护生一般自我效能感与自尊及人际容纳的相关性研究

目的了解护生的一般自我效能感、自尊和人际容纳的水平及其相互关系,为针对性开展职业教育提供依据。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、自尊量表、容纳他人及被他人容纳量表对288名本、专科护生进行调查。结果护生的一般自我效能感总分为(24.11±5.42)分,男生得分高于女生(P<0.05),本科护生得分高于专科护生(P<0.05)。护生自尊总分为(30.15±4.20)分,与一般自我效能感呈正相关(P<0.01);人际容纳总分为(72.68±9.75)分,其中容纳他人得分为(55.80±8.35)分,被他人容纳得分为(16.88±3.05)分,三者均与一般自我效能感呈正相关(均P<0.01)。结论护生的一般自我效能感除受性别、学历层次等客观因素影响外,自尊、人际容纳的水平都会对其产生影响。护理教师应加强对护生自尊与人际容纳的培养,以增强其一般自我效能感。     

太原市三甲医院临床护士主观幸福感与自我概念的相关性研究

目的探讨三甲综合性医院临床护士总体幸福感与自我概念之间的相关性。方法采用总体主观幸福感量表(GWB)和田纳西自我概念量表(TSCS)对太原市2所三甲综合性医院193名临床护士进行随机抽样调查。结果三甲综合性医院临床护士主观幸福感评分为(106.33±13.49)分,自我概念总分为(252.59±20.01)分,两者呈显著正相关(P<0.01);自我概念是临床护士主观幸福感的主要预测因素(P<0.01)。结论自我概念是影响临床护士主观幸福感的重要因素,可以通过增强临床护士的自我概念而提高临床护士的主观幸福感,进而促进临床护士的身心健康,利于提高临床护理工作质量。     

产褥期妇女自我效能感对其母乳喂养行为的影响

目的 调查初产妇产褥期母乳喂养行为与自我效能感状况,探讨自我效能感对其母乳喂养行为的影响.方法 采用问卷调查法,对首次产后复查的73例初产妇进行母乳喂养行为与自我效能调查.结果 73例初产妇中全母乳喂养率为52.1%;自我效能感平均得分为(27.82±5.75)分,处于中等水平;全母乳喂养者的自我效能感总分及其3个条目评分显著高于混合喂养者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 初产妇产褥期全母乳喂养率偏低,自我效能感高者更容易坚持全母乳喂养,应采取相应的健康教育提高初产妇的自我效能感,从而促进其母乳喂养行为.     

NICU早产儿母亲疾病不确定感与社会支持的相关性研究

目的了解NICU早产儿母亲疾病不确定感、社会支持状况及其相关性,为临床干预提供依据。方法运用疾病不确定感父母量表(PPUS-FM)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对180例NICU早产儿母亲进行调查。结果早产儿母亲疾病不确定感总分(98.71±11.50)分,社会支持总分(38.95±6.68)分,疾病不确定感总分、不可预测性、不明确性及复杂性与社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度呈负相关(均P0.01)。结论 NICU早产儿母亲疾病不确定感与社会支持水平相关;临床护理人员在护理早产儿的同时,应该重视其母亲的心理需求,帮助她们寻求来自家庭和社会的可利用资源,以降低其疾病不确定感,促进身心健康。     

高危孕妇产后育儿胜任感现状及影响因素研究

目的调查高危孕妇产后育儿胜任感、一般自我效能感的现状及其相关性,为提高高危孕妇育儿胜任感提供参考。方法采用方便抽样法抽取378例高危孕妇,于其分娩后6～8周在产科门诊复查时采用中文版产后育儿胜任感量表和一般自我效能感量表进行调查。结果高危孕妇产后育儿胜任感、一般自我效能感得分分别为63.77±8.05、25.46±5.31,二者呈正相关(r=0.512,P0.01);多元线性回归结果显示年龄、有无母婴分离经历、自我效能感水平和责任护士工作能力为高危孕妇育儿胜任感的主要影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论高危孕妇育儿胜任感为中等水平,护理人员应采取积极有效的措施提升孕妇的自我效能感,尤其关注低龄高危初产妇,增加产前孕妇课堂学习和多形式的产后随访,从而提高其育儿胜任感,帮助其更好地胜任母亲角色。     

儿童医院护士护理研究自我效能与组织支持感的相关性

目的探讨儿童医院护士护理研究自我效能与组织支持感的现状,分析二者的相关性,为儿童医院护士科研管理方案的优化提供参考。方法采用一般资料调查表、护理研究自我效能量表及组织支持感量表对1所儿童医院护士491人进行问卷调査。结果护士护理研究自我效能总均分为(2.50±0.97)分,组织支持感总均分为(3.17±0.94)分;护理科研自我效能总分及各维度得分与组织支持感呈正相关(均P0.01)。结论儿童医院护士护理研究自我效能有待提高,组织支持感尚不足,其护理研究自我效能与组织支持感相关。医院和护理管理者应重视组织支持的作用,以提高护士护理研究自我效能。     

老年前列腺增生症患者主观幸福感与自我护理能力及社会支持的相关性

目的 了解老年前列腺增生症(BPH)患者主观幸福感与自我护理能力、社会支持的相关性,为实施针对性措施提高其幸福感提供依据.方法 采用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表(MUNSH)、自我护理能力问卷、社会支持量表对157例老年BPH患者进行调查.结果 患者MUNSH得分(18.62±11.24)分;不同自我护理能力、社会支持患者...     

急诊科护士正念自我照护分型及影响因素分析

目的 调查急诊科护士正念自我照护现状,分析急诊科护士正念自我照护分型及影响因素。方法 便利选取425名急诊科护士为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、中文版简短正念自我照护量表、一般自我效能感量表和领悟社会支持量表进行调查。结果 急诊科护士正念自我照护总分为(77.17±13.91)分,可分为消极正念自我照护型(8.9%)、中等正念自我照护型(44.9%)和积极正念自我照护型(46.1%)3个潜在剖面,其影响因素包括健康自评、领悟社会支持、自我效能感(均P<0.05)。结论 急诊科护士正念自我照护整体处于中等水平,分为3个类别。护理管理者应重点关注消极正念自我照护型护士,制定基于环境和个人的针对性干预策略,加强急诊科护士的正念自我照护实践,从而帮助护士更好地应对高压的工作环境。     

产妇分娩体验与产后抑郁的相关性研究

目的 了解产妇分娩体验及产后抑郁状况,并分析二者之间的相关性.方法 对产后42 d常规检查的282例产妇采用中文版分娩体验量表和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表进行调查.结果 产妇分娩体验总分(2.73±0.44)分,自我能力维度(2.70±0.61)分、参与感维度(2.62±0.58)分、专业支持维度(3.00±0.58)分、自我感知维度(2.47±0.58)分.产妇抑郁得分(7.39±4.21)分,有产后抑郁症状者31例(10.99％).分娩体验与产后抑郁呈负相关(P＜0.01),自我能力和自我感知维度与产后抑郁得分呈负相关(均P＜0.01).结论 产妇分娩体验水平还有待改善,高水平的分娩体验能够降低产妇发生产后抑郁风险,特别需注意加强产妇自我能力和自我感知方面的体验.     

孤独症患儿父母心理一致感现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解孤独症患儿父母心理一致感现状及其影响因素,为实施针对性心理干预提供参考。方法 选取286名孤独症患儿的父母作为研究对象,采用心理一致感量表、儿童孤独症评定量表、一般自我效能感量表和社会支持评定量表进行调查。结果 孤独症患儿父母心理一致感得分（59.91±11.04）分、自我效能感（23.56±4.61）分、社会支持总分（38.40±8.31）分。多元线性回归分析显示,疾病严重程度、与患儿关系、家庭人均月收入、自我效能感、社会支持总分是孤独症患儿父母心理一致感的主要影响因素（均P<0.05）,可解释总变异的51.4%。结论 孤独症患儿父母的心理一致感处于低水平,并受多因素的影响。临床医护人员应多关注患儿母亲、家庭人均月收入较低和孤独症疾病严重程度较高的患儿父母,采取措施提高其自我效能感和社会支持水平,从而提高心理一致感。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.