正常国人颈椎屈伸运动范围X线图像的计算机测量分析

目的　通过观察正常国人的颈椎屈伸运动范围 ,了解颈椎发生退变的规律 ,为进一步探讨颈椎节段性不稳定提供参考依据。　方法　应用自行设计的颈椎X线图像分析处理系统对 3 82例正常国人的颈椎全屈、全伸位X线平片 (共 764张 )进行了测量和统计分析。 3 82例测试者中 ,男性2 14例 ,女性 168例 ;同性别间按年龄分组 :2 0～ 3 9岁者为A组 ,4 0～ 5 9岁者为B组 ,60～ 76岁者为C组。测量参数主要为颈椎全屈伸运动的总活动度 (C2 ～C7)及各节段的椎间活动度。　结果　颈椎全屈伸运动的总活动度A组明显大于B组和C组 (P <0 0 1) ,B、C两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。最大椎间活动度节段在A组位于C5～C6 ,在B、C组则位于C4～C5。最小椎间活动度节段在各组中均位于C2 ～C3。各测量结果在性别间无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。　结论　颈椎屈伸运动范围及其退变情况在性别上无明显差异 ;颈椎总的屈伸活动度随着年龄的增长而递减 ,然后趋于稳定 ;最大椎间活动度节段则随年龄的增长由C5～C6 节段上移至C4～C5节段。     

正常成年人颈椎间孔X线测量

正常成年人颈椎间孔Ｘ线测量何欣，宿宝贵，段秀吉，丁洋凯，钟子铵，王启，刘惠利，程志远颈部Ｘ线片是诊断颈椎病的一种有效、可靠的手段，对颈椎病的Ｘ线片分析有很多报道￣［１～４］，但有关正常颈椎Ｘ线片上椎间孔的资料罕见报道，由于缺乏正常颈椎间孔的数据，致使...     

颈椎病患者颈椎曲度的X线测量

研究国人颈段脊柱颈曲以及伸屈活动度,比较颈椎病患者与正常人之间的差异。方法对３００例成人和３００例临床确诊为颈椎病的患者行动态条件下的Ｘ线测量,测量颈椎屈伸弧度及屈伸活动度。结果正常成人不同年龄组的颈曲值各不同,随年龄的增加,颈曲值减小。     

国人正常髌骨厚度测量

目的：测量国人正常髌骨厚度，为改进及设计国人髌骨假体提供参考数据。方法：测量１０２０例国人正常膝关节Ｘ线侧位片髌骨厚度。结果：测得国人髌骨厚度为２１．８４±０．１６ｍｍ。结论：首次报道了国人髌骨厚度的资料，为国人髌骨假体的设计提供了Ｘ线依据，并为髌骨置换中采取适合国人解剖特点髌骨截骨原则提供数据参考     

下颈椎屈伸运动节律的实验研究

目的：观察和测量下颈椎节段屈伸运动节律。方法：采用５具新鲜成人男性尸体的颈椎标本,动态Ｘ线摄片,测量各屈伸状态各节段的屈伸角度。结果：Ｃ４～５,Ｃ５～６活动范围最大,屈伸运动节律也最大,而且在半屈—中立—半伸范围内的活动度较半屈—全屈和半伸—全伸的活动度大。结论：颈椎病变动态Ｘ线摄片中,可根据各节段尤其是Ｃ４～５、Ｃ５～６节段的屈伸运动节律是否正常作为一诊断参考依据     

正常腕X线正位片形态学测量

正常腕Ｘ线正位片形态学测量朱建民金宗达张庆宏国内外学者对腕关节Ｘ线形态学测量曾有许多报道和描述。众所周知，正常腕关节标准、腕关节、前臂和上臂的摄片位置、方向和距离以及测量点和线的确定均可影响测量结果。本文就正常腕关节Ｘ线正位片形态学测量及其临床意义描...     

正常腕关节X线测量及其相关研究

目的　腕关节形态学改变可导致一些腕关节病变 ,正常腕关节X线形态学研究有如下意义 :①了解腕关节不稳、腕骨坏死、腕骨关节炎以及类风湿关节炎等腕关节病变情况 ;②评估临床治疗方法及效果 ;③指导腕关节假体设计。方法　本文采用标准X线摄片技术 ,测量 2 0 0个 (10 0人 )正常腕关节X线正、侧位片共 2 5个参数。结果　尺骨变异为 0 76± 1 5 9mm(均数±标准差 ) ;舟月骨间距离为3 12± 0 73mm ;桡骨尺倾角 (A)为 2 2 5 9± 3 6 1°;桡骨尺倾角 (B)为 6 7 89± 3 6 3° ;桡骨掌倾角为 78 1± 4 46° ;桡月角为 - 4 5 5± 10 2 5°;舟月骨为 5 4 2 9± 8 2 0°;腕骨角为 12 1 0 4± 8 14° ;标准腕高率为0 5 4± 0 0 4;标准腕指数为 1 0 0± 0 0 36 ;改良腕高率为 1 34± 0 0 77;改良腕高指数为 1 0 0± 0 0 6 ;标准尺腕率为 0 31± 0 0 38;改良尺腕率为 0 77± 0 10 ;标准桡腕率为 0 11± 0 0 2 4;改良桡腕率为 0 2 7± 0 0 5 8;Stahl氏指数为 0 5 7± 0 0 5 4等。 2 5个参数中 ,30对参数具有相关性 ,其中 17对呈正相关 ,13对呈负相关。结论　本文较全面地揭示了正常腕关节X线形态学定量指标 ,有助于腕关节结构动力学的研究 ,假体的设计和疾病的诊治等     

颈椎退变的X线分析

对１９８９年内２４５例颈椎Ｘ线片和病史资料进行分析，发现了颈椎退变的程度和范围随年龄的增加而加重。椎体前缘骨赘增生，椎间隙狭窄，钩椎关节退变是中年以后常见的退化现象。Ｃ＿（５～６）是退变发生率最高的节段。为了准确地表示椎间盘退变的程度，设计并应用了椎间隙高度指数表示法，以便对不同个体和年龄组进行比较。对于椎间盘高度的测量发现，退变过程中椎间盘前部高度的减低较后部更明显，是造成退变颈椎生理曲线异常的主要原因。     

In vivo flexion/extension of the normal cervical spine

Twenty-two women (age range 25-49 years, average 30.9 years) and twenty-two men (age range 23-42 years, average 31.6 years), all healthy and asymptomatic, underwent passive flexion/extension examinations of the cervical spine. Functional x-rays were taken and analyzed using a computer-assisted method that quantified intervertebral rotations, translations, and locations of the centers of rotation for each level C1-C2-C6-C7. The aim of the study was to establish values for these parameters for a normal population as related to age and gender. In the process, a statistically significant difference was found in the average value of rotation between male and female groups at the C5-C6 level. A new parameter, the ratio between translation and rotation, was also established and may prove useful for clinical diagnoses. This parameter has a smaller error associated with it than do pure translations and may aid the clinician by helping to account for the large variation in rotatory ranges of motion within the population. This translation/rotation ratio indicated highly significant differences in the lower segments of the cervical spine between gender groups.     

Criterion validity of the cervical range of motion (CROM) goniometer for cervical flexion and extension

STUDY DESIGN: This study used a validity protocol. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the criterion validity of the Cervical Range of Motion goniometer using a healthy population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The results of the 1994 study by Mayo et al show that there are no validated tools currently available for clinically measuring the cervical range of motion. Numerous decisions regarding patient status and treatment are based wholly or in part on joint motion measurements. Because of current budgetary restrictions, clinicians are being asked to justify their interventions objectively, and to do so, they will need validated tools. METHODS: The population consisted of 31 healthy participants ranging in age from 18 to 45 years. None had experienced cervical problems in the previous 3 months or were pregnant. Data collection took place at the radiology department. After participants were positioned on a stool, the cervical range of motion goniometer frame was set on their head by the physiotherapist. With the participant in this neutral position, the physiotherapist took the first Cervical Range of Motion measurement. The radiograph technologist obtained the radiograph immediately afterward. This procedure was repeated with the participant in fully flexed and fully extended positions. RESULTS: A Pearson's r correlation test was used to evaluate the criterion validity of the Cervical Range of Motion goniometer versus the radiographic method. The two measurements proved to be highly correlated (flexion: r = 0.97, P < 0.001; extension: r = 0.98, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For this population of healthy participants, the Cervical Range of Motion goniometer was found to be valid for measurements of cervical flexion and extension. Further research is needed on the validity of this instrument for other cervical spine movements.     

Cineradiographic motion analysis of normal lumbar spine during forward and backward flexion

STUDY DESIGN: Motion characteristics of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane were investigated in vivo using cineradiography. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the differences in motion characteristics of the normal lumbar spine between forward and backward flexion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Despite previous lumbar kinematic studies, differences in motion characteristics of the lumbar spine between forward and backward flexion remain unclear. METHODS: Cineradiographic motion analysis was performed in 10 asymptomatic healthy male volunteers for two different lumbar motions. The motions consisted of active forward flexion (from maximum extension to maximum flexion) and active backward flexion (from maximum flexion to maximum extension). Displacements of the anterior and posterior vertebral corners from L3/L4 to L5/S1 were measured continuously in reference to the local coordinate system. Parameters investigated were onset of segmental motion, velocity of segmental motion, and continuous motion profiles of the vertebral corners during the two different motions. RESULTS: During forward flexion, initial lumbar motion started stepwise from the upper level (L3/L4) to the lower levels with phase lags. Angular velocity at the onset of motion increased as the level descended. On the contrary, during backward flexion, initial motion started from the lower level (L5/S1) to the upper levels. There was no relation between velocity and spinal levels during backward flexion. Motion profiles of both anterior and posterior vertebral corners at L3/L4 and L4/L5 segments during forward flexion were similar to those during backward flexion. However, the motion profiles at L5/S1 segment during forward flexion were different from those during backward flexion. CONCLUSIONS: During forward flexion of the lumbar spine, initial motion started from upper segments to the lower segments with phase lags. During backward flexion, initial motion started from the lower segments to the upper segments. Motion profiles of the vertebral corners during forward flexion were similar to those during backward flexion at L3/L4 and L4/L5. The motion profiles at L5/S1 were different between both flexions.     

Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: flexion/extension

The cervical spines of 59 adults were examined by means of functional roentgenograms. They were divided into two groups consisting of 28 healthy adults and 31 patients who had sustained soft tissue injury to the cervical spine and who were complaining of neck pain. Roentgenographic lateral views were taken in active flexion and extension as well as in passive maximal flexion and extension. Measurements using the techniques of Penning and Buetti-Bauml were made by three observers independently. There was a highly significant difference between the active and passive segmental ranges of motion in healthy adults. Based on the normal values obtained in this study, 19 hypermobile segments could be diagnosed during the active examination, while 31 hypermobile segments were found during the passive examination. In addition, the active examination found 60 hypomobile segments, while the passive examination showed only 43 hypomobile segments. The Penning Method of measurement was found to be more reliable than that of Buetti-Bauml. If possible, the functional roentgenogram examination of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane should be performed by including passive movement and the range of motion should be compared with the normal values obtained by passive examination.     

Bedside fluoroscopic flexion and extension cervical spine radiographs for clearance of the cervical spine in comatose trauma patients

BACKGROUND: Bedside flexion and extension fluoroscopic examinations have been proposed as an option for clearance of the cervical spine in comatose brain-injured patients. We hypothesized that these studies, when performed after normal static imaging of the cervical spine, would have an extremely low likelihood of identifying occult ligamentous instability and would not be adequate for visualizing the lower cervical spine. METHODS: Radiographic images obtained from 56 consecutive comatose head-injured patients were reviewed. All patients had normal anteroposterior, lateral, and open mouth odontoid cervical spine radiographs and normal thin-cut axial computed tomographic images from the occiput to C2 and through the lower cervical spine if suspicious areas were identified on plain cervical spine radiographs. After these static images were determined to be normal by both the attending neurosurgeon and the attending radiologist, all 56 patients had bedside fluoroscopic flexion and extension studies performed by the neurosurgery resident, with the patients' arms being pulled down to their sides by the primary care nurse. RESULTS: The bedside fluoroscopic flexion and extension studies were considered to be adequate (visualization to the C7-T1 motion segment) in only 4% of the patients. Occult instability was identified in one patient (type II odontoid fracture) and significant instability was missed in one patient with C6 to C7 dislocation in whom flexion and extension radiographs failed to visualize the C6 to C7 motion segment. CONCLUSION: Bedside flexion and extension fluoroscopy was almost always inadequate for visualizing the lower cervical spine in comatose head-injured patients. Because of the extremely low likelihood of visualizing the entire cervical spine with this technique, we recommend that it no longer be considered an option in trauma center protocols for clearance of the cervical spine in comatose brain-injured patients.     

Cervical flexion and extension includes anti-directional cervical joint motion in healthy adults

Background Context

Anti-directional cervical joint motion has previously been demonstrated. However, quantitative studies of anti-directional and pro-directional cervical flexion and extension motions have not been published.

Age-related changes in osseous anatomy, alignment, and range of motion of the cervical spine. Part I: Radiographic data from over 1,200 asymptomatic subjects

Purpose

This study aimed to establish radiographic standard values for cervical spine morphometry, alignment, and range of motion (ROM) in both male and female in each decade of life between the 3rd and 8th and to elucidate these age-related changes.

Methods

A total of 1,230 asymptomatic volunteers underwent anteroposterior (AP), lateral, flexion, and extension radiography of the cervical spine. There were at least 100 men and 100 women in each decade of life between the 3rd and 8th. AP diameter of the spinal canal, vertebral body, and disc were measured at each level from the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebra (C2–C7). C2–C7 sagittal alignment and ROM during flexion and extension were calculated using a computer digitizer.

Results

The AP diameter of the spinal canal was 15.8 ± 1.5 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] mm at the mid-C5 level, and 15.5 ± 2.0 mm at the C5/6 disc level. The disc height was 5.8 ± 1.3 mm at the C5/6 level, which was the minimum height, and the maximum height was at the C6/7 level. Both the AP diameter of the spinal canal and disc height decreased gradually with increasing age. The C2–C7 sagittal alignment and total ROM were 13.9 ± 12.3° in lordosis and 55.3 ± 16.0°, respectively. The C2–C7 lordotic angle was 8.0 ± 11.8° in the 3rd decade and increased to 19.7 ± 11.3 in the 8th decade, whereas the C2–C7 ROM was 67.7 ± 17.0° in the 3rd decade and decreased to 45.0 ± 12.5 in the 8th decade. The extension ROM decreased more than the flexion ROM, and lordotic alignment progressed with increasing age. There was a significant difference in C2–C7 alignment and ROM between men and women.

Conclusions

The standard values and age-related changes in cervical anatomy, alignment, and ROM for males and females in each decade between the 3rd and 8th were established. Cervical lordosis in the neutral position develops with aging, while extension ROM decreases gradually. These data will be useful as normal values for the sake of comparison in clinical practice.