脑胎盘率对胎儿生长受限围生结局预测价值的临床研究

目的 探讨脑胎盘率(CPR)对胎儿生长受限(FGR)围生结局的预测价值。方法 回顾性选取2021年5月至2022年3月上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产科孕期超声诊断为FGR的孕妇50例为FGR组,另选取非FGR孕妇50例为对照组。检测两组胎儿脐动脉搏动指数(UA PI)、大脑中动脉搏动指数(MCA PI),计算二者的比值(UA PI/MCA PI,即CPR),并运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)预测UA、MCA、CPR对FGR不良围生结局的影响,分析胎儿CPR、UA PI、UA S/D及MCA PI、大脑中动脉阻力指数(MCA RI)、大脑中动脉血流收缩期最大血流速度及舒张期末期血流速度比值(MCA S/D)对FGR不良妊娠结局的预测价值。结果 FGR组胎儿UA的PI、RI、S/D值分别为1.26±0.21、0.68±0.05、2.93±0.24,均明显高于对照组(0.81±0.08、0.55±0.04、2.44±0.12),MCA的PI、RI、S/D值及CPR分别为1.45±0.19、0.70±0.08、4.12±0.17、1.15±0.14,均明显低于对照组(1.82±...     

彩色多普勒超声检测孕晚期胎儿动脉阻力参数在高危妊娠围产儿结局评估中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测孕晚期胎儿脐动脉(UA)和大脑中动脉(MCA)阻力参数在高危妊娠围产儿结局评估中的应用价值。方法选取2018年1月—2019年4月行彩色多普勒超声检查并有分娩结局的孕晚期(孕28～42周)孕妇230例作为研究对象,根据有无高危妊娠危险因素将其分为高危妊娠组(130例)和正常妊娠组(100例)两组。比较两组胎儿UA和MCA阻力参数[阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)、收缩期峰值血流速度与舒张末期血流速度比值(S/D)]及围产儿结局指标(出生孕周、新生儿体质量、出生1 min时Apgar评分≤7分和UA pH≤7.20)。结果高危妊娠组胎儿UA阻力参数RI、PI、S/D均高于正常妊娠组,胎儿MCA阻力参数RI、PI、S/D均低于正常妊娠组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。高危妊娠组围产儿出生孕周小于正常妊娠组,出生体质量低于正常妊娠组,出生1 min Apgar评分≤7分和UA pH≤7.20所占比例高于正常妊娠组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论高危妊娠孕妇孕晚期彩色多普勒超声检测胎儿UA和MCA阻力参数RI、PI、S/D异常,且其围产儿早产、低体质量和窒息率高,不良妊娠结局增加。彩色多普勒超声检测孕晚期胎儿UA和MCA阻力参数RI、PI、S/D在高危妊娠围产儿结局评估中有重要应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对胎儿血流频谱与宫内缺氧关系的探讨

目的：探讨胎儿脐动脉（UA）及大脑中动脉（MCA）血流频谱改变预测胎儿宫内缺氧。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声检测35例中晚期正常妊娠组及8例宫内缺氧组（窘迫组）UA及MCA收缩期最大血流速度（S）与舒张期末期血流速度（D）的比值（S/D）及阻力指数（RI）。结果：正常组随孕周增加,UA、MCA的S/D及RI值逐渐下降。异常组UA的S/D及RI值均明显高于正常组（P〈0.01）;MCA的S/D及RI值随孕周增加而下降,其与正常组比较差异无显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：通过检测胎儿UA及MCA的S/D、RI值可预测胎儿宫内缺氧、提高围产质量。     

胎儿脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流动力学指标对妊娠晚期胎儿宫内窘迫的预测分析

目的分析妊娠晚期宫内窘迫胎儿脐动脉(UA)及大脑中动脉(MCA)血流动力学指标的多普勒超声孕检资料,探讨妊娠晚期胎儿宫内窘迫的预测指标。方法选取妊娠晚期胎儿宫内窘迫孕妇52例,查看其胎儿宫内窘迫时与之前无胎儿宫内窘迫(以下称胎儿宫内窘迫前)的多普勒超声孕检资料,比较胎儿窘迫时及窘迫前MCA及UA收缩期血流峰值(PSV)、收缩期血流峰值与舒张末期血流速度比值(S/D)、搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI)等血流动力学指标,依据血流动力学检测指标统计学结果,判定妊娠晚期诊断胎儿宫内窘迫预测指标。结果胎儿宫内窘迫时脐动脉PI、S/D指数高于窘迫前(P0.05),大脑中动脉PI指数低于窘迫前(P0.05),MCA与UA的PI比值(PI_(MCA/UA))低于窘迫前(P0.05)。当PI_(MCA/UA)以1.05作为界限值预测胎儿宫内窘迫时,其敏感度(88.97%)与特异度(82.87%)较高,阳性预测值(89.88%)与阴性预测值(95.13%)均高于单一血管PI指数。结论 MCA与UA的PI比值(PI_(MCA/UA))可作为预测胎儿宫内窘迫的独立因素,产前定期检查PI_(MCA/UA)可及时诊断胎儿宫内窘迫,依据病情给予相应治疗方案,可改善围生儿预后。     

大脑中动脉及脐动脉血流检测在胎儿宫内发育迟缓预测中的意义

目的:应用彩色多普勒检测正常妊娠和胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流阻力指数PI、RI值及S/D值,探讨PI、RI及S/D值在IUGR预测中的价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒分别检测了52例正常妊娠(正常组)和IUGR患者(IUGR组)的脐动脉和大脑中动脉的血流,孕28～41周.结果:正常组和IUGR组的脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流指标均随妊娠周数的增高而降低,但IUGR组的脐动脉血流PI、RI、S/D值明显高于正常组(P<0.05).IUGR组MCA多普勒血流阻力指数RI及S/D明显小于正常组(P<0.05).孕30周后,脐动脉血流S/D值>4,提示胎儿预后不良.结论:脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流检测可为IUGR诊断提供一定的依据,对胎儿预后的估计有一定的临床价值.     

羊水过少的胎儿血流动力学变化与围生儿结局的关系

目的应用彩色多普勒超声研究羊水过少的胎儿脐动脉(UA)及大脑中动脉(MCA)的血流动力学变化,了解两者间的关系及围生儿结局.方法应用彩色多普勒超声技术,对24例羊水过少胎儿脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流S/D值(收缩期/舒张期血流速度)、RI(阻力指数)、MCA与UA之间的RI比值进行分析,随访围生儿预后.结果胎儿脐动脉S/D值≥3及大脑中动脉S/D值≤4者在羊水过少组较对照组(正常组)明显增多(P＜0.05),且该组胎儿易发生不良围生儿结局.结论产前检测胎儿脐动脉和大脑中动脉血流动力学指标,预测羊水过少胎儿宫内发育情况,评估围生儿预后,较单一血管血流动力学指标检测具有明显优势.     

彩色多普勒超声检测胎儿脐动脉及大脑中动脉血流频谱对预测宫内窘迫的临床意义

目的探讨运用彩色多普勒检测胎儿脐动脉(UA)及大脑中动脉(MCA)血流频谱相关数值对预测胎儿宫内窘迫的临床意义。方法选取2013年9月至2015年3月随机分层抽取行中晚期孕检孕妇44例,其中健康孕妇组35例,宫内窘迫孕妇组11例,应用彩色多普勒超声检测上述两组胎儿UA及MCA的阻力指数(RI)、血流搏动指数(PI)、收缩期与舒张期流速比(S/D)。结果与健康孕妇组相比,宫内窘迫孕妇组胎儿UA的RI、PI、S/D明显增高,而MCA各血流频谱指标明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过检测中晚期妊娠胎儿UA及MCA各血流频谱的指标有助于发现胎儿宫内窘迫的发生,为提高围产质量提供检查手段。     

经颅彩色多普勒检测糖尿病对脑动脉血流动力学的影响及临床意义

目的 为探讨糖尿病对脑血管的影响,而对脑动脉血流动力学进行对比分析.方法 经临床诊断糖尿病75例,行TCDFI检测大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)等血管的血流速度指标及搏动指数(P1)、阻力指数(RI),收缩期血流速度/舒张末期血流速度(S/D值)及频谱形态与健康组对照比对分析.结果 ①TCDFI频谱中,血流速度的变化,Vmax是非特异性的,而VE是明显下降的.②PI、RI和S/D较对照组增高,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).③频谱形态较正常有明显的不同,除表现为收缩峰图钝外,亦表现为血流加速型、血流减慢型.结论 经颅彩色多普勒技术可检测到糖尿病患者,脑动脉硬化的发生率及程度均明显增高,可以作为判断脑血管疾病的危险程度及评价脑动脉硬化治疗疗效的一个客观指标.     

胎儿大脑中动脉和腹主动脉血流监测对预测胎儿宫内缺氧的价值

目的评价彩超监测胎儿大脑中动脉(MCA)和腹主动脉(AO)血流指标对预测胎儿宫内缺氧的价值。方法应用彩色超声多普勒技术监测165例晚期妊娠胎儿MCA和AO的收缩期最大流速(S)与舒张末期血流速度(D)的比值(S/D)及阻力指数(RI),根据新生儿Apger’s评分分为正常组和缺氧组,回顾性分析胎儿MCA和AO的血流测值的意义。结果宫内缺氧时AO的S/D值和RI值明显高于正常,而MCA的S/D值和RI值明显低于正常。结论监测胎儿AO和MCA的血流指标对预测胎儿宫内缺氧有重要价值。     

高危妊娠胎儿肾动脉、大脑中动脉搏动指数比值预测胎儿缺氧

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声技术检测胎儿大脑中动脉(MCA)和肾动脉(RA)血流动力学指标,探讨高危妊娠胎儿RA和MCA的搏动指数比值预测胎儿宫内缺氧的临床应用价值.方法 选取晚期正常妊娠孕妇95例,晚期高危妊娠孕50例,检测两组胎儿MCA和RA的血管收缩期峰值速度(S)与舒张末期流速(D)比值、阻力指数(RI)及搏动指数(PI),同时计算两组RA与MCA的PI比值,并将以上检测值与围产儿缺氧指标进行比较.结果 高危组胎儿MCA脉各阻抗指标均低于正常妊娠组(P＜0.01);RA各阻抗指标均高于正常妊娠组(其中PI、RI值P＜0.01,S/D值P＜0.05);RA和MCA搏动指数比值高于正常组(P＜0.01).以PIRA/MCA＞1.50提示胎儿宫内缺氧的敏感性和特异性分别为86.0%和91.5%.结论 胎儿RA和MCA的搏动指数比值预测胎儿缺氧具有较高的敏感性和特异性.     

新生儿颅内血管的彩色多普勒超声检测

应用彩色多普勒超声检测了２０例正常新生儿颅内动脉的解剖结构在血流动力学参数。首先，比较了新生儿颅内血管的探测径路。前囟径路能全面地析生儿颅内血管的解剖结构及彩色血特征，侧睡可获得新生儿双侧大脑中动脉，在脑前动脉，大脑后动态及效能支的彩色血流，获取血流动力学参数简便省时，多普勒取样角度小，准确。     

Doppler changes in the main fetal brain arteries at different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in severe intrauterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the temporal evolution and regional distribution of arterial brain Doppler parameters in relation to different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in fetuses with severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: Thirty-six fetuses with severe IUGR ( 2 SD) were evaluated longitudinally with pulsed Doppler ultrasound at four different hemodynamic stages: Stage 1 (n = 36), mean UA-PI > 2 SD or absent UA end-diastolic flow; Stage 2 (n = 34), abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI (mean < 2 SD); Stage 3 (n = 30), reversed UA end-diastolic flow; Stage 4 (n = 12), absent or reversed atrial flow in the ductus venosus. In addition, 36 normally grown fetuses were studied for comparison. PI and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) in the MCA and the anterior cerebral (ACA), pericallosal (PER) and posterior cerebral (PCA) arteries were measured. RESULTS: In IUGR fetuses, PI values from all arteries were significantly reduced at Stage 2. At Stages 3 and 4, ACA-PI and PCA-PI did not change further, whereas MCA-PI and PER-PI showed a slight increase. In the ACA, MCA and PER, TAMXV in Stage 2 increased significantly. In Stages 3 and 4, ACA and PER-TAMXV remained unchanged, whereas MCA-TAMXV showed a slight decrease, mirroring the PI values. PCA-TAMXV values were similar to controls at all stages. CONCLUSION: In IUGR fetuses, the brain arteries differ in the magnitude and time sequence of Doppler parameters in relation to systemic hemodynamic adaptation, suggesting the existence of regional brain redistribution processes.     

妊高征患者脑血流变化观察

应用经颅多普勒超声（ＴＣＤ）检测３５例妊高征患者（观察组）及３０例正常孕妇（对照组）的大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）、大脑前动脉（ＡＣＡ）、大脑后动脉（ＰＣＡ）、椎动脉（ＶＡ）、基底动脉（ＢＡ）收缩期血流速度（Ｖｓ）舒张末期血流速度（Ｖｄ）、平均血流速度（Ｖｍ）及搏动指数（ＰＩ）。结果显示：观察组中的中、重度妊高征患者脑动脉Ｖｓ、Ｖｄ均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），并随病情加重逐渐升高。观察组各条脑动脉的Ｖｍ均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。观察组各条动脉ＰＩ值均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。同时观察３６例妊高征患者眼底，仅３例中度及６例重度妊高征患者眼底血管有痉挛表现。说明：ＴＣＤ能检测妊高征患者脑血管痉挛所致血流速度改变，表现为血流速度加快，脑血管舒缩功能降低。ＴＣＤ能早期提供妊高征患者脑血流动力学资料，避免脑血管病危及孕妇安全。因而可作为妊高征患者预防脑血管并发症的监测手段之一。     

Fetal adrenal artery velocimetry measurements in appropriate-for-gestational age and intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate adrenal artery blood flow in the fetus. DESIGN AND METHOD: Sixty-two appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 20 intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses were recruited to this cross-sectional study between 22 and 42 weeks of pregnancy in a tertiary referral fetal medicine unit of a university hospital. ENDPOINTS: Doppler velocimetry of the fetal adrenal, umbilical (UA), renal and middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) and cerebroplacental ratio (MCA RI/UA RI; CPR). Obstetric outcome. RESULTS: The adrenal artery was detected in 82% of the fetuses. All flow velocity waveforms obtained from the adrenal artery indicated low impedance blood flow. No significant changes in PI, RI, PSV and TAMXV occurred with advancing gestation. The blood flow parameters of the adrenal artery did not differ between AGA and IUGR fetuses. In five IUGR fetuses with signs of redistribution of cardiac output in favor of the brain, the adrenal artery velocimetry results were unremarkable. The adrenal artery PI, RI, PSV and TAMXV values were higher in female fetuses than in male fetuses (P < 0.05). A relationship was observed between the velocity measurements and the estimated fetal weight (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The fetal adrenal artery could be readily detected. We observed no redistribution of blood flow in favor of the fetal adrenals in IUGR fetuses which were not severely compromised.     

Effects of Action Observational Training on Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes of Stroke Survivors: A fTCD Study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Action Observational Training (AOT) on cerebral hemodynamic changes, including cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cerebral blood flow volume (CBFvol) in healthy subjects and stroke survivors. [Subjects] This study had a cross-sectional design. Seven healthy subjects and six patients with a first-time stroke participated in this study. [Methods] All subjects were educated about AOT, and we measured their systolic peak velocity (Vs), mean flow velocity (Vm), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), before and after performance of AOT, using Functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) with a 2-MHz probe. [Results] Both healthy subjects and stroke survivors showed significant improvements of Vs and Vm in MCA, ACA and PCA after AOT. [Conclusion] Our findings indicate that AOT increases CBFV in healthy subjects and stroke survivors, because the brain requires more blood in order to meet the metabolic demand of the brain during AOT.Key words: Action observational training, Cerebral blood flow, Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD)     

彩色三维经颅多普勒对飞行员脑血流状态的研究

目的　为探讨飞行员的脑血流变化及影响因素寻找一条途径。方法　应用彩色三维经颅多普勒对２３例飞行员颅内血流状态进行了检测。结果　飞行员组与对照组比较,其各动脉各期血流速度均有显著差异（ Ｐ＜００５） 。飞行员组大脑中动脉（ ＭＣＡ） 、大脑前动脉（ＡＣＡ） 、大脑后动脉（ＰＣＡ） 、椎动脉（ＶＡ） 及基底动脉（ＢＡ） 的收缩峰值流速（Ｖｓ） 、平均流速（Ｖｍ）、舒张末期流速（Ｖｄ） 均明显增高。脉动指数（ＰＩ） 虽有差异,但无统计学意义。结论　彩色三维经颅多普勒对飞行员脑血流变化的检测很有价值。     

The short-term effect of nifedipine tocolysis on placental, fetal cerebral and atrioventricular Doppler waveforms.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of nifedipine on placental and fetal middle cerebral and atrioventricular Doppler waveforms. METHODS: Doppler waveforms of uterine (UtA), umbilical (UA) and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries and both atrioventricular valves were measured from 21 pregnant women/fetuses prior to and during nifedipine therapy for preterm labor. Maternal and fetal heart rates (FHR), maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the Doppler pulsatility index and systolic/diastolic ratio of the UtA, UA and MCA were measured. The total time velocity integrals (TVI) of tricuspid and mitral valves and their E-wave/A-wave (E/A) TVI ratios were measured. Wilcoxon signed pairs test was used to compare the differences in Doppler parameters before and at 3 h after nifedipine loading up to a maximum dose of 40 mg. RESULTS: Fetal arterial and UtA Doppler parameters were not different before and after nifedipine therapy. Blood flow across the atrioventricular valves and the TVI were equally unaffected by nifedipine. The TVI x FHR product was also unchanged following nifedipine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In women with otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies, nifedipine loading and tocolysis are generally well tolerated by the mother. Placental and fetal cerebral arterial blood flow, fetal systolic and diastolic cardiac function and downstream distribution of fetal cardiac output are unaffected by nifedipine loading. These results apply to women with unchanged vital parameters. Further studies are necessary to show long-term effects of nifedipine therapy and may help to refine choice of tocolytic agents.     

彩色多普勒血流动力学指标预测胎儿缺氧及酸中毒的价值

目的： 评价血液动力学指标预测胎儿缺氧及酸中毒的价值。方法： 用彩色多普勒超声检测 ５４ 例正常晚 期妊娠 （正常组） 和 ３６ 例高危妊娠 （高危组） 妇女子宫动脉 （ＵｔＡ） 和胎儿脐动脉 （Ｕｍ Ａ）、大脑中动脉（Ｍ ＣＡ）、肾动脉 （ＲＡ） 的血流速度波型 （ＦＶＷ ｓ）, 并且测定高危组脐动脉血气。结果： 高危组ＵｔＡ、Ｕｍ Ａ、ＲＡ 的阻力指数 （ＲＩ） 搏动指数 （ＰＩ） 及收缩期最大血流速度与舒张末期血流速度的比值 （Ｓ／Ｄ） 均高于正常组, 而Ｍ ＣＡ的ＰＩ及Ｓ／Ｄ 值均明显低于正常组 （Ｐ＜ ００５）。与Ｕｍ Ａ 氧分压 （ＰＯ２） ＞ ２５ｋＰａ 的高危妊娠病例比较, Ｕｍ Ａ ＰＯ２＜２５ ｋＰａ 者ＵｔＡ 的Ｓ／Ｄ 值, Ｕｍ Ａ 的ＰＩ, Ｓ／Ｄ 值以及ＲＡ 的ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｓ／Ｄ 值均明显增高, Ｍ ＣＡ 的ＰＩ明显降低 （Ｐ＜００５）。Ｕｍ Ａ 及ＲＡ 的ＰＩ与Ｕｍ Ａ ＰＯ２ 的ｐＨ 值呈负相关, 与二氧化碳分压 （ＰＣＯ２） 呈正相关, Ｍ ＣＡ 的ＰＩ与Ｕｍ Ａ的 ｐＨ、ＰＯ２ 呈正相关, 与ＰＣＯ２ 呈负相关。结论： 高危妊娠胎儿缺氧时, Ｍ ＣＡ 血流阻力降低, 而周围血管, 特别是肾血管血流阻力明显升高。胎儿血液动力学变化与缺氧及酸碱平衡失     

Transcranial Dopplersonography. Examination technique and normal reference values

The main application of ultrasound in neurology is the examination of extracranial arteries. Recently the Doppler sonographic measurement of flow velocity in the basal cerebral arteries through the intact skull was developed using a pulsed Doppler technique and 2 MHz emitting frequency. Doppler frequencies in systole and diastole were recorded in 51 healthy subjects at 0.5 cm steps along the middle (MCA), anterior (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) as well as the basilar artery (BA). The averaged Doppler shift in the MCA was 2.3 ± 0.4 kHz in systole and 1.15 ± 0.25 kHz in diastole, in the ACA 1.8 ± 0.35 kHz and 0.85 ± 0.22 kHz, in the PCA 1.5 ± 0.29 kHz and 0.74 ± 0.18 kHz, in the BA 1.45 ± 0.31 kHz and 0.72 ± 0.22 kHz. Separation in four age groups showed a decrease of Doppler shift in the MCA of 20% from a mean age of 17 to 67 years. Static and dynamic compression tests were evaluated to assign transcranial Doppler signals to the MCA, ACA and PCA. No compression test was necessary for the identification of the BA insonated through the occipital foramen.