一低剂量辐射诱导新基因的转录调控和初步功能分析

目的：克隆低剂量辐射诱导基因，研究辐射对其转录调控作用和生物学功能。方法：用mRNA差异显示技术分离辐射诱导表达基因，用RACE技术获取cDNA旁侧序列，Northern杂交分析基因的转录调节，生物信息学分析基因的结构和功能。结果：获得包括3'端在内的辐射诱导新基因LRIGx的cDNA片段，序列同源性比较显示与人染色体20ql 1.2-12一段DNA高度同源（＞99％），Northern杂交结果揭示该基因转录子全长约8．5kb，在0．2Gy照射后2h出现诱导表达，4h后转录子水平为对照细胞的5倍多，也受0．02Gy更低剂量照射诱导表达，2Gy大剂量照射后1h出现短暂诱导表达，但不如低量照射明显，2h后恢复正常水平，生物信息学分析结果显示该基因编码产物含有解旋酶活性保守区，结论：分离鉴定出一低剂量辐射反应基因，其编码蛋白可能参与DNA代谢（如修复）等细胞辐射反应过程。     

人源性热休克蛋白70在大肠杆菌中的表达及鉴定

为在大肠杆菌中表达人源性热休克蛋白70（HSP70）的基因，以质粒为模板，采用PCR方法进行扩增，将PCR产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳，回收大小约1.96kb的片段；回收片段经T－A克隆法克隆到pUCm-T载体上，并进行DNA测序；将目的基因片段从pUCm-T载体上酶切后，亚克隆到表达载体pET-21a( )上，将重组质粒pET-21a( )/HSP转化大肠杆菌，经IPTG诱导后，收集细菌，菌体裂解后进行SDS－PAGE及Western blot检测。结果表明，应用PCR方法扩增出约1.96kb的目的片段，序列测定结果证实，扩增的HSP70基因序列与GeneBank中HSP70 cDNA序列一致；经EcoR I Xho I酶切及PCR鉴定证实，HSP70基因成功地克隆到原核表达载体pET-21a( )上，转入重组质粒的大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导后，进行SDS－PAGE，发现在分子量为72000处有表达量明显增多的蛋白条带，Western blot证实其为目的的条带。表明在大肠杆菌中已成功地表达了HSP70基因。     

青霉素结合蛋白2a C-末端在大肠杆菌M15中的表达、纯化及鉴定

目的构建含目的基因mecA C末端的重组子并在大肠杆菌M15中进行蛋白表达。方法采用PCR方法扩增mecA C末端DNA，将其与表达载体pQE30连接；再通过PCR及双酶切鉴定连接产物。将含目的基因片段的阳性重组质粒转化大肠杆菌M15后，用1mmol／L的IPTG进行诱导表达。应用Ni-NTA琼脂糖进行亲和层析纯化目的蛋白，并用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对表达产物进行鉴定。结果成功构建pQE30-mecA重组表达质粒，转化大肠杆菌M15，经IPTG诱导表达，亲和层析纯化获得分子量为39．7kDa的蛋白；Western blotting和肽指纹图谱证实该蛋白为带有多聚组氨酸标签的融合蛋白。结论在大肠杆菌内成功表达具有活性的PBP2a，为后期研究和开发抗MRSA药物奠定了基础。     

人类维甲酸受体α的克隆表达

目的：构建人类维甲酸受体α基因的高效表达系统。方法：提取人肝组织总RNA，RT-PCR扩增Retinoid X receptor α（RXRα）的cDNA。将其克隆入原核表达载体pETDuet-1，构建重组表达载体pETDuet-1／RXRα。将已构建好的表达载体pETDuet-1／RXRα重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21，异丙基硫代-8-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达，Western Blot鉴定表达产物。结果：重组载体pETDuet-1／RXRα经限制性核酸内切酶BglⅡ和AatⅡ双酶切鉴定，得到符合预期大小的核酸片段。SDS-PAGE可见与预期大小相符的蛋白条带，Western Blot证实该条带即为RXRα。并对重组质粒pETDuet-1／RXRα在BL21菌株的表达效率进行评价，目的蛋白占菌体总蛋白的百分比为65．8％。结论：成功建立了pETDuet-1／RXRα的高效表达系统。     

UROC28基因cDNA的克隆及其原核表达

目的：克隆人UROC28基因cDNA并在原核细胞中表达。方法：用RT-PCR从前列腺癌PC-3细胞系中扩增UROC28基因cDNA,并克隆到载体pUC-19中。经测序证实后,用HindⅢ/EcoRI双酶切,亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1,并转化E.coliDH5α菌株。取工程菌,用IPTG诱导表达,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE鉴定。结果：①经RT-PCR、测序和酶切鉴定,成功地克隆了人UROC28基因cDNA;②经IPTG诱导的重组质粒pGEX-4T-UROC28表达出相对分子质量（Mr）约为42000的融合蛋白,与预期的结果相符。结论：成功克隆到人UROC28基因cDNA,并在E.coliDH5α中表达出GST-UROC28融合蛋白。     

恙虫病东方体Karp株主要外膜蛋白基因的克隆与表达

目的：表达恙虫病东方体(Orientia tsutsugomushi)Karp株56000表面蛋白，探索其作为诊断抗原的可能性。方法：采用PCR方法，从Ot．Karp株菌种基因组DNA中扩增出56000成熟蛋白基因片段，将该片段克隆于原核表达载体pQE30，构建重组质粒pQE30／56，转化大肠杆菌，经IPTG诱导表达、SDS-PAGE电泳和免疫印迹检测目的蛋白的表达。结果：(1)获得长约l500bp的Ot．Karp株56000外膜蛋白基因；(2)SDS-PAGE电泳和免疫印迹显示该重组质粒转化的大肠杆菌有一相对分子质量约为56000的独特蛋白带；(3)表达后菌体超声破碎后，目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在；(4)重组表达质粒序列分析结果显示，pQE30／56中插入的基因片段的序列与已报道的Ot．Karp株56000外膜蛋白基因序列基本一致。结论：获得了Ot．Karp56000蛋白基因，并在大肠杆菌中实现了表达，表达的重组蛋白具有免疫反应性。     

丝瓜籽核糖体失活蛋白luffin-a的克隆表达及其cDNA序列分析

目的：从丝瓜籽中克隆核糖体失活蛋白luffin-a基因，并在原核系统进行表达。方法：根据已报道的cDNA序列设计引物，用RT-PCR的方法从成熟的丝瓜籽中克隆luffin-a基因，克隆后鉴定核苷酸序列。构建表达载体pET-28a（＋）-luffin-a，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），并经IPTG诱导表达。利用金属离子亲和层析的方法纯化所得目的蛋白。结果：克隆的luffin-a基因及其所编码的氨基酸序列与国外报道的核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列同源性分别为95％和92％，因而所获得的luffin-a基因是丝瓜籽核糖体失活蛋白luffin-a一个新的cDNA序列。经SDS-PAGE分析：luffin—a主要存在于包涵体中。金属离子亲和层析可纯化目的蛋白。结论：本研究成功地克隆了luffin-a一个新的序列，并建立了该蛋白的原核表达系统，同时利用亲和层析可一步法纯化获得目的蛋白。     

新型人阳离子抗菌蛋白18的构建及其表达

目的：构建新型人阳离子抗菌蛋白18（NHCAP18）的氨基酸序列,合成其编码基因并在原核细胞表达.方法：设计NHCAP18氨基酸序列,经生物信息学分析后,合成其编码基因,将该基因插入表达载体pGEX-4T-1,尔后在大肠杆菌BL21中经IPTG诱导表达.结果：NHCAP18经生物信息学分析符合改造要求,构建的重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-1/ NHCAP18在大肠杆菌BL21中经IPTG诱导4 h表达量约占菌体总蛋白量的39%,NHCAP18经谷胱甘肽-Sepharose 4B亲合层析纯化后对大肠杆菌有杀灭作用.结论：NHCAP18的成功改造,重组蛋白pGEX-4T-1/HCAP18在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达及纯化,为研究NHCAP18功能打下了良好的基础.     

钩端螺旋体外膜脂蛋白LipL32的重组表达及纯化

目的：构建L32-pQE32重组质粒，诱导表达重组钩端螺旋体外膜脂蛋白LipL32，对重组蛋白进行纯化。方法：采用PCR法从钩端螺旋体DNA中获取编码LipL32的基因片段，构建重组克隆载体pGEM-T／L32和表达载体L32-pQE32，转化受体茵E.coli DH5α和E．coli M15，IPTG诱导表达重组LipL32蛋白。Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化重组LipL32蛋白。结果：扩增出约750bp的LipL32成熟蛋白基因，LipL32基因插入pQE32表达载体，表达产物6个组氨酸与LipL32蛋白的融合蛋白相对分子质量约为31000，与预期大小一致。Western印迹显示能与钩体抗血清特异结合。结论：LipL32蛋白能在大肠杆菌中表达，Ni-NTA亲和层析可有效纯化重组LipL32蛋白，重组LipL32蛋白具有结合活性。     

胃癌相关基因GCRG213在大肠杆菌中的表达及重组蛋白纯化

目的 利用硫氧还蛋白融合表达系统表达胃癌相关基因GCRG213,制备高纯度的GCRG213蛋白。方法 采用PCR技术从pGEM-T质粒上扩增出含完整ORF的GCRG213 cDNA序列,将其克隆至硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体pET102／D-TOPO中,转化大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,凝胶回收目的蛋白。结果 SDS-PAGE证实在大肠杆菌中高效表达出相对分子量约29．4kD的Thioredoxin,／GCRG213融合蛋白。薄层凝胶扫描显示,其表达量占菌体总蛋白的28．7％。经凝胶回收法得到纯度近1009,5的蛋白产品。结论 在大肠杆菌中成功表达了Thioredoxin,／GCRG213融合蛋白,并制备出高纯度蛋白产品,为后续的功能研究及其抗体研制奠定了基础。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.