腔镜和内镜技术在腹部外科疾病治疗中的联合运用

目的研究腹腔镜和内镜联合,腹腔镜多科疾病联合或多种疾病联合手术的可能性、安全性。方法运用十二指肠镜+腹腔镜+胆道镜完成对82例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人进行ERCP+LC+LCDE;运用腹腔镜+结肠镜对9例结肠肿瘤进行手术;利用腹腔镜+胃镜对3例胃肿瘤病人进行手术等;运用腹腔镜分别对胆囊结石合并其它疾病的174例病人进行多科联合手术或多种疾病联合手术。结果272例病人均顺利完成手术,其中3例并发腔镜戳孔部位脂肪液化,1例并发皮下气肿并高碳酸血症,经积极治疗后均达到临床治愈标准,痊愈出院。结论腹腔镜和内镜联合、多科联合、多种疾病联合手术,安全、可靠、可行,有良好的临床运用价值。     

Surgeons, surgery, and immunomodulation

With the definition over the past 15 years of the altered immune state of surgical patients as a result of disease itself and surgical therapy, there have been multiple approaches to the modulation of immune status in experimental or clinical situations, but with conflicting or unhelpful results. The variable that has never been assessed is the significance of the surgeon as an immunomodulator. The expediency and the quality of the surgical act in a variety of surgical diseases have a positive effect on the immune system. Indeed, the data indicate that correction of shock, drainage of infection, excision or drainage of necrotic material, restoration of body composition, and solid basic care all have a positive influence on patients' immune responses. An immunomodulator might get credit if the role of surgical care is not properly assessed. A framework for the study of immunomodulators with the integration of clinical behavior is outlined.     

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根据近几十年医学发展的态势 ,预计外科与实验外科在未来的 2 0～ 3 0年内将在以下领域继续取得进展。1　人类疾病谱的改变了解人类疾病谱的改变对制定实验外科的研究方向具有重要意义。近几十年来 ,我国疾病和疾病负担谱已发生很大改变 ,呈现出逐渐向高收入国家靠拢的趋势 ,即急性病、传染病、营养不良性疾病减少 ,慢性病、老年病、行为相关性疾病和精神疾病增加。人口老龄化是世界人口发展的普遍规律。因此 ,发展照料医学是 2 1世纪的重要方向之一。外科与实验外科应重视老年外科的研究。我国的精神疾病负担相当重 ,是主要的疾病负担源。…     

Robotic surgery,telerobotic surgery,telepresence, and telementoring. Review of early clinical results

Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy rapidly became the standard of care for the surgical treatment of cholelithiasis, very few other abdominal or cardiac operations are currently performed using minimally invasive surgical techniques. The inherent limitations of traditional laparoscopic surgery make it difficult to perform these operations. We, and others, have attempted to use robotic technology to (a) provide a stable camera platform, (b) replace two-dimensional with three-dimensional (3-D) imaging, (c) simulate the fluid motions of a surgeon's wrist to overcome the motion limitations of straight laparoscopic instruments, and (d) offer the surgeon a comfortable, ergonomically optimal operating position. In this article, we review the early published clinical experience with surgical robotic and telerobotic systems and assess their current limitations. The voice-controlled AESOP robot replaces the cameraperson and facilitates the performance of solo-surgeon laparoscopic operations. AESOP provides a stable camera platform and avoids motion sickness in the operative team. The telerobotic Zeus and da Vinci surgical systems permit solo surgery by a surgeon from a remote sight. These telerobots hold the camera, replace the surgeon's two hands with robotic instruments, and serve in a master–slave relationship for the surgeon. Their robotic instruments simulate the motions of the surgeon's wrist, facilitating dissection. Both telerobots use 3-D imaging to immerse the surgeon in a three-dimensional video operating field. These robots also provide operating positions for the surgeon console that are ergonomically superior to those required by traditional laparoscopy. The technological advances of these telerobots now permit telepresence surgery from remote locations, even locations thousands of miles away. In addition, telepresence permits the telementoring of novice surgeons who are performing new procedures by expert surgeons in remote locations. The studies reviewed here indicate that robotics and telerobotics offer potential solutions to the inherent problems of traditional laparoscopic surgery, as well as new possibilities for telesurgery and telementoring. Nonetheless, these technologies are still in an early stage of development, and each device entails its own set of challenges and limitations for actual use in clinical settings.     

Diabetes,dysglycemia, and vascular surgery

BackgroundAbnormalities in glucose metabolism are common in patients with arterial disease. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance contribute to the complexity of vascular disorders. They also overlap with the effects of perioperative hyperglycemia on adverse perioperative outcomes. We provide an overview of the pathophysiologic consequences of dysglycemia and the evidence behind glycemic control in patients undergoing vascular surgery.MethodsWe searched the literature for major studies evaluating the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in microvascular and macrovascular beds, randomized trials in perioperative populations, and meta-analyses. The literature was summarized to guide therapy in the population of vascular patients and for the perioperative period.ResultsNational standards for glycemic control after vascular interventions were not identified. Mounting evidence exists for the long-term consequences of poor glycemic control on the progression of vascular disease. Similarly, there is a large body of evidence supporting tight control of hyperglycemia after general and cardiac surgery during the critical perioperative period. The absolute glucose target remains controversial. Randomized controlled studies are lacking in vascular surgery patients, but the current evidence can be extrapolated to guide management after vascular interventions. Glycated hemoglobin is a biomarker for increased mortality and vascular morbidity after vascular surgery.ConclusionsHyperglycemia contributes to poor outcome in the vascular patient. Further vascular focused studies are required to determine the proper perioperative serum glucose target and the long-term glycated hemoglobin range.     

Special problems in laparoscopic surgery. Previous abdominal surgery, obesity, and pregnancy

Previous surgery, obesity, and pregnancy should no longer be considered contraindications to laparoscopic surgery. Surgeons should exercise good judgement in patient selection, use meticulous surgical techniques, and prepare thoroughly for the planned procedure. Patients and surgeons should be aware of increased conversion rates. With these caveats in mind, these patients can still experience the advantages of minimally invasive surgery without increased risks.     

Thyroid surgery yesterday, today, tomorrow

The Authors, after a bibliographic research on the matter, report the development of thyroid surgery, from the beginning at today.     

Laparoscopic rectal surgery: rectal cancer, pelvic pouch surgery, and rectal prolapse

With the increasing popularity of minimally invasive approaches to surgery, laparoscopic techniques are being applied increasingly to more complex procedures. Surgeons who are interested in gaining skill and confidence with the techniques of rectal mobilization and resection initially should consider attempting procedures for benign disease. Patients who have rectal prolapse, who often have wide, accommodating pelvic anatomy, are the logical choice with whom to begin the laparoscopic rectal experience. Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy is more technically challenging. Laparoscopic proctectomy for rectal cancer probably should remain in the hands of well-trained, high-volume, experienced surgeons who have built a dedicated team for treatment of these patients, and who track their outcomes prospectively.