Increased urinary transferrin excretion predicts microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: We studied whether increased urinary transferrin excretion rates (TERs) (urinary transferrin-to-urinary creatinine ratio > or = 107 micrograms/mmol, which is the sum of an average and 2 SDs in 431 healthy nondiabetic individuals) would predict the development of microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-to-urinary creatinine ratio > or = 2.8 mg/mmol) in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal urinary albumin excretion rates (AERs) (albumin-to-creatinine ratio < 2.8 mg/mmol). We also studied the influence of blood pressure, glycemic control, and serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins on the later development of microalbuminuria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 77 diabetic patients with normal AER, AER and TER were measured at baseline and after 24 months of follow-up. Blood pressure, glycemic control, and serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins were measured at 1- to 2-month intervals during the follow-up period. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients who initially had increased TER, 5 (31%) developed microalbuminuria. In contrast, of the 61 who initially had normal TER, 4 (7%) developed microalbuminuria (P = 0.016). At baseline, no difference was found in age, sex, diabetes duration, diabetic medications, prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure, HbA1c levels, or serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations between the two group of patients with normal and increased TER. There was also no difference in duration of hypertension and prevalence of users of ACE inhibitors between two subgroups of hypertensive patients with normal and increased TER. During the 24 month follow-up period, those whose condition progressed to microalbuminuria had increased serum levels of triglycerides (1.87 +/- 0.49 vs. 1.29 +/- 0.64 mmol/l, P = 0.003) and apolipoprotein B (114 +/- 20 vs. 102 +/- 24 mg/dl, P = 0.05) and tended to have increased HbA1c levels (7.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.1%, P = 0.10) compared with those in whom microalbuminuria did not develop. Blood pressure, however, did not differ. In multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis, the association between increased TER at baseline and subsequent development of microalbuminuria was significant (odds ratio 7.04 [95% CI 1.02-48.5], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes and normal AER, increased TER may predict the development of microalbuminuria and abnormalities in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism, and poor glycemic control may be associated with this progression.     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血脂的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血脂的关系。方法无尿路感染及原发性肾脏疾病病史的2型糖尿病患者68例,按尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组。检测所有患者的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。结果微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压和舒张压均高于正常白蛋白尿组;大量白蛋白尿组的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压和舒张压均较微量白蛋白尿组高。微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均高于正常白蛋白尿组;大量白蛋白尿组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇较微量白蛋白尿组高。3组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率不仅与糖代谢指标和血压有关,与血脂也存在相关性,提示脂质代谢紊乱在糖尿病肾病的发生、发展中可能起一定的作用。     

2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与尿清蛋白排泄量的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血脂水平以及血压与患者尿清蛋白排泄量的关系.方法 选取97例2型糖尿病患者,按照尿清蛋白排泄量分为大量清蛋白尿、微量清蛋白尿和对照清蛋白尿3组,分别测定空腹血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、肌酐4项生化指标并测量血压,作组间比较.结果 除肌酐外,大量清蛋白尿组空腹血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇及舒张压、收缩压均明显高于微量清蛋白尿组,微量清蛋白尿组高于对照清蛋白尿组.结论 2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与尿清蛋白排泄量关系密切,提示脂质代谢紊乱对2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病并发症的发生、发展具有促进作用.     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白的相关性

目的:探讨反映2型糖尿病患者微血管病变的尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白以及血小板计数的关系。方法:纳入潍坊医学院附属医院内分泌科2000-01/2004-12住院的型糖尿病患者68例。于次晨8时收集血浆及24h尿标本,检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为3组:无白蛋白尿组(<30mg/L)23例、微量白蛋白尿组(30～299mg/L)21例、临床白蛋白尿组(≥300mg/L)24例。纳入潍坊医学院附属医院同期健康体检者30例为对照组,同2型糖尿病患者一样收集血液及尿液标本,检测4组血浆血栓调节蛋白。参与者知情同意。用SPSSforwindow11.5统计软件作回归线性分析。结果:2型糖尿病患者68例和健康体检者30例均进入结果分析。①对照组、无白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、临床白蛋白尿组的尿白蛋白排泄率分别为(13.35±4.2),(15.45±5.4),(190.5±18),(555±21)mg/L;血栓调节蛋白分别为(12±4.7),(21±5.2),(45±4.5),(75±5.5)μg/L。②尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量呈正相关(r=0.978,P=0.022)。③与血小板计数的关系:2型糖尿病患者无蛋白尿组血浆血栓调节蛋白水平明显高于正常对照组,血浆血栓调节蛋白水平与尿蛋白排泄率及血小板计数均呈现显著正相关。结论:2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量水平呈相关,提示2型糖尿病患者出现并发症之前就已可能存在微血管病变。因此,早期检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率和血浆血栓调节蛋白,有助于延缓2型糖尿病血管并发症的发生与发展。     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白的相关性

目的：探讨反映2型糖尿病患者微血管病变的尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白以及血小板计数的关系.方法：纳入潍坊医学院附属医院内分泌科2000-01/2004-12住院的2型糖尿病患者68例.于次晨8时收集血浆及24 h尿标本,检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为3组：无白蛋白尿组（＜30 mg/L）23例、微量白蛋白尿组（30～299 mg/L）21例、临床白蛋白尿组（≥300 mg/L）24例.纳入潍坊医学院附属医院同期健康体检者30例为对照组,同2型糖尿病患者一样收集血液及尿液标本,检测4组血浆血栓调节蛋白.参与者知情同意.用SPSS for window 11.5统计软件作回归线性分析.结果：2型糖尿病患者68例和健康体检者30例均进入结果分析.[1]对照组、无白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、临床白蛋白尿组的尿白蛋白排泄率分别为（13.35&;#177;4.2）,（15.45&;#177;5.4）,（190.5&;#177;18）,（555&;#177;21）mg/L;血栓调节蛋白分别为（12&;#177;4.7）,（21&;#177;5.2）,（45&;#177;4.5）,（75&;#177;5.5）μg/L.[2]尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量呈正相关（r=0.978,P=0.022）.[3]与血小板计数的关系：2型糖尿病患者无蛋白尿组血浆血栓调节蛋白水平明显高于正常对照组,血浆血栓调节蛋白水平与尿蛋白排泄率及血小板计数均呈现显著正相关.结论：2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量水平呈相关,提示2型糖尿病患者出现并发症之前就已可能存在微血管病变.因此,早期检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率和血浆血栓调节蛋白,有助于延缓2型糖尿病血管并发症的发生与发展.     

2型糖尿病微血管病变患者血小板平均体积与尿清蛋白排泄率的关系

目的探讨血小板平均体积(MPV)及尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER)在糖尿病微血管病变患者中测定的意义及关系。方法对67例糖尿病微血管病变患者分别采用全自动血细胞分析仪和免疫散射比浊法测定血小板平均体积及UAER,并与20例糖尿病无血管并发症组和30例正常对照组比较。结果糖尿病微血管病变组血小板平均体积(11．43±2．00)及UAER(2．07±0．62)均显著高于正常对照组8．69±1．85(P＜0．01)、0．97±0．18(P＜0．01)和糖尿病无血管并发症组9．02±1．91(P＜0．01)、1．05±0．23(P＜0．01);而糖尿病无血管并发症组与正常对照组间血小板平均体积及UAER差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05);糖尿病微血管病变患者大量清蛋白尿组MPV(12．29±2．11)显著高于正常清蛋白尿组10．02±0．90(P＜0．01)和微量清蛋白尿组11．08±1．82(P＜0．05),微量清蛋白尿组显著高于正常清蛋白尿组(P＜0．05)。结论MPV及UAER的检测,对糖尿病微血管病变的发生、发展及早期诊断和治疗具有重要意义,是反映糖尿病徽血管病变范围及病变程度的指标。     

Rapid progression of albumin excretion is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria is associated with an increase in predominantly cardiovascular mortality. Considerable interindividual variability in the rate of progression of microalbuminuria exists. The prognostic significance of rate of progression of microalbuminuria with regard to cardiovascular and renal clinical end points is, however, unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of rate of progression of microalbuminuria for cardiovascular end points and renal function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a previous prospective cohort study, progression of microalbuminuria (expressed as mean yearly change in albumin-to-creatinine ratio) was assessed in 58 patients with type 2 diabetes. During a median follow-up of 7 years after progression of microalbuminuria was determined, we registered all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease mortality as primary end points and coronary heart disease (fatal or nonfatal), peripheral vascular disease, ischemic stroke, retinopathy, macroalbuminuria, and change in serum creatinine as secondary end points. RESULTS: Seven subjects died during the study; five of these subjects died of coronary heart disease. Cox's regression analysis identified progression of microalbuminuria as a significant predictor of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.46 per point increase in albumin-to-creatinine ratio per year, P < 0.001), coronary heart disease mortality (hazard ratio 2.32, P = 0.006), and macroalbuminuria (hazard ratio 1.79, P < 0.001). Adjustment for multiple cardiovascular risk factors did not affect these results. Identical analyses for baseline level of microalbuminuria instead of progression rate of microalbuminuria did not show significant hazard ratios. In addition, progression of microalbuminuria significantly predicted an increase in serum creatinine (r = 0.29, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, the rate of progression of albumin excretion seems to be a powerful independent predictor of mortality caused mainly by coronary heart disease.     

2型糖尿病患者血同型半胱氨酸与踝肱指数及微量尿白蛋白关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与踝肱指数（ABI）及微量尿白蛋白（U-mAlb）的相关性。方法将90例2型糖尿病病患者按照Hcy水平的不同分为两组：高Hcy组为血Hcy〉10.5μmol/L,低Hcy组为血Hcy≤10.5μmol/L,分别测定踝臂指数（ABI）、U-mAlb。结果高Hcy组ABI明显低于低Hcy组（P〈0.05）,Hcy与ABI呈显著负相关,而U-mAlb高于低Hcy组（P〈0.01）。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症与糖尿病患者血管病变关系密切。     

2型糖尿病患者踝肱指数与微量尿白蛋白及高尿酸血症的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者踝肱指数（ABI）与微量尿白蛋白（U-mAlb）及高尿酸血症的相关性。方法检测180例2型糖尿病患者的ABI、U-mAlb、血尿酸（SUA）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、体质量指数（BMI）等,分析ABI与U-mAlb、高尿酸血症及其他常规血生化指标的相关性。结果微量尿白蛋白组、大量尿白蛋白组与正常尿白蛋白组比较,患者糖尿病病程较长（9.0±5.7）年、（10.6±7.4）年vs（6.1±4.3）年（均P〈0.01）,ABI值较低0.84±0.15、0.76±0.13 vs 1.02±0.13（均P〈0.01）,ABI与U-mAlb呈明显负相关（P〈0.05）。SUA升高组与SUA正常组ABI差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论尿白蛋白增加是2型糖尿病患者外周血管病变的独立相关因素,高尿酸血症不是其独立相关因素。异常ABI具有重要预警意义,不仅是外周血管功能状态的反映,还能一定程度体现肾脏血管损害情况。     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与颈动脉内膜厚度关系的研究

目的 观察2型糖尿病患尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)与大血管病变的关系。方法 用高分辨率超声对122例2型糖尿病患的颈动脉内膜厚度(IMT)进行检测，同时测定尿AER，并对两关系进行统计分析。结果 2型糖尿病患颈动脉IMT与尿AER存在独立正相关。结论 尿AER增高是2型糖尿病患大血管病变的独立危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝与尿白蛋白排泄率的关系

目的 探讨合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)的变化特点及其相关性.方法 T2DM患者228例,根据是否合并NAFLD分为糖尿病合并NAFLD组(135例)和糖尿病无NAFLD组(93例),另选年龄、性别匹配的40例健康受试者为对照组,比较两组患者体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、24h UAER的差异,用卡方检验分析两组间正常、微量和大量UAER的分布差异,进一步以T2DM合并NAFLD为应变量,以各临床生化指标为自变量,用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法分析T2DM合并NAFLD的危险因素.结果 糖尿病合并NAFLD组BMI、甘油三酯(TG)、FINS和空腹C肽、HOMI-IR、UAER高于非NAFLD组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).卡方检验显示,糖尿病合并NAFLD患者微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿发生率高于无NAFLD组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.905,P=0.001).Logistic回归分析显示,BMI(OR=4.66,P=0.001)、TG(OR=8.46,P=0.000)及UAER(OR=3.73,P=0.003)升高是T2DM合并NAFLD的危险因素.结论 T2DM患者中NAFLD与BMI、TG及UAER的升高密切相关,T2DM合并NAFLD患者糖尿病肾病的发病率显著高于无合并NAFLD患者.     

老年2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄和视网膜病变相互关系的研究

目的 了解老年2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄与视网膜病变(DR)之间的关系。方法对243例老年2型糖尿病患者同时进行了24h尿白蛋白测定、眼底检查和详细的临床资料分析。结果①DR的发生率随尿白蛋白排泄的增加而增加,正常、微量和大量白蛋白尿患者,DR的发生率分别为11.7％、76.0％和83.3％,且增殖性DR发生率亦明显增高,分别为1.8％、14.7％和36.7％;同样,白蛋白尿的发生率亦随DR的出现和进展而明显增高;②有白蛋白尿,如不伴DR的患者,其白蛋白尿常由其它非糖尿病性疾病所致。结论 老年2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄与DR的发生密切相关,DR的存在与否对其白蛋白尿的病因有重要提示价值。     

2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及餐后血糖与尿清蛋白排泄率的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)病人糖化血红蛋白(HBA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPBG)与12 h尿清蛋白排泄率(UAE)的关系。方法选择113例空腹血糖(FBG)控制达标的T2DM患者及54例体检正常人群。HbA1c检测用高效液相色谱法,2 hPBG检测用葡萄糖氧化酶法,尿清蛋白检测用放射免疫法,记录12 h尿量,计算出UAE。按照HbA1c及2 h PBG水平将113例患者分为A组(HbA1c<7%且PBG<10 mmol/L),B组(HbA1c<7%且PBG≥10 mmol/L),C组(HbA1c>7%且PBG<10mmol/L)和D组(HbA1c≥7%且PBG≥10 mmol/L)。结果113例T2DM患者UAE均高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。D组UAE水平明高于A,B,C组(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01);A组UAE水平明显低于C组(P<0.05)。B组与A,C组UAE无差异(P>0.05)。结论T2DM病人FBG控制达标后,餐后血糖及HbA1c控制不良仍会加重尿清蛋白排泄。因此强化血糖控制要重视HbA1c和餐后血糖的监测及达标。     

Urinary excretion of albumin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: persistent versus intermittent microalbuminuria and relationship to duration of diabetes, sex, and metabolic control.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary excretion of albumin is a marker for incipient diabetic nephropathy in adults. The intra-individual variability, as well as the relationship to duration of diabetes, onset of the disease, and long-term metabolic control, have not been evaluated in a large sample of pediatric patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5,722 nocturnal urinary albumin excretion rates were determined in 447 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes, comprising 1,821 years of observation. Excretion rates were related to duration of diabetes, age at onset of diabetes, sex, blood pressure, and metabolic control. RESULTS: Based on repeated measurements in individual patients, the positive predictive value of one sample was 76%, the negative 99.5%. After a duration of diabetes of 11 years, 5% of patients displayed persistent microalbuminuria (10% after 13 years). The duration of diabetes until persistent microalbuminuria was identical for patients with prepubertal or pubertal onset of diabetes. In addition to duration, female sex (P < 0.03) and insufficient long-term metabolic control (P < 0.03) contributed significantly and independently to urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of urinary albumin excretion rate is useful in pediatric patients. Female subjects with a long duration of diabetes and insufficient metabolic control are especially at risk for microalbuminuria. Even if persistent microalbuminuria usually becomes evident in patients aged > 11 years, the prepubertal duration of diabetes contributes equally to this risk. Good metabolic control therefore should be aspired to from the onset of diabetes.     

糖尿病患者心率变异性与尿微量白蛋白排出的关系

目的 探讨糖尿病自主神经病变对早期肾损害的影响。方法 30例早期糖尿病患者按不同尿微量白蛋白排出量(UAE)分为A(UAE正常)和B(UAE升高)两组．应用24小时动态心电图心率变异性(HRV)分析方法，检测其自主神经功能。结果 HRV时域指标(24小时相邻心搏的R-R间期之差大于50ms的心搏数每心搏总数的百分比、24小时相邻R—R间期差值的均方根值)及频域指标(夜间高频)B组均明显低于A组，且以反映迷走神经功能的夜间高频(HF)降低更为显著。结论 自主神经功能受损特别是迷走神经功能受损可能与糖尿病早期肾损害有关。