Ultrastructural Analysis of Antibody Synthesis in Cells from Lymph and Lymph Nodes

A variety of cells containing antibody were found in lymph from sheep responding to secondary challenges with horseradish peroxidase. Antibody was present in blast cells in lymph within the perinuclear space, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and on polyribosomes. Some lymphocytes in lymph also contained antibody but in these cells it was located principally in the perinuclear space. No cells were found containing antibody distributed throughout their cytoplasm nor were any lymphocytes found with a Golgi apparatus positive for antibody. After the immune response in the lymph had died away, a population of cells containing antibody was still present in the regional lymph node. These were all plasma cells in which the antibody was present for the most part in a highly organized endoplasmic reticulum. Cells of this type were never found in the lymph. The cells containing the smallest amounts of antibody had a few discrete focal points in the perinuclear space and a few positive groups of ribosomes in their cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum in some cells was filled completely with antibody, while in others positive segments were found adjacent to negative ones. The antibody in the cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum was in continuity with the antibody in the perinuclear space. The Golgi apparatus contained antibody in only a small proportion of the cells but when it was positive it was strongly so, suggesting that antibody was concentrated in this organelle. In some cells a positive reaction to horseradish peroxidase antibody appeared in the nucleus over the nucleoli. The significance of this finding is not known.     

Cellular Reaction in the Footpad and Draining Lymph Nodes of Mice Induced by Mycobacterial Fractions and BCG Bacilli

Ten micrograms of trehalose-6, 6'-dimycolate (cord factor), injected into the footpad of mice, induced histological changes similar to those following injection of living BCG bacilli. Both materials induced in the draining lymph nodes the formation of granulomas composed of epitheloid cells, macrophages, and small numbers of lymphocytes. Apart from the granulomatous inflammatory process, marked hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue in the paracortical zone of the nodes and accumulations of macrophages were evident. In some cases, the macrophages were very numerous and replaced part of the lymphoid tissue. Compared to cord factor, wax D showed weak granulomagenic activity. Only slight and transient inflammation was found in the footpads as well as transient slight lymphoid hyperplasia. Wax D also induced small accumulations of macrophages. Complete Freund's adjuvant induced, under the same experimental conditions, large accumulations of macrophages in the draining lymphnode and lymphoid hyperplasia in the paracortical zone. No cellular reaction was seen in the liver, spleen, and lungs after injection of cord factor and BCG into the footpads of the animals. The results and implications are discussed.     

Immunohistological Analysis of Human Fetal Lymph Nodes

A panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against various lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell subsets was used to study the lymph nodes of human fetuses of 16-40 weeks. B cells were of intermediate size and were present at all ages in primitive follicles and in the outer cortex. The fetal B-cell immunophenotype is indicative of an intermediate stage of development, just preceding the differentiation to mature B cell. Forty to sixty per cent Leu1+ B cells were observed in the follicles until the end of the second trimester. At all stages, T cells showed an immunophenotype similar to type III thymocytes, different from adult peripheral T cells, with a marked predominance of CD4+ T cells. Leu7+ NK cells were generally absent. OKIa+ interdigitating reticulum cells were present in T-cell areas. Some axillary lymph nodes showed strongly CD1+ dendritic cells, probably Langerhans' cells. Macrophages and granulocytes were present in varying numbers. Altogether, our results indicate that fetal lymph nodes are quite well differentiated at an early fetal age, although T and B cells do not (yet) show adult immunophenotypes. The expression of the CD38 antigen may be a main marker related to the immaturity of fetal T and B cells.     

Reactive Proliferative Lesions in Lymph Nodes from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

In 22 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including 4 cases of malignant RA (MRA), reactive proliferative lymph node lesions were studied clinicopathologically and immunohis-tochemically. This series included 5 males and 17 females. The period between disease onset and lymph node biopsy ranged from 3 months to 41 years. Generalized lymphadenopathy was noted in 13 cases and constitutional symptoms in 8. The histological findings characteristic of RA were 1) follicular hyperplasia with active germinal centers and 2) polyclonal plasma cell infiltration in the interfollicular area. Studies of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin showed that γ-heavy chain-expressing plasma cells were a major component in the interfollicular area in 17 RA cases. However, in 4 MRA cases, a prominent increase of μ chain-expressing plasma cells was recognized in the same area. In the 3 cases for which fresh tissue sections were stained with monoclonal antibodies against lymphocytes, we found that the majority of T cells in the interfollicular area had helper/inducer markers. The identical locations of the T cell population and plasma cells indicated that both played a role in the proliferation and/or differentiation of B cells in lymph nodes in RA.     

Presence of Mycobacterium leprae-Reactive Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes of Lepromatous Leprosy Patients

A critical problem in leprosy is the relative deficiency of antigen-specific T cell-mediated immunity. We were successful in detecting a significant response to viable M. leprae in mononuclear cells isolated from the lymph nodes of lepromatous leprosy patients in contrast to the apparent M. leprae-specific energy seen in the peripheral blood. This observation suggests that antigen-reactive lymphocytes are generated in the lymph nodes of lepromatous patients but the inability to detect them in the circulation may be due either to a different processing and presentation of mycobacterial antigens within the peripheral blood and lymph node compartments or to a selective sequestration of lymphocytes within the lymph node.     

Detection by Immunofluorescence Assay of Bartonella henselae in Lymph Nodes from Patients with Cat Scratch Disease

Laboratory diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infections can be accomplished by serology or PCR assay on biopsy samples. The purpose of our work was to assess immunofluorescence detection (IFD) in lymph node smears using a specific monoclonal antibody directed against B. henselae and a commercial serology assay (IFA) compared with PCR detection. Among 200 lymph nodes examined from immunocompetent patients, 54 were positive for B. henselae by PCR, of which 43 were also positive by IFD. Among the 146 PCR-negative lymph nodes, 11 were positive by IFD. Based on PCR results, the specificity of this new technique was 92.5%, the sensitivity was 79.6%, and the positive predictive value was 79.6%. At a cutoff titer of 64, the sensitivity of the IFA was 86.8% and the specificity was 74.1%. Diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) may be improved, with a specificity of 100%, when the two tests (IFD and IFA) were negative; the sensitivity was 97.4% if one of the two tests was positive. Since PCR-based detection with biopsy samples is available only in reference laboratories, we suggest using IFD coupled with the commercial serology test for the diagnosis of CSD.     

定量RT—PCR法检测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结CK19的研究

目的探讨定量RT—PCR法检测细胞角蛋白（CK19）在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）中的表达，提高前哨淋巴结活检中微转移的检出率。方法采用常规病理检查法（HE染色）和定量RT—PCR法检测了40例乳腺癌患者SLN的CK19的表达量，同时选取10例来源于胃肠道的良性病变淋巴结作为定量RT—PCR检测的对照组。结果CK19在良性病变的淋巴结中没有表达。常规病理检查的敏感度为42．9％（9／21），假阴性为57．1％（12／21）．准确率为70．0％（28／40）。定量RT—PCR法检测出常规病理未检出的微小转移病例12例，敏感度为95．2％（20／21），假阴性为4．8％（1／21），准确率为97．5％（39／40）。结论前哨淋巴结活检可有效判断乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移状态，应用定量RT—PCR法检测CK19在SLN中的表达，可提高敏感度及准确率。     

The Expression and Clinical Signification of PD-1 in Lymph Nodes of Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

To screen anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody treatment of the dominant population, it is necessary to understand the expression of PD-1 in tumor metastasis microenvironment. The aim of the present study was to detect the expression of PD-1 in lymph nodes of 51 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by using flow cytometry (FCM). The results showed that the PD-1 expression on CD3⁺ T cells was significantly increased in NSCLC metastatic lymph nodes (50.08 ± 8.03%) compared with nonmetastatic lymph nodes (36.25 ± 11.27%) (t = 5.208, p < 0.001).We also found that PD-1 expression was not associated with age, sex, and smoking, and it is associated with pathological type and staging of lung cancer. This study demonstrated that PD-1 may involve in lymph nodes metastasis and promote the understanding of the mechanism of immunotherapies in the NSCLC.     

循环DNA定量分析在乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的:检测乳腺癌患者循环DNA含量,探讨其在肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法:收集61例乳腺癌患者、33例乳腺良性病变患者和20例健康志愿者的血浆样本,以SYBRgreenI荧光染色法抽提血浆循环DNA,行DNA定量分析。结果:乳腺癌患者、乳腺良性病变患者、健康志愿者循环DNA浓度分别为65.46士15.31ng/ml、19.29士9.54ng/ml、13.56士7.39ng/ml;乳腺癌患者显著高于乳腺良性病变患者和健康志愿者,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:血浆肿瘤循环DNA定量分析在乳腺癌诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

放射导向手术在食管癌转移淋巴结检测的临床价值

目的：采用放射导向手术检测经99mTc-MIBI标记的食管癌病人30例,食管平滑肌瘤及贲门失弛缓症病人10例,探讨对食管癌转移淋巴结检测的临床价值。方法：用放射导向手术探测病灶,胸内和腹部淋巴结及切除的标本,术后对常规病理为阴性（即假阳性）的淋巴结,进行连续切片,HE染色,显微镜下观察。然后计算及统计学处理。结果：30例病人当中,廓清淋巴结694枚,转移者共有148枚。淋巴结转移以局部转移多见;其次为连续性转移与跳跃性转移,多向性转移最为少见。用放射导向手术探测淋巴结的灵敏度为100,特异度96.3,准确率98.9。结论：淋巴结转移情况是影响食管癌病人预后的重要因素。放射导向手术不仅能检测出微小的转移淋巴结,而且术中就能准确地判断肿瘤的临床分期,指导手术廓清的进行。使食管癌手术的根治度迈向一个新的高度。     

Comparative Analysis of Mycobacterial Heat Shock Proteins-Induced Apoptosis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Sarcoidosis and Tuberculosis

Sarcoidosis (SA) is a granulomatous disorder of an unknown etiology. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins (Mtb-hsp), considered as causative agents, play an important role in apoptosis. A role for apoptosis has been proposed in pathogenesis of SA and tuberculosis (TB) granuloma formation but results remain controversial. Differences in Mtb-hsp-induced apoptosis between SA, TB, and healthy subjects found in this study might put some light on the etiology of SA. Early apoptotic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined in 22 SA patients, 20 TB patients, and 20 healthy volunteers by flow cytometry (Annexin-V-FITC). Our results revealed that spontaneous apoptosis of monocytes and CD8⁺ T-cells was comparable between tested groups. Apoptosis of unstimulated CD4⁺ T-cells was significantly lower in TB versus controls and insignificantly lower versus SA. Mtb-hsp- and PHA (Phytohemagglutinin)-induced monocytes apoptosis was significantly lower in TB versus controls and SA. Mtb-hsp-induced CD4⁺ T-cell apoptosis was significantly lower in TB versus controls and SA. There were no differences of PHA-induced CD4⁺ T-cell and CD8⁺ T-cell apoptosis between tested groups. Apoptosis of Mtb-hsp-induced CD8⁺ T-cells was significantly lower in TB and SA versus controls. Analysis of PBMC apoptosis before and after stimulation in each tested group revealed that, in contrast to TB, sarcoid monocytes were resistant to Mtb-hsp- and PHA-induced apoptosis and CD4⁺ T-cells were resistant to PHA- but not Mtb-hsp-induced apoptosis. CD8⁺ T-cell apoptosis, before and after Mtb-hsp or PHA stimulation, was significantly increased in all tested groups. It seems likely that dysregulated apoptosis of CD4⁺ T-cells and resistant apoptosis monocytes may be involved in pathogenesis of SA.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况。方法 应用免疫组化的方法研究胃癌病人颈部转移性淋巴结（实验组）和非转移性淋巴结（对照组）CXCR4的表达情况。 结果 实验组CXCR4的阳性率为98.1％,与对照组比较差异显著。 结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用。     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌颈部转移淋巴结中表达的研究

目的 研究趋化因子受体CXCR4在胃癌转移性淋巴结中表达的情况.方法 应用免疫组化韵方法研究胃癌患者颈部转移性淋巴结、非转移性淋巴结及健康人颈部正常淋巴结CXCR4的表达情况.结果 实验组1(胃癌颈淋巴结转移)CXCR4的阳性率为98.1%,与实验组2(胃癌颈部非转移淋巴结)对照组比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 CXCR4在胃癌的转移过程中有重要的作用.