原发性高血压患者左心室功能的临床研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者左心室功能的临床研究。方法原发性高血压患者176例,按Ganau法分为4型:正常构型组(A组)46例、向心性重构组(B组)53例、向心性肥厚组(C组)40例、离心性肥厚组(D组)37例;正常对照组35例。超声心动图测量舒张末室间隔厚度(IVS)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPW)及左心室舒张末期内径,二尖瓣血流频谱左心室舒张早期血流峰速(E),舒张晚期血流峰速(A)值比,左心室射血分数(LVEF)及Tei指数。各组血浆脑钠肽(BNP)浓度对比分析。结果正常对照组与高血压各组比较,在年龄、性别均差异无显著性意义,C组、D组收缩压最高,左心房内径最大(P<0.05);B组、D组IVS、LVPW轻度增厚(P<0.05);高血压各组的E/A值均降低(P<0.05),LVEF值只有D组与正常对照组比较差异有显著性意义;各组Tei指数差异有显著性意义;BNP在B组、C组、D组差异有显著性意义。结论Tei指数,BNP共同评价原发性高血压患者不同左心室构型的心功能情况,对原发性高血压的治疗效果和预后有临床应用价值。     

Pioglitazone improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, which are common cardiac consequences of hypertension, are modified by insulin resistance. The present study assessed the hypothesis that primary treatment of insulin resistance may reverse such cardiac changes in hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with essential hypertension were enrolled in this study. In echocardiographic examinations, LV mass index, the peak velocity ratio of early diastolic to atrial filling (E/A), and the E-wave deceleration time (DcT) were determined. Insulin sensitivity test with steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) method, oral glucose tolerance test, and blood samplings for measurement of adiponectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 were also performed. Six months after treatment with pioglitazone (30 mg/day), an insulin sensitizer, these examinations were repeated. RESULTS: Pioglitazone significantly increased E/A and decreased DcT, without a change in LV mass index. These improvements in diastolic properties were much greater in subjects with a marked (>or==3.3 mmol/L) decrease in SSPG (n=11) than the others (n=19), although the decrease in glucose levels did not differ between the two groups. In addition, the changes in E/A and DcT were closely correlated with the decrease in SSPG. Pioglitazone treatment significantly elevated plasma adiponectin and MMP-2 levels, and the increase in MMP-2 was positively correlated with the increase in adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings demonstrate that pioglitazone improves LV diastolic function without LV mass regression in hypertensive patients in proportion to the amelioration of insulin resistance. These findings suggest that increased adiponectin and MMP may be involved in the beneficial effect of pioglitazone on diastolic function.     

The effects of simvastatin on left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular function in patients with essential hypertension

This study is to evaluate the effects of Simvastatin on left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular function in patients with essential hypertension. Untreated or noncompliance with drug treatment patients with simple essential hypertension were treated with a therapy on the basis of using Telmisartan to decrease blood pressure (BP). There were 237 patients who had essential hypertension combined with left ventricular hypertrophy as diagnosed by echocardiography, taken after their BPs were decreased to meet the values of the standard normal. Among them, there were only 41 out of the original 237 patients, 17.3%, who had simple essential hypertension combined with left ventricular hypertrophy without any other co-existing disease. They were the patients selected for this study. All patients were randomly, indiscriminately divided into two groups: one was the control group (Group T), treated with the Telmisartan-based monotherapy; the other was the target group (Group TS), treated with the Telmisartan-based plus simvastatin therapy. The changes of left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular function were rediagnosed by echocardiography after 1 year. The results we obtained from this study were as follows: (i) The average BPs at the beginning of the study, of simple essential hypertension combined with left ventricular hypertrophy, were high levels (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 189.21 ± 19.91 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 101.40 ± 16.92 mm Hg). (ii) The Telmisartan-based plus simvastatin therapy was significantly effective in lowering the SBP (128.26 ± 9.33 mm Hg vs. 139.22 ± 16.34 mm Hg). (iii) After the 1-year treatment, the parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy in both groups were improved. Compared to group T, there were no differences in the characteristics of the subjects, including interventricular septum, left ventricular mass, left ventricular mass index, ejection fraction, left atrium inner diameter at baseline. The patients' interventricular septum (Group TS 10.30 ± 1.80 mm vs. Group T 10.99 ± 1.68 mm, P < .05), LVM (Group TS 177.43 ± 65.40 g vs. Group T 181.28 ± 65.09 g, P < .05), and LVMI (Group TS 100.97 ± 37.33 g/m(2) vs. Group T 106.54 ± 27.95 g/m(2), P < .05), all dropped more prominently (P < .05) in group TS; the ejection fraction rose more remarkably in group TS (Group TS: 57.50 ± 16.41% to 65.43 ± 11.60%, P < .01 while showing no change in Group T); the left ventricular hypertrophy reversed more significantly and the left ventricular systolic function improved more. (iv) The left atrium inner diameter of Group TS decreased (P < .01), the ratio of E/A, which indicates the left ventricular diastolic function, continued to drop further, showing no change to the trend of left ventricular diastolic function declination. Patients who have hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy usually suffer other accompanying diseases at the same time. Telmisartan-based plus Simvastatin treatment can significantly reduce SBP, reverse left ventricular hypertrophy, improve the left ventricular systolic function, but it has no effect on reversing the left ventricular diastolic function. This experiment indicated that Simvastatin can reverse left ventricular hypertrophy and improve left systolic function.     

培哚普利治疗高血压患者左室舒张功能的疗效

目的:观察培哚普利对原发性高血压(EH)患者左心室舒张功能的影响。方法:采用自身对照开放试验方法,观察50例EH患者培哚普利治疗6月后,左心室舒张内径(LVDd)、舒张期室间隔厚度(IVST)、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室重量指数(LVMI)、二尖瓣口E峰、A峰、A/E比值的变化。结果:50例EH患者治疗6个月后,IVST、LVPWT、LVMI明显下降(P<0.05),A峰、A/E比值亦明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:培哚普利在降压的同时,不但能逆转左心室肥厚,并且能有效改善左心室舒张功能。     

高血压病对左室功能的影响

目的:探讨高血压病患者心脏左室功能的改变。 方法:应用超声心动图及组织多普勒显像(DTI)检测74例高血压病患者及94例正常对照者左室收缩及舒张功能。 结果:高血压病组左室质量指数、跨二尖瓣血流频谱速度A及E/A比值和DTI频谱速度s、a及e/a比值较正常组有显著差异(P<0.05),但左室射血分数(LVEF)、跨二尖瓣血流频谱速度E和DTI频谱速度e在高血压病组及正常组间无显著差异(P>0.05);DTI的收缩期峰速度与LVEF和舒张期峰速度比值e/a与E/A在两组间均呈显著相关(P<0.05)。 结论:高血压痛患者收缩期峰速度s及舒张晚期峰速度a增加,提示左室收缩功能增强,左室僵硬度增加,左房辅助泵功能增强;DTI能早期、敏感地发现高血压病患者收缩及舒张功能的改变。     

原发性高血压左心室心肌重量指数与心肌收缩功能的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压左心室心肌重量指数与心肌收缩功能的关系。方法 以M型超声心动图对75例不同左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)的原发性高血压患者和47例正常人的左心室心肌收缩功能与收缩末期室壁应力(ESS)的关系进行观察。结果 正常人左心室短轴缩短率(FS)与收缩末期室壁应力(ESS)呈负相关(r=-0.74,P<0.001)。LVMI轻度增加时,收缩功能正常,FS与ESS亦呈负相关(r=-0.71,P<0.001),其回归直线斜率(S)较正常人无明显变化。LVMI明显增加时,收缩功能受损,FS与ESS相关不良(r=-0.25,P<0.05),S明显变小。结论LVMI轻度增加时,心肌收缩功能是后负荷依赖性的;LVMI明显增加时,存在与后负荷无关的左心室心肌收缩功能不全。     

Predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension

The purpose of this study was to assess clinical variables which might be predictive of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in mildly hypertensive patients. Eighteen patients (mean age 51) were studied following four weeks of hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy. Variables assessed included age, duration of hypertension, body surface area, serum cholesterol, alcohol consumption, smoking, maximum systolic and mean blood pressures, and variability of blood pressure determined from hourly measurements taken 12 hours after hydrochlorothiazide dosing. Using stepwise multiple linear regression (with left ventricular mass index analyzed as a continuous variable), the variability of blood pressure was predictive of an elevated left ventricular mass index (p less than 0.0003, r2 = 0.61). The duration of hypertension added significantly to the variability in predicting an elevated left ventricular mass index (p less than 0.004, multiple r = 0.74). In conclusion, echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy was significantly related to the variability of blood pressure recorded hourly for 12 h after subjects received 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide.     

高血压病对左室功能的影响

目的探讨高血压病患者心脏左室功能的改变. 方法应用超声心动图及组织多普勒显像(DTI)检测74例高血压病患者及94例正常对照者左室收缩及舒张功能. 结果高血压病组左室质量指数、跨二尖瓣血流频谱速度A及E/A比值和DTI频谱速度s、a及e/a比值较正常组有显著差异(P＜0.05),但左室射血分数(LVEF)、跨二尖瓣血流频谱速度E和DTI频谱速度e在高血压病组及正常组间无显著差异(P＞0.05);DTI的收缩期峰速度与LVEF和舒张期峰速度比值e/a与E/A在两组间均呈显著相关(P＜0.05). 结论高血压病患者收缩期峰速度s及舒张晚期峰速度a增加,提示左室收缩功能增强,左室僵硬度增加,左房辅助泵功能增强;DTI能早期、敏感地发现高血压病患者收缩及舒张功能的改变.     

缬沙坦对原发性高血压左心室肥厚及舒张功能的影响

目的 评价缬沙坦对高血压患者左心室肥厚及左心室舒张功能的影响。方法 选原发性高血压并左心室肥厚患者48例,随机分为缬沙坦治疗组和硝苯地平缓释片治疗组（对照组）,治疗6个月,控制收缩期血压低于或等于140 mm Hg（1mm Hg=0.133kPa）,舒张期血压低于或等于95 mm Hg。于治疗前、治疗3个月、6个月作体格检查、血生化及心脏超声检查,记录心率、收缩压、舒张压、左心室舒张末期内径、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室射血分数、舒张早期和晚期最大速度比值（E/A比值）,计算左心室重量指数。结果 调整用药后两组患者血压均达目标值;治疗3个月后两组病人左心室重量指数和E／A即显示差异,但缺乏统计学意义;治疗6个月后缬沙坦治疗组的左心室重量指数和E／A比值较对照组改善明显,而两组治疗前后左心室射血分数均无明显变化。结论 相对于硝苯地平缓释片,缬沙坦对于原发性高血压患者的左心室肥厚和左心室舒张功能有更明显的改善,这种受益是独立于其降压作用之外的。     

Left ventricular circumferential function in patients with essential hypertension

The aim of the study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic circumferential myocardial function using tissue Doppler imaging in patients with essential hypertension. One hundred and two patients and 33 healthy age-matched controls were studied. Each patient underwent echocardiographic study with analysis of tissue velocity curves, which included mean peak systolic (Sm), early (Em) and late diastolic velocity (Am) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRTm). These parameters were expressed as means from the six basal segments of left ventricle reflecting its longitudinal function (L). The same indices estimated in mid-anteroseptal (C-AS) and mid-posterior (C-P) segments in parasternal short-axis view served as a measure of LV circumferential function. Higher value of C-AS-Sm and a similar trend in C-P-Sm suggest increased LV circumferential systolic function in hypertensive patients, whereas lower values of C-AS-Em, C-P-Em, C-AS-Em/Am and C-P-Em/Am indicate impaired LV circumferential diastolic function. Decreased L-Sm as well as decreased L-Em and L-Em/Am reflects LV longitudinal systolic and diastolic dysfunction, respectively. By univariate analysis, positive correlations were demonstrated between C-AS-Sm and LV mass index (LVMI) (r=0.61, P<0.001), interventricular septum thickness (IVS) (r=0.55, P<0.001) and LV posterior wall thickness (PW) (r=0.43, P<0.01) and negative ones between L-Sm and LVMI (r=-0.51, P<0.001) and PW (r=-0.36, P<0.04). By stepwise multivariate regression analysis, LVMI, IVS and age independently predicted C-AS-Sm and LVMI predicted L-Sm. Our study demonstrated in hypertensive patients increased LV circumferential systolic and decreased diastolic function. The former may be a compensatory response to the impairment in LV longitudinal systolic performance.     

Relation of insulin resistance and left ventricular function and structure in non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension

OBJECTIVE: Both left ventricular hypertrophy and insulin resistance (IR) have often been demonstrated in patients with essential hypertension (EH). Insulin may exert a direct growth-promoting effect on cardiomyocytes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between left ventricular structure, function and IR in patients with EH. METHODS: We enrolled 73 patients (21 men, mean age 51.7 +/- 9.2 years) with untreated hypertension (BP > 140 and/or 90 mm Hg, fasting glycaemia < 110 mg/dl) and 64 healthy subjects without diabetes mellitus and hypertension (21 men, mean age 48.9 +/- 10.6 years) constituted the control group. In all subjects, transthoracic echocardiography was performed and blood samples were taken. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was calculated by the formula: HOMA-index = fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) * immunoreactive insulin (microU/ml)/405 for the assessment of IR. Hypertensive patients were divided in two groups by mean HOMA index values. Each subject was examined for LV end-diastolic diameter, septal and posterior wall thickness, LV mass index (LVMI), fractional shortening (FS), mitral inflow velocity pattern, atrial filling fraction (AFF), left ventricular outflow velocity pattern and the total ejection isovolume index (TEI index). RESULTS: The HOMA index (p < 0.001), LVMI (p < 0.001), AFF (p < 0.0001), peak A velocity (p < 0.028), septal (p < 0.0001) and posterior (p < 0.0001) wall thickness were significantly higher and FS (p < 0.001), E/A ratio (p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in hypertensive patients than healthy controls. LVMI (p < 0.01) and septal wall thickness (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in those hypertensive patients with a higher HOMA index. The HOMA-index was univariately related to the TEI index (r = 0.27, p = 0.01) and septal wall thickness (IVS) (r = 0.29, p = 0.01) by Pearson correlation analysis in hypertensive patients. LVMI, FS and mitral inflow velocity pattern were not related to the HOMA index. The TEI index (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.0001) and IVS (R2 = 0.12, p = 0.002) were significantly related to the HOMA-index as an independent variable by stepwise regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that hypertensive patients had both abnormal cardiac structure and function and higher IR index. In our study group, the effect of hypertension on cardiac structure and function was correlated with IR. Our results suggested that IR might be an important factor causing left ventricular dysfunction and wall thickness in non-diabetic patients with EH.     

内源性类洋地黄物质对高血压病患者左室舒张功能的影响

测定 2 0例正常人和 2 0例高血压病患者的心尖搏动图指数、血清内源性类洋地黄物质 （EDL S）浓度、红细胞膜 Na+ - K+ - ATP酶 （钠泵 ）活性及红细胞内钾、钠、钙总量。结果显示 ,与正常人比较 ,高血压病患者的房缩波与E- O垂直高度比值 （A/E- O）明显增高 ,等容舒张期 （IRT）明显延长 ,血清 EDL S浓度明显升高 ,红细胞膜钠泵活性下降 ,红细胞内钠、钙含量升高、钾含量下降 ,且血清 EDL S浓度与 A/E- O,IRT呈显著正相关。提示 EDL S可能参与高血压病患者左室舒张功能异常的形成 ,其机制可能与 EDL S抑制心肌细胞膜钠泵活性并导致细胞内 Ca2 +含量升高有关     

Effects of atenolol on left ventricular hypertrophy and early left ventricular function in essential hypertension

Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy indicate clinical benefits of antihypertensive therapy. Therefore, M-mode and Doppler techniques were used to assess changes in LV hypertrophy after 10, 30 and 50 weeks of atenolol therapy (50 or 100 mg once daily) in 19 patients with essential hypertension. After 50 weeks of atenolol treatment, the most notable changes were: for M-mode parameters, increases (p less than 0.05) in diastolic LV internal dimension, radius to thickness ratio and stroke volume, and decreases (p less than 0.01) in total wall thickness and heart rate; for Doppler parameters, increases (p less than 0.01) in slope and peripheral resistance, and decreases (p less than 0.01) in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. The decreased total wall thickness and increased radius to thickness ratio suggest a trend toward regression of LV hypertrophy. These findings, along with improvements in blood pressure, pulse and exercise stress tests, indicate potential benefits of atenolol in managing patients with essential hypertension and LV hypertrophy.     

老年高血压患者中心动脉压与动脉粥样硬化及左心室功能的关系

目的 探讨老年高血压患者中心动脉压与动脉硬化及左心功能的关系. 方法 155例老年高血压患者,分为60～79岁组71例.80～95岁组84例.分别应用脉搏波分析仪计算中心动脉压及反射波增强指数;用全自动动脉硬化测量仪测定动脉硬化相关指标:臂踝脉搏波传导速度、踝臂指数、趾臂指数;用多普勒超声心动仪测定左心功能相关指标:舒张末期室间隔厚度、舒张末期左心室内径、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度、左心室相对厚度、左心室质量指数、二尖瓣前叶EF斜率、左心室射血分数、短轴缩短率. 结果 80～95岁组收缩压、脉压、中心动脉压、反射波增强指数、臂踝脉搏波传导速度均高于60～79岁组(P<0.05),踝臂指数、趾臂指数均低于60～79岁组(P<0.01).80～95岁组舒张末期室间隔厚度、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度、左心室相对厚度,左心室质量指数均高于60～79岁组(P<0.05),二尖瓣前叶EF斜率显著低于60～79岁组(P<0.05),舒张末期左心室内径、左心室射血分数、短轴缩短率两组阃差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).经年龄、性别、体质指数、血糖、血脂、血尿酸、血肌酐调整后,中心动脉压与反射波增强指数、臂踝脉搏波传导速度呈正相关(r值分别为0.505和0.284,P<0.01);与踝臂指数、趾臂指数无相关性(P>0.05).中心动脉压与左心室肥厚及心功能指标舒张末期室间隔厚度、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度、左心室相对厚度、左心室质量指数亦呈正相关(P<0.05),而与二尖瓣前叶EF斜率呈负相关(P<0.01),与左心室射血分数、短轴缩短率、舒张末期左心室内径无相关性(P>0.05). 结论 随年龄的增长,老年高血压患者中心动脉压升高,动脉硬化程度加重,并伴随左心室肥厚及舒张功能下降.中心动脉压可用于早期动脉硬化的诊断和筛查.     

氯沙坦对原发性高血压患者左室结构和功能及升主动脉弹性的影响

目的 :应用超声心动图评价血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体拮抗剂氯沙坦对原发性高血压 (EH)患者左室结构和功能及升主动脉弹性的影响。方法 :分别于氯沙坦服用前和服用 3个月后 ,对 2 6例轻至中度EH患者进行超声心动图检查。结果 :服用氯沙坦 3个月后 ,血压从 (14 8± 13) / (95± 9) (1mmHg =0 .133kPa)下降到 (138±12 ) / (88± 8)mmHg (均 P <0 .0 1) ;升主动脉弹性显著增加 ,显示为Ep指数从 (44 .2± 5 7.9)下降到 (19.9±14 .9)N/cm2 (P 0 .0 5 )和 β指数从2 7.4± 32 .9下降到 13.3± 9.9(P 0 .0 5 )。氯沙坦治疗后Ep指数和 β指数百分变化率与舒张压百分变化率之间存在显著相关性 (Ep指数 ,r =0 .4 0 ,P <0 .0 5 ;β指数 ,r =0 .5 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;E/A比值 (1.2 0± 0 .32 )明显高于服用前 (1.0 7± 0 .31,P <0 .0 1) ,E峰减速时间从 (185± 32 )下降到 (16 4± 2 9)ms(P <0 .0 1) ;左室重量从 (2 2 0± 5 3)减低为 (194± 5 3)g(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :氯沙坦的降压作用与左室舒张功能的改善和升主动脉弹性增加有关 ,并且氯沙坦具有消退左室肥厚的作用     

老年高血压病人左室肥厚与左室舒张功能的关系

目的：研究老年高血压病人左室肥厚与左室舒张功能各参数的关系,探讨在老年人左室肥厚对左室舒张功能的影响。方法：用彩色多普勒超声心动图测量101例老年高血压病人左心室结构及舒张功能参数。结果：101例高血压病人中,左室肥厚组（48例）的左房内径指数（LADI）、等容舒张时间（IVRT）、舒张期二尖瓣E波减速时间（EDT）显著大于左室正常组（53例,P〈0．05～〈0．01）．多元逐步回归分析发现,左室质量指数（LVMI）与左房射血分数（LAEF）、LADI、IVRT和EDT有明显的相关关系（r分别为0．213,0．251．0．450．0．338．P〈0．05～0．001）结论：老年高血压病人的左室增厚可进一步降低左室舒张功能。