绿茶与子宫内膜癌关系的病例对照研究

目的探讨饮茶特别是绿茶与子宫内膜癌的关系。方法采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究,调查上海市1997年1月至2002年12月间已确诊年龄30～69岁的子宫内膜癌患者(n=995)和全人群对照(n=1087)的一般情况、月经生育史、饮食及营养素、个人生活习惯、激素相关因素、疾病及家族史等资料,采用非条件logistic回归模型分析饮茶与子宫内膜癌的关系。结果与从未饮茶者相比,有饮茶史者患子宫内膜癌的危险略降低(OR=0.82,P=0.0466)。饮茶主要对绝经前女性有保护作用(OR=0.74,95%CI:0.54～1.01);以从不饮茶者为参比组,饮淡茶、浓淡适中及浓茶者的OR值分别为0.72、0.88和0.44,趋势检验有统计学意义(P=0.0431)。在不吸烟不饮酒者中,饮绿茶对子宫内膜癌有保护作用(OR=0.77,P=0.0199);每周饮绿茶频率越高,患子宫内膜癌的危险性越低;以从未饮茶者为参比组,每周饮绿茶<7次及≥7次者OR值分别为0.90(95%CI:0.53～1.54)和0.76(95%CI:0.60～0.95),趋势检验P=0.0163;饮绿茶量越大危险性越低,每月饮绿茶≤100g、～200g及>200g者的OR值分别为0.76、0.87和0.74,趋势检验有统计学意义。结论饮茶特别是绿茶对子宫内膜癌可能有弱的保护作用,且该作用可能局限于绝经前女性。     

四川省流动孕产妇接受孕产期保健服务情况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解四川省流动孕产妇接受孕产期保健服务情况及其影响因素,为将来孕产期保健服务项目的实施提供科学依据。 方法 采用多阶段随机抽样,抽取四川省流动孕产妇进行问卷调查,对孕产期保健知识知晓情况、保健服务利用情况进行描述,并采用非条件logistic回归分析流动孕产妇接受孕产期保健服务情况的影响因素。结果 共纳入研究对象620人,年龄范围为18～42岁;孕产期保健知识知晓率为96.6%;孕早期建卡率为92.6%,孕早期产检率为93.9%,产检次数≥5次者占95.2%,在产后3～7 d进行产后访视者占95.6%,产后访视总次数≥3次者占77.3%。多因素分析结果显示在孕早期进行首次产检的影响因素包括年龄（OR = 0.680, 95%CI: 0.471～0.981）、流入地居住时间（OR = 2.470, 95%CI: 1.200～5.086）、民族（OR = 19.495, 95%CI: 5.250～72.396）、文化程度（OR = 2.300, 95%CI: 1.414～3.742）、孕产期保健知识知晓情况（OR = 3.471, 95%CI: 1.086～11.089）;配偶文化程度（OR = 2.288, 95%CI: 1.410～3.713）和民族（OR = 13.302, 95%CI: 3.785～46.752）是产检次数≥5次的影响因素;生育保险（OR = 1.856, 95%CI: 1.174～2.934）是产后访视次数≥3次的影响因素。结论 四川省流动孕产妇接受孕产期保健服务情况较好;但针对流动孕产妇,还应提倡有计划的怀孕,并加强孕产妇相关医学常识的健康教育以及免费发放叶酸的宣传;此外,应重点关注少数民族、且本人或配偶文化程度较低的大龄流动孕产妇。     

饮茶与肺癌发病风险的病例-对照研究

目的探讨饮茶与肺癌的关联。方法采用病例对照研究设计,收集确诊的肺癌新发病例1225例和按频数匹配的健康对照1234例。采用统一编制的调查表,面访收集研究对象的一般人口学特征、居住环境、饮食史、吸烟史、饮酒史、饮茶史、疾病及家族史等资料。非条件logistic回归模型估算饮茶与肺癌发病风险的调整比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(95%CI),并分析饮茶与吸烟的交互作用。结果饮茶可显著降低非吸烟者肺癌的发病风险,调整OR值为0.465(95%CI 0.345～0.625);随着饮茶年数的增加,肺癌发生的危险性降低;红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶、其他类型茶的调整OR值分别为0.333(95%CI 0.154～0.720)、0.522(95%CI 0.356～0.767)、0.735(95%CI 0.424～1.274)和0.267(95%CI 0.143～0.497)。每周饮茶<3次和饮淡茶者与吸烟者肺癌有显著关联(P<0.05),调整OR值分别为0.453(95%CI 0.286～0.717)和0.518(95%CI 0.346～0.778)。结论饮茶是肺癌的保护因素,尤其可明显降低非吸烟肺癌的危险性。     

亚裔女性乳腺癌危险因素的Meta分析

目的 综合评价亚裔女性乳腺癌的危险因素及关联强度,为建立风险预测模型提供依据.方法 系统地收集1995-2010年亚裔女性乳腺癌危险因素的相关研究文献;按照NOS标准对纳入文献进行质量评价;采用RevMan 4.2软件进行数据分析,得到合并的OR值及其95%CI.结果 纳入合格研究文献27篇,共计研究对象403 170例.文献质量评价A级文献20篇、B级文献7篇,纳入文献质量较高;有统计学意义的乳腺癌危险因素依次为流产次数≥3次、有乳腺癌家族史、初产年龄≥30岁、吸烟、未生育史、未哺乳史、初潮年龄≤12岁和饮酒,OR值分别为3.00(95%CI: 1.68～5.36)、2.39(95%CI:1.78～3.21)、1.54(95%CI: 1.30～1.82)、1.50(95%CI:1.03～2.20)、1.48(95%CI:1.20～1.83)、1.29(95%CI:1.12～1.47)、1.26(95%CI:1.07～1.49)和1.16(95%CI:1.01～1.32).结论 流产次数≥3次、有乳腺癌家族史、初产年龄≥30岁、吸烟、未生育史、未哺乳史、初潮年龄≤12岁和饮酒是建立亚裔女性乳腺癌风险预测模型首要考虑的危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the risk factors of breast cancer in Asian women and to provide evidences for establishing a risk assessment model. Methods Published studies concerning risk factors of breast cancer in Asian women were searched systemically and assessed by NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) items between 1995 and 2010. RevMan 4.2 software was used for data analysis and for calculating OR and its 95%CI on every risk factor. Results 27 studies including 403170 women were selected for Meta-analysis. According to NOS items, 20 studies were classified as A degree and 7 studies were evaluated as B degree. The risk factors of breast cancer and its pooled odds ratio values with statistical significance were as follows: 3.00 (95%CI: 1.68-5.36) when number of abortions≥3; 2.39 (95%CI: 1.78-3.21 ) when with family history of breast cancer; 1.54(95%CI: 1.30-1.82) when age at first live birth ≥30 (year); smoking was 1.50(95%CI: 1.03-2.20); 1.48(95%CI:1.20-1.83) with no live births; 1.29 (95%CI: 1.12-1.47) with no breast feeding; 1.26 (1.07-1.49)with age at menarche ≤12 (year) and 1.16(95%CI: 1.01-1.32) with alcohol drinking. Conclusion Number of abortions≥3, family history of breast cancer, age at first live birth ≥30 (year) ,smoking, no live births, no breast feeding, age at menarche ≤ 12 (year), and alcohol drinking were among the priorities in the establishment of breast cancer risk assessment model for Asian women.     

膳食、体力活动与慢性病关系的研究

目的分析膳食、体力活动与慢性病的关系。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中,随机抽取的天津市3673名样本人群数据,分析膳食结构和慢性病患病率以及膳食、体力活动与超重肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的相对危险度。结果天津市标化超重率为38.9%,肥胖率为26.8%,高血压患病率为30.7%,血脂异常患病率为32.2%,糖尿病患病率为3.7%。膳食结构中存在的主要问题为蔬菜、水果摄入不足,油、盐摄入量超标。膳食脂肪供能比≥30%和看电视≥3h/d是危险因素,超重肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常的OR值分别为2.04(95%CI:1.53～3.04),2.00(95%CI:1.13～3.57),2.22(95%CI:1.66～2.98),1.64(95%CI:1.18～2.31);1.89(95%CI:1.32～2.70),1.79(95%CI:1.48～2.16),1.47(95%CI:1.33～1.78)和1.45(95%CI:1.28～1.65);体育锻炼≥30min/d是保护因素,其OR值分别为0.42(95%CI:0.28～0.68),0.60(95%CI:0.40～0.89),0.50(95%CI:0.35～0.80),0.61(95%CI:0.44～0.93);每天摄入蔬菜、水果≥500g可以预防肥胖和血脂异常,OR为0.60(95%CI:0.40～0.89)和0.47(95%CI:0.30～0.72)。结论天津调查对象的膳食结构、体力活动等行为因素与高血压等慢性病有很强的联系,应加强合理膳食、适当运动的健康促进,预防和控制慢性病。     

良性前列腺增生与吸烟、体质指数关系

目的应用病例对照研究方法,对临床前列腺增生（BPH）手术病例进行调查,以研究吸烟、体质指数与良性前列腺增生危险性之间的关系。方法病例组为2004～2006年施行良性前列腺增生手术,年龄在50～82岁的343名男性;对照组为与病例年龄相同的361名患其他疾病的男性。采用自行设计的调查表对住院期间研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、身体测量、生活方式（吸烟、膳食情况）、个体疾病既往史以及家族一级亲属前列腺疾病史等。采用多元回归模型测量各因素与BPH关系的比值比（OR）及其相应的95%CI。结果控制了年龄和体质指数后,每天吸烟1～29支与发生BPH的危险性无关,OR=0.97,95%CI=0.68～1.46,P〉0.05。但每天吸烟≥30支与不吸烟者比较,发生BPH的危险性增加,OR=1.32,95%CI=0.92～2.58,P〈0.01。超重者（BMI24.0～27.9）或肥胖者（BMI≥28）吸烟与发生BPH的危险性显著地增高,与不吸烟者比较分别为：OR=1.68,95%CI=1.32～3.67和OR=2.35,95%CI=1.83～4.16。结论只有现行吸烟≥30支/d的男性才与BPH呈正相关,超重和肥胖的男性吸烟发生临床BPH的危险性显著地升高。     

广州城区中小学生奶及奶制品摄入现状及影响因素分析

分析广州市中小学生奶及奶制品的摄入现状及其影响因素,为广州市促进学生奶及奶制品的摄入提供实证依据.方法 于2019年4-12月对广州市3所小学和3所中学的7 948名学生及其家长进行问卷调查,收集一般人口学信息及学生近1个月奶及奶制品(包括纯牛奶、酸奶、奶粉、奶酪和其他奶制品)的摄入频次和摄入量.采用x2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型对调查对象的奶及奶制品摄入量及其影响因素进行分析.结果 76.12%的学生奶及奶制品摄入频次<7次/周,78.88%奶及奶制品摄入量不足(<300 g/d),奶及奶制品摄入者每天摄入量的中位数为178.57 g/d.多因素Iogistic回归分析显示,女生、高中生奶及奶制品摄入量不足的风险更高[OR值(OR值95%CI)分别为1.42(1.26~1.60),1.86(1.51~2.28)];而父亲文化程度为大专及以上(OR=0.75,95%CI=0.59~ 0.94)、母亲文化程度为高中及以上(高中:OR=0.75,95%CI=0.61~0.93;大专及以上:OR=0.58,95%CI=0.46~ 0.72)和家庭年收入≥20万元(OR=0.77,95%CI=0.64~0.92)的学生更可能足量摄入奶及奶制品.结论 广州市中小学生奶及奶制品摄入率高,但摄入量明显不足.应加强对学生和家长的营养健康教育,重点关注女生和高年级学生,促进中小学生奶及奶制品的摄入.     

吸烟、危险职业与膀胱癌关系的病例对照研究

目的　探讨吸烟危险职业对我国人群膀胱癌发生作用。方法　应用 110例膀胱癌住院进行了病例对照研究。结果　吸烟者有显著升高的膀胱癌危险度 (OR =2 .13,95 %CI为 1.18— 3.84) ,尤其吸烟年限在 40年以上者 ,其危险度高达 4.10倍。开始吸烟年龄越小危险性越大 ,并随吸烟年限、吸烟量、吸烟深度的增加而增加 ,随戒烟年限的增加而减小 ,呈明显的剂量———反应关系。危险职业暴露者患膀胱癌的危险性增加 (OR =3.5 3) ,开始暴露年龄越早危险性越高 ,并随暴露年限的增加而增加。吸烟与危险职业暴露对膀胱癌的发生有交互作用 ,其相对超额危险度为 4.6 8。结论　吸烟对膀胱癌既是诱癌因素又是促癌因素 ,且吸烟者又暴露于危险职业则发生膀胱癌的危险性将显著增加     

孕前人体质量指数与妊娠高血压综合征的关系

目的 了解孕前人体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)与妊娠高血压综合征(pregnancy-induced hypertension,PIH)发生危险性之间的关系.方法 数据来自"中美预防出生缺陷和残疾合作项目"中嘉兴地区的围产保健监测数据库.研究对象为1995-2000年在嘉兴地区参加婚前或孕前体检且分娩了单胎活产儿的孕满20周的83 159名孕产妇.运用X2检验或X<,趋势>2检验比较不同BMI组或其他特征人群PIH发病率的差别,利用多元logistic回归分析孕前BMI与PIH发生危险性之间的关系.结果 PIH发病率为11.01%(9153/83 159;95%CI:10.79%～11.22%).PIH的发病率自BMI<18.5 kg/m2组的9.08%(1405/15 472;95%CI:8.63%～9.54%),18.5～22.9 kg/m2组的10.82%(6389/59 054;95%CI:10.57%～11.07%),23.0～24.9 kg/m2组的14.63%(943/6444;95%CI:13.78%～15.52%)升至BMI≥25/0 kg/m2组的19.00%(416/2189;95%CI:17.38%～20.71%),差异有统计学意义(X<,趋势>2=261.028,P=0.000).以BMI为18.5～22.9 kg/m2者为参照组,BMI<18.5 kg/m2、23.0～24.9 kg/m2和≥25.0 kg/m2组发生PIH的RR值分别为0.82(95%CI:0.77～0.87)、1.41(95%CI:1.31～1.52)和1.93(95%CI:1.73～2.16).调整地区、年龄、文化程度、职业、产次、产前检查次数和既往高血压病史或家族史后,上述RR值分别为0.85(95%CI:0.80～0.90)、1.37(95%CI:1.27～1.47)和1.88(95%CI:1.68～2.10).结论 PIH的发生危险随孕前BMI的升高而升高.     

男性吸烟状况与颈动脉粥样硬化的剂量一反应关系研究

目的 探讨男性中老年人吸烟状况与颈动脉粥样硬化的剂量-反应关系.方法 从<广州生物库队列研究--心血管疾病亚队列>中随机抽取959名≥50岁相对健康的男性中老年人的个人资料与病史、体格检查(包括检测空腹血糖、血脂和血压)及应用彩色多普勒超声测量颈总动脉中-内膜厚度(IMT)及斑块形成.结果 (1)不吸烟者占39.1%、已戒烟者为25.7%和现在吸烟者为35.2%.受检者的平均颈动脉中-内膜厚度为0.78(95%CI:0.77～0.79)mm.其中18.4%受检者单侧或双侧颈动脉中-内膜厚度≥1.0 mm,34.1%的受检者检出颈动脉斑块.(2)在调整年龄、教育、体力活动、体重指数、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、SBP和DBP等混杂因素后,现在吸烟者较从不吸烟者,颈动脉内膜增厚和斑块形成的危险明显增加(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.30～2.55和OR=1.95,95%CI:1.38～2.75,P值均＜0.001);颈动脉IMT和斑块形成的危险随每日吸烟量(支/日)、吸烟时间(年)和吸烟总量(包·年)的增加而明显增加(趋势检验P值均≤0.01).结论 广州市中老年男性人群中吸烟显著增加颈动脉粥样硬化的危险,且存在明显的剂量-反应关系.     

Total fluid and water consumption and the joint effect of exposure to disinfection by-products on risk of bladder cancer

BACKGROUND: Findings on water and total fluid intake and bladder cancer are inconsistent; this may, in part, be due to different levels of carcinogens in drinking water. High levels of arsenic and chlorinated by-products in drinking water have been associated with elevated bladder cancer risk in most studies. A pooled analysis based on six case-control studies observed a positive association between tap water and bladder cancer but none for nontap fluid intake, suggesting that contaminants in tap water may be responsible for the excess risk. OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between total fluid and water consumption and bladder cancer risk, as well as the interaction between water intake and trihalomethane (THM) exposure, in a large case-control study in Spain. METHODS: A total of 397 bladder cancer cases and 664 matched controls were available for this analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Total fluid intake was associated with a decrease in bladder cancer risk [OR = 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40-0.95 for highest vs. lowest quintile comparison]. A significant inverse association was observed for water intake (for > 1,399 vs. < 400 mL/day, OR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.66; p for trend < 0.0001), but not for other individual beverages. The inverse association between water intake and bladder cancer persisted within each level of THM exposure; we found no statistical interaction (p for interaction = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that water intake is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk, regardless of THM exposure level.     

Reexamination of total fluid intake and bladder cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study Cohort

It has been hypothesized that high fluid intake may reduce contact time between carcinogens and bladder epithelium and consequently reduce carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies examining fluid intake and bladder cancer have been extremely inconsistent, ranging from strong inverse to strong positive associations. The authors reevaluated the association between fluid intake and bladder cancer among 47,909 participants in the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study over a period of 22 years. During follow-up (1986-2008), 823 incident bladder cancer cases were diagnosed. Information on fluid intake was collected by using the food frequency questionnaire at baseline and every 4 years thereafter. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to adjust for risk factors for bladder cancer. Total fluid intake was inversely associated with bladder cancer when the analysis was based on the baseline diet (relative risk = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 0.97), comparing the highest total daily fluid intake quintile (>2,531 mL/day) with the lowest quintile (<1,290 mL/day) (P(trend) = 0.01). However, no association was detected when the analysis was based on recent diet or cumulative updated diet. The updated analysis for total fluid intake and bladder cancer was attenuated compared with the original findings from the first 10-year follow-up period.     

Case-control analysis of dietary folate and risk of bladder cancer

Dietary folate, a water-soluble B vitamin found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, is of particular interest as a chemopreventive agent due to its role in DNA methylation and DNA synthesis and repair. We hypothesized that individuals with low folate intake would be at an increased risk for bladder cancer. Using an ongoing case-control study we assessed dietary folate in 409 incident bladder cancer patients and 451 healthy control subjects. A food-frequency questionnaire was used to estimate naturally occurring food folate (microg/kcal/day), dietary folate equivalents (DFE) from food sources (microg DFE/kcal/day), and DFE from all sources (microg DFE/kcal/day). Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Bladder cancer patients reported a statistically significant lower intake of folate than control subjects for food folate and DFE from food sources (P < 0.001) but not for DFE from all sources (P = 0.061). In the highest quartile of food folate intake there was a 54% reduced risk for bladder cancer (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29-0.73) after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, and total energy intake. Similarly, the highest quartile of intake was associated with a 59% reduced risk for DFE from food sources (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.26-0.65) and a 35% reduced risk for DFE from all sources (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.42-1.00). In the joint-effects analyses using never smokers with high folate intake as the reference group (OR = 1.0), heavy smokers with low food folate intake had a 2.31-fold (95% CI = 1.11-4.82) increased risk, whereas heavy smokers with high folate intake had a reduced OR of 1.31 (95% CI = 0.53-3.26). Although the ORs were not statistically significant, light smokers and high folate intake exhibited a protective effect (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.20-1.94), whereas an increased risk was observed for light smoking and low folate intake (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.57-3.45). These patterns were consistent for the joint effects of smoking and DFE from food sources and DFE from all sources. In summary, high intake of dietary folate was associated with an overall decrease in bladder cancer risk. These data may have important implications for cancer prevention; however, large, hypothesis-driven, population-based clinical trials will be required to confirm these findings.     

Bladder cancer risk in sales workers: Artefact or cause for concern?

BACKGROUND: A large number of epidemiological studies have reported positive associations between bladder cancer and sales occupations. We investigated whether these findings are likely to be due to chance, confounding or publication bias, or may involve causal associations. METHODS: Studies reporting bladder cancer risk-estimates for sales occupations were reviewed. Using meta-analyses we assessed heterogeneity and publication bias, and derived summary estimates. RESULTS: Eighteen publications were identified, reporting 85 risk-estimates for sales-work. Meta-estimates were elevated for men (odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.21) and women (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.11-1.67). The estimate was heterogeneous for men (p(Q-test) <0.01, women: 0.18) and indicated publication bias for women (p(Egger-test) <0.01, men: 0.40). When including only smoking-adjusted estimates reported irrespective of the strength of the association, the summary estimate for generic groups of sales workers was 0.99 (95% CI 0.90-1.08) for men, and 1.18 (95% CI = 0.99-1.39) for women, without statistically significant heterogeneity or publication bias. For women, risk was positively associated with longer duration of sales-employment in three studies. CONCLUSIONS: Publication bias explained most of the reported increased bladder cancer risk, but sales-work still appeared to be associated with a small risk in women. Possible causal factors include lower frequency of urination and reduced fluid intake.     

Alcohol consumption and the risk of gastric cancer

The relationship between alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk was analyzed using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy between 1985 and 1993 on 746 cases of histologically confirmed incident stomach cancer and 2,053 controls in hospital for acute nonneoplastic nondigestive tract diseases. Wine was the most frequently consumed alcoholic beverage, accounting for approximately 90% of all alcohol consumption. Compared with those who never drank wine, the odds ratios (OR) were 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-1.3] for fewer than four drinks per day, 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.7) for four to fewer than six drinks per day, 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.4) for six to fewer than eight drinks per day, and 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-2.0) for eight or more drinks per day. No association was observed with beer or spirits. For total alcohol consumption, 25% of cases and 30% of controls never drank alcohol, and the multivariate OR for those who drank versus those who did not drink was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9-1.4). After allowance for smoking, education, family history of stomach cancer, selected micronutrient intake, and nonalcohol calorie intake, the ORs were 1.1 (95% CI 0.9-1.4) for fewer than six drinks per day, 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-1.4) for six to fewer than eight drinks per day, and 1.3 (95% CI 0.9-1.9) for eight or more drinks per day, and the trend in risk was not significant. No interaction was observed between alcohol drinking and sex, family history, and smoking, but the association with alcohol drinking was appreciably stronger in the elderly and in less-educated individuals. Thus this large data set was able to exclude a strong and consistent association between alcohol (mainly wine) drinking and stomach cancer risk. A nonsignificant association was observed in those who drank very heavily, but the absence of a dose-risk relationship suggests that even such a moderate association may reflect inadequate allowance for covariates or the presence of other risk factors (possibly related to diet and social class) among the heaviest drinkers.     

Soy and isoflavone intake are associated with reduced risk of ovarian cancer in southeast china

To investigate whether intake of soy and isoflavones has an inverse association with ovarian cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Hangzhou, China. Cases were 254 patients with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer. The 652 controls comprised 340 hospital visitors, 261 non-neoplastic hospital outpatients, and 51 women recruited from the community. Habitual dietary intakes including 9 soy foods were measured by face-to-face interview using a validated and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) accounting for age, demographic characteristics, hormonal factors, and total energy intake. Intake of soy and isoflavones was inversely related to the risk of ovarian cancer. Compared with the highest versus the lowest quartile intake, the ORs were 0.50 (95% CI = 0.31-0.82) for total soy foods and 0.51 (95% CI = 0.31-0.85) for isoflavones. Among subgroups of soy foods and isoflavones, the ORs for soybeans, bean curd, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein were 0.35 (95% CI = 0.22-0.58), 0.49 (95% CI = 0.29-0.81), 0.52 (95% CI = 0.31-0.87), 0.50 (95% CI = 0.30-0.84), and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.35-0.97), respectively.     

上海市男性饮酒与死亡关系的前瞻性研究

目的　探讨饮酒与上海市市区中老年男性死亡的关系。方法　自 1986年 1月～ 1989年 9月调查上海市区 4 5～ 6 4岁男性居民 182 4 4人 ,每年上门随访一次 ;用COX比例风险模型计算相对危险度。结果　至 2 0 0 2年度随访结束 ,全队列共随访 2 35 76 2人年 ,人均随访 12 .9年。在此期间共死亡 336 5人 ,其中恶性肿瘤死亡 1381人。在调整年龄、吸烟情况及教育程度后 ,相对于不饮酒者每天饮酒酒精量 <15 g和 15～ 2 9g者总死亡相对危险度 (RR)分别为 0 .80 (95 %CI:0 .72～ 0 .89)和 0 .87(95 %CI :0 .78～ 0 .97) ,每天饮酒酒精量 90 g及以上者RR为 1.2 5 (95 %CI:1.0 4～ 1.5 1)。少量饮酒者缺血性心脏病和慢性阻塞性肺部疾病死亡危险性显著降低。每天饮酒酒精量 70 g及以上者食管癌、结直肠癌、脑血管病死亡危险性显著升高 ,RR分别为 5 .0 8,2 .5 7和 1.5 7,肝硬化死亡危险性在每天饮酒酒精量 30 g及以上者中也显著上升 ,RR为 1.89。 结论　少量饮酒会降低中老年男性总死亡危险性 ,大量饮酒则会增加中老年男性食管癌、结直肠癌、脑血管病及肝硬化的死亡危险性。     

Alcohol drinking and bladder cancer

The relation between alcoholic beverage consumption and bladder cancer risk was investigated using data from a case-control study conducted between 1985 and 1992 in two areas of northern Italy. Cases were 727 patients with incident, histologically confirmed bladder cancer, and controls 1,067 patients admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic, nonurologic, or genital tract diseases. Compared to nondrinkers, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.79 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.58-1.08) for drinkers, and 0.84 (95%CI, 0.58-1.22) for > or =6 drinks/day. The OR was 0.86 (95%CI, 0.60-1.23) for > or =5 wine drinks/day, 0.69 for beer, and 0.85 for spirits. No trend was observed with duration (OR =1.00 for > or =40 years). ORs were consistent across various strata of covariates including age, sex, and smoking habits. Our study, based on a population with high alcohol (mainly wine) intake, found no association between bladder cancer risk and alcohol intake, even at high levels of consumption.     

Relationship between Regular Green Tea Intake and Osteoporosis in Korean Postmenopausal Women: A Nationwide Study

Mixed results have been reported regarding whether habitual tea intake affects bone health. This study investigated the relationship between green tea intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Korean women. We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011 and divided the participants into three groups according to their frequency of green tea intake over the past 12 months. BMD of the lumbar spine, total femur, and femur neck was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of osteoporosis and osteopenia according to green tea consumption were analyzed. Participants who did not consume green tea or consumed less than one cup per day were more likely to have osteopenia of the lumbar spine or femur than those who consumed it once to three times a day (OR 1.81 and 1.85, 95% CI, 1.20–2.71; and 1.23–2.77). Moreover, ORs for osteoporosis were 1.91 (95% CI 1.13–3.23) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.09–3.05) in non-consumers and consumers who drank less than one cup per day, respectively, compared with the reference group. These results support that green tea consumption may have benefits on bone health.     

Tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study

Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that tea may be protective against cancers of the urinary tract. The authors examined the association between usual adult tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study that included 1,452 bladder cancer cases, 406 kidney cancer cases, and 2,434 controls. For bladder cancer, the age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) referent to nonusers of tea were 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) for <1.0 cup/day, 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) for 1.0-2.6 cups/day, and 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) for >2.6 cups/day (cutpoints for users based on the tertile distribution among controls). When more extreme cutpoints were used, persons who consumed >5 cups/day (>90th percentile) had a suggestive decreased risk (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5, 1.0), but there was no evidence of a dose-response relation. In analyses stratified by median total beverage intake (2.6 liters/day), there was an inverse association with tea use among persons who consumed less than the median (OR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.3, 0.8) but no association for persons who consumed at or above the median. In contrast, for kidney cancer, there was no association with tea use. Adjustment for site-specific risk factors did not alter these results. This study offers only minimal support for an inverse association between tea consumption and bladder or kidney cancer risk.