蒺藜皂苷对缺氧/复氧诱导大鼠皮层神经元凋亡及细胞内钙变化的作用

目的： 观察蒺藜皂苷(TTLS)对缺氧/复氧诱导的大鼠皮层神经元凋亡及细胞内游离钙离子浓度变化的影响。方法： 原代培养大鼠皮层神经元，建立缺氧/复氧损伤的皮层神经元凋亡模型。比色法测定细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放漏出率；Annexin V-FITC/PI双染，流式细胞仪定量分析细胞凋亡百分率；Fluo-3荧光染色，激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内钙平均荧光值变化。结果： 缺氧3 h复氧12 h可诱导出皮层神经元凋亡，引起细胞内钙离子浓度增高,高于对照组（P<0.01）。蒺藜皂苷(0.025 g/L)能明显降低缺氧/复氧诱导的神经元凋亡，并可降低细胞内钙浓度,与模型组比较有显著差异（P<0.01）。结论： 蒺藜皂苷可降低由缺氧/复氧诱导的皮层神经元的凋亡，减轻细胞损伤，这种作用机制可能与其抑制神经细胞内钙超载有关。     

8-硝基白杨素对人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：观察8-硝基白杨素(8-NOChR)抑制体外培养人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖和诱导凋亡作用。方法：体外培养人宫颈癌Hela细胞系细胞。MTT比色法测定Hela细胞增殖活性。软琼脂培养克隆形成法检测Hela细胞集落形成能力。AO/EB染色荧光显微镜观察Hela细胞凋亡形态学改变。DNA凝胶电泳观察梯形DNA条带。结果：MTT比色测定显示,8-NOChR抑制Hela细胞增殖,呈剂量依赖性。软琼脂培养克隆形成法检测表明,8-NOChR显著抑制Hela细胞集落形成,呈剂量依赖性。AO/EB染色荧光显微镜观察发现,8-NOChR诱导Hela细胞呈现典型凋亡细胞形态特征。8-NOChR（30μmol/L）处理Hela细胞72h,琼脂糖凝胶电泳出现“梯形”DNA条带。结论：8-NOChR具有抑制人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡作用     

第三丁基过氧化氢损伤皮层神经元线粒体并诱导凋亡

目的：探讨第三丁基过氧化氢（t-BHP）诱导大鼠皮层神经元凋亡的可能机制。 方法： 体外培养大鼠皮层神经元，MTT法测定细胞存活率，DNA断裂评价细胞凋亡，流式细胞术测定线粒体跨膜电位（ΔΨm），分光光度计法测定细胞内谷胱甘肽（GSH）浓度，Western blot法测定Bcl-2和Bax蛋白和胞浆细胞色素c以及活化型半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）和多聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶（PARP）水平。 结果： tBHP（25－400 μmol/L）可明显抑制皮层神经元的生长，引起ΔΨm下降和线粒体内细胞色素c向胞浆释放，同时细胞内GSH浓度以及Bcl-2蛋白水平下降，Bax蛋白水平增加，caspase-3和PARP得以激活并最终导致神经细胞凋亡。 结论： tBHP引起的氧化应激可通过损伤线粒体诱导皮层神经元凋亡。     

丹酚酸B保护缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧神经元的作用机制研究

目的： 通过建立大鼠皮层神经元缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧性损伤模型,探讨丹酚酸B保护神经元的作用机制。方法: 将原代培养的大鼠皮层神经元随机分为正常组、缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧组和丹酚酸B治疗组,复制缺糖缺氧3 h后复糖复氧24 h的细胞模型。采用MTT法观察神经元的活性,比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率,流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位（MMP）及细胞凋亡率,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内游离钙水平,以及 Hoechst 33342染色观察细胞核的形态变化。结果: 与缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧组相比,丹酚酸B可提高神经元的活性、存活率以及MMP荧光值（P<0.05,P<0.01）,同时可降低LDH漏出率、细胞内钙荧光强度和凋亡率（P<0.01）;荧光染色显示,丹酚酸B可减轻缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧诱导的细胞核的损伤。结论: 维持MMP和钙稳态可能是丹酚酸B保护缺糖缺氧/复糖复氧处理的神经元的作用机制。     

烟碱拮抗秋水仙碱诱导的乳大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡

目的：探讨烟碱拮抗秋水仙碱诱导乳大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡的作用机制。方法: 培养Sprague-Dawley（SD）乳大鼠大脑皮层神经元，Hoechst33258核荧光染色进行凋亡率计数检测神经元凋亡, Akt（ser473）Western blotting分析试剂盒做激酶分析。结果: 0.1 μmol/L秋水仙碱可降低皮层神经元的存活率，诱导大鼠皮层神经元凋亡。但是，当10 μmol/Ｌ烟碱预孵2 h后再加入0.1 μmol/L秋水仙碱作用24 h, 烟碱可拮抗秋水仙碱的此种凋亡作用,将凋亡率从（62±1）％ 降低到 (38±2) ％,P<0.05。Akt（ser473）磷酸化在0.5 h时开始下降，于6 h时最低，仅为对照组的1/3。且Akt（ser473）磷酸化水平随时间（0.5、1、6、12和18 h）呈钟型性改变,分别是对照组的1.3、3.7、2.4、2.1和1.9倍,P<0.05。结论: 烟碱对大鼠皮质神经元凋亡的拮抗作用可能与其激活Akt有关。     

缺氧对体外培养的鼠胚皮质神经干细胞增殖、分化及凋亡的影响

探讨缺氧对体外培养的鼠胚大脑皮质神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)增殖、分化及凋亡的影响,为NSCs移植治疗缺血缺氧性脑损伤病变提供实验依据。本研究对孕14d(E14)大鼠取鼠胚脑皮质悬浮培养、贴壁诱导分化。取悬浮培养的第三代NSCs分为实验组(10%O2、5%O2)和正常对照组(20%O2),实验组又以缺氧干预的时间不同分为24、72、120h3个组。通过MTT法和BrdU标记法检测缺氧对NSCs增殖的影响,采用caspase-3检测细胞凋亡情况。缺氧培养后再用10%胎牛血清培养基进行诱导分化,用MAP2免疫荧光染色检测缺氧对NSCs向神经元方向分化的影响。结果显示:(1)10%O272h组和5%O272h组均可诱导NSCs增殖,尤以前者最为明显;(2)10%O2120h组和5%O2120h组均可致NSCs凋亡;(3)5%O2组尤以72h组可诱导NSCs向神经元方向分化。本研究结果提示缺氧可影响NSCs的增殖、分化和存活,适度缺氧可诱导离体培养的大鼠脑皮质NSCs增殖,并可向神经元方向分化,而缺氧时间延长可致NSCs凋亡。     

肝细胞生长因子减轻皮质神经元的缺氧/复氧损伤

目的研究肝细胞生长因子(HGF)对缺氧/复氧诱导大鼠皮质神经元凋亡的保护。方法分离培养SD大鼠皮质神经元,经HGF(15、30和60μg/L)预处理后经缺氧/复氧诱导凋亡,用MTT比色法检测细胞存活率;用Hoechst33258染色法和流式细胞仪检测神经元的凋亡;用比色法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和caspase-3活性变化。结果与正常对照组相比,缺氧/复氧组神经元的细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡率和caspase-3活性升高(均P<0.05);而HGF预处理12 h可显著逆转缺氧/复氧所致的细胞存活率降低、凋亡率增加、LDH活性上升、caspase-3活性升高的改变(均P<0.05),且这些效应与HGF剂量正相关。此外,HGF的抗凋亡效应可被PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002阻断。结论HGF减轻缺氧/复氧所诱导的神经元凋亡可能与其激活神经元的PI3K/Akt信号通路、减少caspase-3表达有关。     

“低钾”诱导神经元凋亡过程中ARNT2上调表达的分析

目的：观察“低钾”诱导大鼠神经元凋亡过程中ARNT2的表达变化，探讨ARNT2与神经元凋亡的关系。 方法： 建立“低钾”诱导神经元凋亡模型，应用RT-PCR分析ARNT2在凋亡过程中mRNA的表达变化，Western blotting分析蛋白质的表达变化，间接免疫荧光与激光共聚焦确定亚细胞定位。 结果： “低钾”诱导30 min后大鼠小脑颗粒神经元ARNT2 mRNA表达水平即明显上调，1h后上调表达最明显，并持续至“低钾”诱导后12 h左右，ARNT2蛋白质水平的表达变化与 mRNA水平的表达变化相似，免疫荧光结合激光共聚焦分析显示ARNT2蛋白定位于正常大鼠小脑颗粒神经元细胞核内。 结论： ARNT2分布于正常大鼠小脑颗粒神经元细胞核内，在“低钾”诱导的凋亡过程中ARNT2 mRNA与蛋白均上调表达。     

Rp-cAMP与缺氧神经元Bcl-2表达和细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的探讨培养神经元缺氧后蛋白激酶A(PKA)活性变化及其与神经元缺氧凋亡的关系。方法建立体外培养W istar大鼠胎鼠皮层神经元模型及培养神经元缺氧模型,用不同浓度的PKA抑制剂(Rp-cAMP),在不同的缺氧时相点观察神经元细胞膜和细胞质中PKA的活性、Bc l-2和TUNEL表达的规律。结果随着缺氧时间的延长,培养神经元细胞膜PKA的活性显著增加,Bc l-2表达降低,TUNEL荧光染色阳性率及平均荧光强度显著升高。而应用Rp-cAMP后细胞凋亡情况显著减轻。结论PKA和Bc l-2均参与了缺氧神经元凋亡;PKA抑制剂Rp-cAMP可减轻缺氧神经元凋亡,且该作用与Bc l-2表达降低有关;PKA的激活在缺氧神经元凋亡中起促发作用。     

乙醛脱氢酶2在大鼠心肌缺氧损伤中的抗凋亡作用

目的： 检测大鼠心肌在缺氧条件下发生细胞凋亡的变化，以及乙醛脱氢酶2（ALDH2）在此过程中所起的作用。 方法： 运用缺氧模型，比较大鼠心肌细胞在单独缺氧和经ALDH2特异性抑制剂daidzin预处理24 h后缺氧的凋亡改变，酶活性检测采用乙醛代谢法、凋亡的测定通过用Hoechest 33324、免疫荧光标记用流式细胞仪测定和TUNEL试剂盒检测。 结果： 心肌细胞在daidzin作用下，其酶活性被抑制而细胞无凋亡发生。在daidzin预处理24 h后再经缺氧诱导，比单独缺氧引起的心肌细胞凋亡更为明显：表现为在Hoechest 33324染色中，细胞核溶解和核碎裂(P<0.05)，FACS和TUNEL显示，凋亡细胞明显增加(P<0.05)。 结论： ALDH2酶活性降低可增加心肌细胞对缺氧导致凋亡的易感性，ALDH2对缺氧引起的细胞凋亡有拮抗作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.