Assessment of morbidity after periodontal resective surgery

Background: The goal of this study is to evaluate morbidity after periodontal surgery and to compare postoperative morbidity of male and female patients treated by experienced periodontists to patients treated by postgraduate (PG) periodontal students. Methods: A total of 271 patients underwent resective periodontal surgery. Of them, 122 patients were treated by PG periodontal students and 149 patients were treated by experienced periodontists. One week after surgery a questionnaire was given to the patients to rate postoperative pain, swelling, thermal sensitivity, and bleeding. Tactile sensitivity was evaluated in terms of presence or absence. Data were analyzed statistically by applying the analysis of variance test for comparison of the values of bleeding and the Student t test for comparing pain, swelling, tenderness to percussion, and thermal sensitivity. Results: Postoperative bleeding did not show statistically significant differences between surgeries performed by PG periodontal students and experienced periodontists. There were statistically significant differences in contact sensitivity, thermal sensitivity, edema, and pain between surgeries performed by PG periodontal students and experienced periodontists. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative morbidity between male and female patients. Conclusions: Morbidity after resective periodontal surgery is low. Patients treated by experienced periodontists had lower postoperative morbidity than patients treated by PG periodontal students. There were no differences in morbidity between male and female patients.     

Dissertations 25 years after date 4. Periodontal surgery an important component of periodontal treatment

The aim of periodontal treatment is to make and keep the periodontal tissues healthy. A proper diagnosis including the assessment of the different risk factors is essential before successful treatment can be carried out. Oral hygiene instruction together with supra- and subgingival cleaning is a basic part of the treatment. Antibiotic treatment and smoking cessation programs also contribute to a good clinical result. Until the seventies, when almost nothing was known about riskfactors and antibiotic therapy, no study was performed to assess the long-term effect of periodontal surgery being part of the treatment. Therefore a study was performed to assess clinically, radiographically and histologically the effect of periodontal surgery and oral hygiene on artificial periodontal defects. The results were reported in the thesis 'Surgery and oral hygiene on artificial periodontal defects in beagle dogs'. This study established that periodontal surgery can contribute to a healthy periodontium. A good oral hygiene is a prerequisite. These results have been confirmed by a long-term study in private practice. Pocketdepths of 5 mm and more after initial treatment is a good criterion in the decision making for periodontal surgery.     

牙周手术后龈缘位置变化的影响因素

牙周手术的目的之一是恢复患牙的美观和功能。而术后牙龈退缩不但影响美观,而且造成牙根敏感,加重食物嵌塞。如何减少牙龈退缩,是临床关注的问题。本文就牙周手术后龈缘位置变化的影响因素加以阐述。     

Dental management of patients receiving anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment

Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents have been extensively researched and developed as potential therapies in the prevention and management of arterial and venous thrombosis. On the other hand, antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs have also been associated with an increase in the bleeding time and risk of postoperative hemorrhage. Because of this, some dentists still recommend the patient to stop the therapy for at least 3 days before any oral surgical procedure. However, stopping the use of these drugs exposes the patient to vascular problems, with the potential for significant morbidity. This article reviews the main antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs in use today and explains the dental management of patients on these drugs, when subjected to minor oral surgery procedures. It can be concluded that the optimal INR value for dental surgical procedures is 2.5 because it minimizes the risk of either hemorrhage or thromboembolism. Nevertheless, minor oral surgical procedures, such as biopsies, tooth extraction and periodontal surgery, can safely be done with an INR lower than 4.0.     

Surgical treatment of severe periodontitis in a haemophilic patient with inhibitors to factor VIII

This report describes the surgical treatment of advanced periodontitis in a haemophilic patient with inhibitors to Factor VIII. The treatment was performed after substitution therapy with Factor VIII-concentrate, supported by local and systemic antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid. No complications developed postoperatively, and after 9 months, the patient did not show recurrence of periodontal disease. Although the present case shows, that even severe periodontitis can be treated surgically in haemophilic patients with inhibitors to Factor VIII, this should not be done unless it is absolutely necessary. The treatment of periodontal disease in such patients should be instituted as early as possible in order to prevent the need for extensive surgery or dental extractions.     

Factors influencing periodontal therapy for the geriatric patient

Anatomic changes in the periodontium occur with aging. There is no indication that these changes predispose to periodontal breakdown. In the United States, there is evidence that older individuals are retaining more teeth and that these teeth have less periodontal disease than previous generations of seniors. Studies comparing the healing of older and younger patients have clearly demonstrated that both groups of patients respond equally well to therapy. Proven methods of periodontal therapy include modified Widman surgery, pocket elimination surgery, or nonsurgical scaling and root planing. Surgical treatment may be used with confidence unless there are medical contraindications. In these cases, nonsurgical therapy may be preferred. If there are physical or mental disabilities that make effective home care difficult, antimicrobial agents, such as the extensively tested chlorhexidine rinse, may be valuable adjuncts. In the future, senior adults can look forward to the benefits of regenerative periodontal procedures that seek to regain lost periodontal support. Age alone should not diminish an individual's right to care because the practitioner has qualms about his or her longevity. Successful treatment of periodontitis by surgical and nonsurgical methods has been extensively documented. Senior patients can benefit from these treatments as much as younger patients, and age is not a barrier to effective periodontal therapy.     

牙周组织再生术-正畸联合治疗牙周炎患者的初步研究

目的 通过比较治疗前后牙周组织健康指数的变化,探讨牙周组织再生术联合正畸治疗牙周炎患者的疗效,为成人牙周病患者的治疗提供临床参考.方法 选择成人患者11例,包含17颗具有角形牙槽骨吸收的患牙,患牙同时存在不同程度的咬合创伤.对其进行牙周组织再生术联合正畸治疗,分别记录再生性手术前后以及联合治疗后的牙周袋探诊深度与临床附着丧失,应用SPSS 13.0统计软件对治疗前后的牙周指数进行配对t检验.结果 患牙完成再生性手术后,垂直骨缺损侧探诊深度由（5.91±1.05）mm减小为（3.02±1.09）mm,临床附着丧失则从（7.02±1.81） mm减小到（3.83±1.55）mm,患牙6位点平均PPD以及CAL也都明显减小,改变均具有统计学意义;随后的正畸治疗,解除了患牙的咬合创伤,并使得临床附着丧失减小到（3.37±1.22）mm,差异有统计学意义.结论 牙周组织再生术与正畸联合治疗,对于具有角形牙槽骨吸收且伴有（殆）创伤的患牙,不但能够解决创伤问题,且改善了牙周组织健康,使得患者功能和美观均得到了显著提高,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

Review of flap design influence on the health of the periodontium after mandibular third molar surgery

The purpose of this study is to review the effect of flap design in terms of periodontal status of the preceding second molar after lower third molar surgery. Impacted lower third molar surgery may result in periodontal complications on the distal surface of the adjacent second molar. Flap design that is used during impacted third molar surgery is important to prevent those complications. Several different flap techniques, mainly envelope, triangular (vertical) flaps, and their modifications have been developed to minimize those complications. Each technique has some advantages as well as disadvantages. It is also reported that the selection of a flap design does not seem to have a lasting effect on the health of periodontal tissue. The effect of the type of flap used for lower third molar surgery on the periodontal status of the second molar, as well as the factors that may influence this outcome, has been uncertain. The decision to use on one or the other of the flaps should be based on surgeon's preference.     

The effect of postsurgical administration of a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on the healing of intrabony defects following treatment with enamel matrix proteins

Regenerative treatment with enamel matrix proteins (EMD) has been shown to promote regeneration in intrabony periodontal defects. However, up to now various postoperative regimens such as the routine administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were often used in combination with enamel matrix proteins. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that the results might have been influenced by the effect of the postoperative medication. The aim of this randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical investigation was to determine the effect of postsurgical administration of a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor on the healing of intrabony periodontal defects following regenerative periodontal surgery with EMD. Twenty two patients, each of whom exhibited one deep intrabony defect, were randomly treated with either EMD plus a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (test) or with EMD alone (control). The postoperative regimen consisted of oral administration of 12.5 mg rofecoxib twice daily for 14 days. The following parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6 months by the same calibrated and blinded investigator: plaque index (Pl), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Power analysis to determine superiority of the anti-inflammatory treatment showed that the available sample size would yield 70% power to detect a 1 mm difference. No statistical significant differences in any of the investigated parameters between the two groups were observed at baseline. The results show that, in the test group, mean PD decreased from 8.7+/-1.4 mm to 4.7+/-2.0 mm (P<0.001) and mean CAL from 9.7+/-2.0 mm to 6.5+/-2.1 mm (P<0.001). In the control group, mean PD decreased from 8.6+/-1.6 mm to 4.7+/-1.8 mm (P<0.001) and mean CAL from 9.5+/-1.6 mm to 6.5+/-2.2 mm (P<0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the investigated parameters. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the systemic administration of a selective COX-2 inhibitor following regenerative periodontal surgery with EMD did not result in additional clinical improvements when compared to treatment with EMD alone.     

Abbreviated periodontal examination.

The prevention, detection, and treatment of periodontal disease should be among the foremost goals of dentistry. When a systematic examination is used, detection of the disease need not be a lengthy or cumbersome procedure. The mesiofacial aspect of every tooth should be probed and recorded. The integrity of all furcations should be carefully checked, mobility patterns should be recorded, and the patient should be examined for any mucognigival problems. If any of these problems are detected, the clinician must decide whether he will treat the problem himself or refer the patient to someone else. The important thing is that periodontal disease has been recognized and can, therefore, be dealt with.     

Changes in soluble adhesion molecules in gingival crevicular fluid following periodontal surgery

BACKGROUND: Inflammation of periodontal tissues during postoperative wound healing is mediated by cell surface adhesion molecules. Soluble forms of these antigens have also been identified and shown to be important in immunoregulatory processes, but have previously not been investigated during periodontal repair and regeneration. The present study has examined the presence and possible changes in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1; CD54) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (sLFA-3; CD58) in gingival crevical fluid (GCF) following periodontal surgery. METHODS: GCF samples were collected from four groups: 1) a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) test; 2) a GTR control, at least one complete tooth unit away from the periodontal defect; 3) a conventional flap (CF) surgery; and 4) a crown lengthening (CL). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of sICAM-1 and sLFA-3 in the GCF samples. RESULTS: A marked increase in GCF volumes was found in all sites after surgery, although a persistent increase was associated only with the period of membrane retention at the GTR test sites. In addition, sICAM-1 and sLFA-3 were found in the GCF of healthy as well as diseased sites prior to treatment and the total amounts of both increased transiently following surgical intervention, especially sLFA-3. However, the concentrations of these GCF components, particularly sICAM-1, tended to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal decrease in the concentration of sICAM-1 and sLFA-3 in GCF may serve to enhance inflammatory reactions at surgically-treated periodontal sites, thereby limiting repair and regeneration in the periodontium. These soluble adhesion molecules may thereby be of potential therapeutic value and might also be useful markers for monitoring periodontal wound healing.     

Patient perceptions of periodontal therapy completed in a periodontal practice

BACKGROUND: The perceptions that patients have of periodontal therapy have not been extensively studied and are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of discomfort associated with periodontal therapy carried out in a specialist practice. METHODS: A consecutive group of 150 patients (90 females, 60 males; mean age 54.5 years) who had completed periodontal therapy, which included surgery, in a periodontal practice in Norway was studied. The patients indicated the discomfort they had experienced with periodontal therapy on a visual analog scale (VAS). Other factors associated with postoperative discomfort such as the use of analgesics were recorded. RESULTS: The mean VAS scores were low for all procedures investigated. The highest mean score was recorded for anesthesia in the upper anterior region. There were small differences between the levels of discomfort reported by males compared to females. The VAS scores decreased with increasing age for anesthesia in the lower arch (P = 0.004) and surgery in the lower arch (P = 0.003). Virtually all (97%) of the patients perceived periodontal treatment to be associated with no more discomfort than conventional dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Very low reported levels of discomfort were associated with both non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy by Norwegian patients treated in a specialist periodontal practice.     

Immunologic effects of emdogain in humans: one-year results

Tissue regeneration after therapeutic manipulations is essential in periodontology, oral surgery, and trauma of the periodontal tissues. Local inflammation because of poor oral hygiene also plays a crucial role in the above situations. Local inflammatory reaction, accompanied by the local production of cytokines, profoundly influences bone turnover and regeneration. Several products of low immunogenicity for augmenting tissue regeneration have been recently proposed as boosters of soft and mineralized tissue regeneration. Among them, Emdogain, an amelogenin derivative of porcine origin, has recently been introduced. Clinical results indicate that this product might be a good additive, producing fast tissue regeneration with no apparent clinical side effects. In contrast, very little is known about its in vivo immunologic effects. A previous study showed that Emdogain does not modify the cellular or humoral immune response in vitro. In the present work, performed in 10 patients, only a slight, nonsignificant activation of the immune system occurred during the first year following Emdogain application. Neither cellular immunity nor humoral immune response was significantly modified. In addition, the in vitro response of the patients' lymphocytes to Emdogain was assayed 2 and 12 months postoperative. We did not find any significant specific lymphocyte transformation in the presence of Emdogain, although lymphocytes could be stimulated by nonselective mitogens. These results indicate the immunologic safety of the agent in vivo, at least after 1 year.     

Patients with chronic hepatitis—potential risks when undergoing dental surgery: Review and case report

This is a case report of a 17-year-old male patient with chronic autoimmune active hepatitis (CAAH) who was referred to our clinic for dental treatment prior to his undergoing liver transplant surgery. Coagulation problems and the implications of long-term corticosteroid usage in patients with chronic hepatitis are presented. Differences in the etiology, histology, clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis are reviewed for the three separate but related forms of chronic hepatitis — persistent, lobular, and active hepatitis.  

Summary

It is important to be aware of a patient's total medical picture, and how any preexisting conditions and their treatments might affect the dental care to be provided, especially in cases of invasive dental procedures. Such procedures, like any surgery of similar magnitude, have inherent risks, and the preoperative medical evaluation and postoperative care of these patients should be the same as those provided for other comparable surgeries, thus minimizing the risks of the operative procedure.
In our case, the patient's condition had been previously diagnosed, and we were able to develop our treatment plan accordingly. Sometimes, though, a patient presents with problems that may be a manifestation of a more serious systemic disorder ( e.g ., bleeding gums in the absence of obvious periodontal disease). Thus, the dentist should be alert to the possible presence of other underlying medical disorders and, if any are suspected, should consult with a physician prior to undertaking elective dental procedures.     

Bilateral reductions of articular eminence for chronic dislocation: review of eight cases.

Eight cases of chronic dislocation treated by bilateral reductions of the articular eminence have been reviewed. The technique has been found useful when indicated. Good surgical technique with meticulous attention to detail is required. The entire eminence must be removed and the surface left smooth. As with any TMJ disorder or surgery, concomitant local and systemic problems are common and must be considered in preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Patients should be observed for at least two years after surgery for recurrence of any TMJ disorder.     

The incidence of clinical infection after periodontal surgery. A retrospective study

A large-scale retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of clinical infection after periodontal surgery and the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in preventing postoperative infection. All second-year postgraduate students reviewed their patient records and completed a questionnaire. Eight infections were found in 884 operations performed without antibiotics, while one infection was found in 43 operations performed with antibiotics. Of 268 operations involving osseous surgery, six infections were noted while two infections were observed following 336 operations involving flap surgery without osteoplasty or ostectomy. The data indicated that the incidence of infection after periodontal surgery is very low in patients treated with or without antibiotics. It was concluded that unless there is a medical indication, there is no justification for using prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent infection following periodontal surgery.     

牙周引导组织再生术与植骨术联合应用的临床研究

目的　比较引导组织再生术 (GTR)和植骨术联合应用的方法与单纯GTR的方法在牙周骨内袋缺损中的疗效。方法　治疗 16例患者的 4 4个骨内袋缺损 ,其中 2 3个相似的病损联合应用了GTR加植骨术 ,而在 2 1个病损中进行了GTR术 ,疗效评价直至术后 12个月。结果　两组的手术区域 ,与术前基线比较 ,在术后 3、6、12个月观察到的临床参数如附着水平、探诊深度以及菌斑指数、探诊出血均有明显改善 (P <0 .0 0 1)。两组之间比较 ,结果无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　在牙周手术中 ,植入骨代用品与GTR联合应用 ,比较单纯应用GTR方法的临床疗效没有显著性差异。     

Guided tissue regeneration procedure with bioresorbable membranes versus conventional flap surgery in the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects

AIM: Claims are being made that clinical results of periodontal flap surgery are enhanced when membranes are employed to aid GTR in intrabony pockets. It was the aim of our study to determine whether this assumption was true for a certain bioresorbable membrane (Guidor Matrix Barrier). METHOD: 44 intrabony defects were treated in 16 patients. In 21 lesions, conventional flap surgery only was performed, while in 23, similar lesion membranes were placed as an additional treatment task. Results were evaluated over a time span of 12 months. RESULTS: In all surgical areas, treatment resulted in significant improvement of parameters such as attachment levels and probing depths, as well as index values for plaque and bleeding on probing. This occurred whether membranes had been used or not, without any significant differences when comparing the collective results of both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of membranes during periodontal surgery for the enhancement of tissue regeneration in intrabony pockets is often both difficult and time consuming. In the light of our clinical results with resorbable membranes, such extra effort seems hardly warranted.