the reference formulation. The results indicate the bioequivalence and good tolerability of both lansoprazole formulations. The overall pharmacokinetic profile of the drug was comparable with the data previously reported by other investigators.     

单次注射比阿培南在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究注射用比阿培南(碳青霉烯类抗生素)在健康人群单次给药药代动力学。方法用分层随机、三交叉、拉丁方设计、空腹给药的试验方法,12名健康受试者单次静脉滴注比阿培南150,300,600 mg,HPLC法测定给药后血、尿药物浓度,DAS软件计算药代动力学参数。结果受试者静滴比阿培南150,300,600 mg后药代动力学参数如下,Cmax分别是(8.49±1.03),(16.31±1.83),(34.51±3.74)mg.L-1;Tmax均为(1.00±0.00)h;t1/2β分别为(1.08±0.80),(0.89±0.14),(0.93±0.08)h;AUC0-t分别(13.49±2.29),(28.91±4.92),(60.85±8.72)mg.L-1.h;CL分别是(11.09±1.58),(10.54±1.85),(9.98±1.39)L.h-1.kg-1。12 h尿排出率分别为61.9%,62.1%,62.8%。结论注射用比阿培南药代动力学符合二室开放模型,药代动力学参数与剂量呈线性相关,受试者耐受性良好。     

A combined single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of oral isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy volunteers.

Pharmacokinetics of 20 mg isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN) after single and multiple administration of two different tablet formulations were investigated in twelve healthy human subjects using an open, randomized, two-way crossover experimental design. Pentacard 20 mg tablets were compared with Ismo 20 mg tablets. After single-dose administration, both preparations caused a rapid increase in IS-5-MN plasma levels with the peak plasma concentration occurring between 0.5 and 1.5 h. For both formulations, the mean plasma half-life was found to be approximately 5 h after a single dose. In steady state during multiple dosing (t.i.d. at 8 h dosing intervals), a reduced elimination rate was observed. In line with this observation, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for one 8 h dosing interval during multiple dosing was higher than the extrapolated AUC after a single dose. Based on statistical evaluation of the various relevant pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the plasma concentrations occurring after single and multiple dosing, the tablet formulations are judged to be bioequivalent.