706例婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损的手术治疗

目的总结婴幼儿室间隔缺损(VSD)手术治疗的临床经验。方法1992年12月~2005年9月手术治疗婴幼儿VSD706例,男417例,女289例,月龄0.067~36个月,平均(14.6±8.7)月。体重3~22.5kg,平均(10.8±8.3)kg,小于10kg者476例(67.4%)。均在低温体外循环下手术,必要时应用深低温低流量及改良超滤技术。直视缝合436例,补片修补270例。干下型VSD应早期手术,防止主动脉瓣关闭不全的发生。术后应重视对呼吸系统、循环系统的监护与治疗,重视对肺动脉高压围术期处理。结果术后30d内死亡18例(其中11例年龄小于6个月),死亡率2.55%,晚期死亡1例。主要并发症发生率11.2%。结论婴幼儿VSD修补术可取得满意的效果,但小于6个月龄以内的低体重婴儿手术适应症应严格控制。     

10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损的外科治疗

目的探讨10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损外科治疗的经验。方法对166例10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损的手术治疗进行总结。患儿年龄2~34个月,平均(8.52±7.66)个月,体重4~10kg,平均(6.52±1.18)kg。患儿术前均行超声心动图检查,均在体外循环下完成手术。结果全组手术死亡2例(1.2%),手术死亡原因是肺动脉高压危象和急性肾功能衰竭。术后主要并发症为肺部感染、心律紊乱和低心排出量综合征。164例随访2~50个月,患儿恢复良好,无并发症和死亡。结论低体重婴幼儿室间隔缺损应尽早手术。术中加强心肌保护,提高手术技巧,术后加强呼吸道护理,防止并发症是手术治疗成功的关键。     

食道超声引导经胸室间隔缺损封堵术的临床体会

【】 目的 总结食道超声引导经胸非体外循环下微创封堵术治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床经验。方法 自2011年3月至2015年3月我院经食道超声引导室间隔缺损封堵术患者45例,男28例,女17例;年龄7个月～9岁(4.7±1.9)岁;体重4.9～25.6(13.5±5.8)kg。膜部VSD30例,嵴下型VSD6例,干下型VSD4例,肌部VSD5例。VSD直径4.7～11.5(5.8±1.2)mm。全组均采用胸骨下端3～5cm小切口进胸,术中食道超声引导下,送入导引钢丝及输送鞘管经右心室-VSD进入左心室,沿输送轨道送入封堵器完成VSD封堵术,术毕立即经食道超声全面评估手术效果。结果 全组43例封堵成功(95.6%),2例术中转为体外循环下常规手术(4.4%)。术后封堵器边缘少量残余分流2例(4.4%),3个月后复查消失。术后40例随访12个月(88.9%,40/45),无传导阻滞及主动脉瓣返流,无近期死亡。 结论 食道超声引导室间隔缺损封堵术是一种简单有效的治疗方法,多次操作后即可掌握操作要点,术中需结合超声对手术效果进行评估。     

416例室间隔缺损的外科治疗

目的 探讨室间隔缺损(VSD)手术时机、修补方法及补片材料的选择.方法 在低温体外循环下连续手术治疗VSD 416例,其中男257例,女159例;年龄40天～46岁,平均4.7±3.4岁,其中婴幼儿235例(56.5%);体重3～80kg,平均14.6±11.5kg,10kg以下者187例(45%).直视缝合307例,新鲜自体心包片修补64例,涤纶片修补44例,毡片修补1例,补片修补均采用全周连续缝合;隔瓣后缺损显露不清楚者,可切开隔瓣或切断园锥乳头肌.结果 术后30天内死亡6例(1.4%),主要并发症发生率8.4%.结论(1)VSD手术时机主张“三早”原则,即早发现、早诊断、早治疗.(2)正确地选择心脏切口,补片以全周连续缝合可节省手术时间,减少残余漏,即使不做超越或转移缝合也能避免Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞.(3)新鲜自体心包片是修补VSD的良好材料.     

1岁以下婴儿室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的　探讨婴儿室间隔缺损 (VSD)伴肺动脉高压 (PH)外科治疗的结果和经验。方法　对 6 0例 1岁以下婴儿室缺伴肺高压的手术治疗进行总结。年龄 2～ 11个月 ,平均 (6 2 3± 2 6 0 )个月 ,体重 3～ 10kg,平均 (5 5 0± 1 2 6 )kg。术前中度以上肺高压 5 3例 (88 8% )。结果　全组手术死亡3例 (5 % ) ,手术死亡的主要原因是肺动脉高压危象和急性心包填塞。术后主要并发症为肺动脉高压危象 ,术后出血和肺部感染。结论　婴儿室缺伴肺高压应尽早手术治疗。术前、术后支持疗法 ,术中加强心肌保护、提高手术技巧 ,术后注意呼吸、循环监测 ,加强呼吸道管理 ,防治可能出现的并发症是手术治疗成功的关键。     

10公斤以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的探讨低体重婴幼儿室间隔缺损(VSD)并肺动脉高压外科治疗的适应证、手术技术及围术期处理。方法回顾性分析93例体重10kg以下VSD并肺动脉高压患者行室间隔缺损手术治疗的临床资料,手术过程,围术期处理与转归。结果术后早期死亡1例;出现并发症者7例,其中低心排综合征2例,术后残余漏2例,心律失常2例,胸腔积液1例,均经过治疗后痊愈出院。结论低体重婴幼儿VSD并肺动脉高压的手术治疗安全有效、效果良好;对合并复杂畸形的婴幼儿患者手术疗效仍有待进一步提高。     

右腋下小切口行心内直视手术60例

随着心脏外科技术的日臻成熟,手术切口在能满足心内操作的前提下,应尽可能缩小;尽可能不破坏胸廓原有支架结构,以减轻手术对患者的创伤。自2003年1月至2005年4月我们采用右腋下小切口施行体外循环下心内直视手术60例,取得了良好效果。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组60例患者,男性27例,女性33例。先天性心脏病患者48例,平均(4.8±1.2)岁,体重9～32kg;风湿性心脏病患者12例,平均(37.5±14.4)岁,体重(55.3±15.6)kg。其中单纯室间隔缺损(VSD)20例,房间隔缺损(ASD)24例,室间隔缺损合并右室流出道狭窄(VSD+RVOTS)4例,风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换8…     

室间隔缺损修补手术1319例分析

目的总结1319例室间隔缺损(VSD)修补手术的临床结果与体会。方法2000年1月至2005年8月对1319例VSD患者行修补手术,男791例,女528例,年龄2个月~40岁。其中婴儿111例,体重6.0kg以下26例。全组均在全身麻醉低温体外循环下行VSD修补术,105例合并其它畸形同期矫治。结果术后30d内死亡6例(病死率0.45%),出现并发症88例(发生率6.67%),随访1203例无远期死亡,效果满意。结论VSD修补术安全可靠,效果好。     

10kg以下婴幼儿心内直视手术50例分析

<正> 10kg以下婴幼儿心内直视手术死亡率较高.我科自1997年6月至2000年6月,经体外循环下手术矫治先天性心脏病患儿532例.其中10kg以下婴幼儿50例,占同期先天性心脏病手术的9.4%.1 临床资料全组50例中男23例,女27例.年龄为5～24个月,平均15.5±5.7个月.1岁以下婴儿17例(34%).体重6～10Kg,平均8.7±1.1kg.1.1 室间隔缺损(VSD)     

婴儿室间隔缺损并肺动脉高压89例手术治疗体会

目的 探讨婴儿室间隔缺损(VSD)并肺动脉高压(PH)的外科治疗适应证、手术技术及围术期管理要点.方法 回顾总结2004年1月至2009年5月89例婴儿VSD并PH手术治疗的临床资料及随访情况.本组患儿年龄42 d至12个月(平均7.2个月),体重3.1～9.7 kg(平均6.4 kg),其中轻度PH 28例、中度PH 42例、重度PH 19例,均在全麻低温体外循环下行1期矫治术.结果 全组围术期死亡1例,重要并发症6例.结论 对于反复肺炎、心衰伴肺动脉高压的室间隔缺损婴儿应尽早手术治疗,术中心肌保护及术后围术期管理至关重要.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.