更昔洛韦治疗小儿急性病毒性脑炎临床研究

目的:观察更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎的临床疗效及不良反应。方法:40例病毒性脑炎患儿随机分成治疗组和对照组各20例,治疗组静脉滴注更昔洛韦5～10mg/（kg·d）,对照组静脉滴注利巴韦林10～20mg（kg·d）,疗程均为10d。结果:治疗组临床症状改善及脑脊液中LDH、CK-BB恢复与对照组有显著差异（P<0.05）,两组均未见血WBC明显改变。结论:更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎的临床疗效优于利巴韦林。     

更昔洛韦治疗疱疹性口炎疗效观察

目的:观察更昔洛韦治疗疱疹性口炎临床疗效。方法:78例患儿随机分为治疗组38例,对照组40例,治疗组给予更昔洛韦5mg/(kg·d),对照组予利巴韦林10mg/(kg.·d),疗程均为3~5d。结果:治疗组热退及疱疹消退时间较对照组缩短(P<0.05)。结论:更昔洛韦治疗小儿疱疹性口炎安全有效。     

更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎42例的疗效观察

目的观察更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎的疗效和安全性.方法将病毒性脑炎患儿随机分为更昔洛韦治疗组(42例)及利巴韦林治疗对照组(44例),治疗组给予更昔洛韦5～10 mg·kg-1·d-1,bid,静脉滴注,疗程7～14 d;对照组给予利巴韦林10mg·kg-1·d-1,bid,疗程7～14 d.两组患儿均接受病毒性脑炎的常规治疗.对两组患儿的临床表现及治疗效果进行观察.结果更昔洛韦治疗组的发热消退时间、头痛、呕吐及抽搐症状和意识障碍恢复的时间较利巴韦林治疗组明显缩短(P＜0.05).结论更昔洛韦对小儿病毒性脑炎有明显疗效.     

更昔洛韦治疗成人病毒性脑炎疗效观察

目的观察更昔洛韦治疗成人病毒性脑炎的临床疗效。方法80例病毒性脑炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例,治疗组静脉滴注更昔洛韦10 mg/(kg.d),每12小时1次,对照组静脉滴注阿昔洛韦15 mg/(kg.d),每8小时1次,疗程均为14~21 d。结果治疗组在发热、头痛、呕吐等临床症状缓解时间及住院时间等方面与对照组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论更昔洛韦治疗成人病毒性脑炎的临床疗效优于阿昔洛韦。     

更昔洛韦治疗传染性单核细胞增多症临床疗效分析

目的观察更昔洛韦治疗传染性单核细胞增多症的临床疗效。方法52例患儿随机分为治疗组32例,对照组20例,治疗组给予更昔洛韦5～10mg/(kg·d),对照组给予炎琥宁5～10mg/(kg·d),疗程7d。结果治疗组热退及异型淋巴细胞消失时间均较对照组明显缩短(均P<0.05)。结论更昔洛韦治疗传染性单核细胞增多症安全有效。     

更昔洛韦治疗小儿水痘34例临床观察

目的:探讨更昔洛韦对小儿水痘的临床疗效及安全性。方法:66例水痘患儿随机分为2组,治疗组34例用更昔洛韦注射液5mg/(kg·d),对照组32例用利巴韦林注射液10mg/(kg·d),两组均每日一次静脉滴注,疗程5d,其他治疗方法相同。结果:治疗组热退及结痂时间较对照组缩短(P<0.05),且两组治疗前后周围血白细胞和中性粒细胞比较均无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:更昔洛韦对小儿水痘有显著疗效,而且安全。     

更昔洛韦治疗儿童病毒性脑炎疗效评价

目的?总结更昔洛韦治疗儿童病毒性脑炎的疗效。方法: 例病毒性脑炎患儿随机分成治疗组 26 例和对照组 24 例,治疗组 50给予更昔洛韦治疗,对照组给予利巴韦林治疗,对两组疗效进行回顾性分析。结果:治疗组有效率 92.3% ,对照组 70.8% ,治疗组优于对照组( P < 0.01)。结论:更昔洛韦治疗儿童病毒性脑炎安全有效。     

更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎的临床分析

目的探讨更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性脑炎的临床价值。方法 2005年至2010年在我院儿科治疗病毒性脑炎62例分成治疗组（更昔洛韦组）和对照组（利巴韦林组）,每组各31例,治疗组应用更昔洛韦10mg/kg,静脉滴注,1次/d。对照组应用利巴韦林15mg/kg,1次/d。结果治疗组痊愈20例,好转8例,未愈3例,总有效率90.32%。对照组治愈14例,好转10例,未愈7例,总有效率77.41%。结论更昔洛韦治疗病毒性脑率,有效率明显提高,值得临床推广应用。对照组疗效优于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。     

更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性呼吸道感染65例

目的观察更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性呼吸道感染的疗效。方法对128例小儿病毒性呼吸道感染患者进行随机分组。治疗组65例用更昔洛韦5mg／（kg&#183;d），静脉滴注，1天1次；对照组63例用利巴韦林10mg／（kg&#183;d）。静脉滴注，1天1次，疗程5～7d，观察两者临床疗效。结果治疗后3d、治疗后5d症状改善情况及治愈率，治疗组明显优于对照组。结论更昔洛韦治疗小儿病毒性呼吸道感染安全有效，值得推广。     

更昔洛韦治疗小儿疱疹性咽峡炎的临床观察

目的探讨更昔洛韦对小儿疱疹性咽峡炎的临床效果。方法选用符合诊断标准的疱疹性咽峡炎患儿198例,随机分为2组,更昔洛韦组(治疗组)103例,静脉注射更昔洛韦5 mg/kg。1次/d,疗程5 d。利巴韦林组(对照组)95例,静脉注射利巴韦林10 mg/kg。1次/d,疗程5 d。结果治疗后更昔洛韦组在总有效率、退热时间和疱疹消退时间均较利巴韦林组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论更昔洛韦治疗小儿疱疹性咽峡炎疗效好、起效快、安全、毒副作用小、值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.