乳腺癌患者术后早期上肢淋巴水肿的发生率及影响因素分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者术后上肢淋巴水肿发生率、淋巴水肿分期以及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2019年9月1日至2019年12月31日期间128例接受腋窝淋巴结清扫术的乳腺癌患者资料。患者均为女性,年龄29～81岁（平均49.0±6.8岁）。术后6个月、12个月、24个月及36个月时随访,采用诺曼问卷和臂围测量,从主观和客观两个角度评估乳腺癌患者术后上肢淋巴水肿情况及淋巴水肿治疗情况。采用Logistic二元回归模型分析乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的影响因素。结果 乳腺癌术后6个月、12个月、24个月和36个月的上肢淋巴水肿比例分别为9.4%(12/128)、25.0%(32/128)、23.4%(30/128)、23.4%(30/128),诺曼问卷得出的结果为12.5%、26.6%、25.0%、25.0%。128例患者中,最终30例诊断为乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿,其中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期淋巴水肿的发生比例分别为15.6%、6.3%和1.6%。体重指数（BMI）、放疗、淋巴结阳性数目及手术方式在淋巴水肿及对照组中存在差异。乳腺癌术后的CDT治疗及淋巴外科手术均对淋巴水肿有积极的治疗效果。结论 乳腺癌术...     

乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿发病风险的研究进展

介绍乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的危险因素,对Cox回归模型、列线图模型、Logistic回归模型3种发病风险预测模型进行综述,并总结乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿的预防措施,旨在为医护人员早期识别乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿患者及采取有效预防措施提供参考。     

Norman电话问卷用于乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿判断效果的检测

目的检测Norman电话问卷对乳腺癌患者术后淋巴水肿的判断效果。方法采用方便抽样方法选取乳腺癌行腋窝淋巴清扫术患者82例,应用Norman电话问卷进行调查,采用连续上臂周径测量法作为淋巴水肿的判断标准,检验Norman电话问卷的判断效果。结果 Norman电话问卷的重测信度为0.75;以上臂周径测量法为标准,Norman电话问卷的灵敏度为0.56,特异度为0.61,准确度为0.66。在重复测量中,再次电话问卷测量与臂围测量优于首次测量。结论电话问卷可用于乳腺癌术后患者淋巴水肿的初步筛查,方法简便可行,但判定效果弱于原始量表。加强患者淋巴水肿症状和测量方面的健康教育,增加多种淋巴水肿症状的测评,可能有利于优化Norman电话问卷的判定准确性。     

乳腺癌术后患者上肢周径与淋巴水肿相关症状关系的研究

目的了解乳腺癌术后患者双上肢周径及淋巴水肿相关症状发生情况,并分析两者之间的关系。方法对154例乳腺癌术后患者,采用上臂连续周径测量法确定患者双上肢周径;采用乳腺癌淋巴水肿症状体验指数评估患者淋巴水肿相关症状情况。结果19例(12.3%)双上肢周径差2cm,99例(64.3%)双上肢周径差1cm,36例(23.4%)双上肢周径差1~2cm。不同双上肢周径差患者淋巴水肿症状个数、症状严重程度、症状困扰及症状体验总分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);双上肢周径差越大,症状个数、症状严重程度、症状困扰总分及症状体验总分显著增加(P0.05,P0.01)。腋窝淋巴结清扫术患者双上肢周径差大于前哨淋巴结活检术患者(P0.01)。结论较大比例的乳腺癌术后患者存在淋巴水肿相关症状。通过症状评估可筛查出早期的隐匿水肿患者,需尽早为其提供干预措施预防或延缓淋巴水肿的发生。     

护士对患者报告结局态度的研究进展

综述国内外护士对患者报告结局在护理领域应用与发展的态度,用于测量态度的评估工具,影响因素和相关干预措施,分析目前护士对患者报告结局的态度和看法,为护士更好地运用患者报告结局,促进患者报告结局发展提供参考依据。     

乳腺癌改良根治术后上肢淋巴水肿与腋窝淋巴结阳性率的相关性分析

目的探讨分析乳腺癌改良根治术后上肢淋巴水肿与腋窝淋巴结阳性率的相关性。 方法对2014年11月至2016年11月进行改良根治术治疗的112例乳腺癌患者进行回顾性研究,依据周径测量法对患者淋巴水肿状况进行测量,将未出现水肿患者作为对照组,出现水肿患者列入水肿组,应用SPSS18.0进行分析,对两组患者上肢淋巴水肿与腋窝淋巴结阳性率进行Logistic单因素与多因素分析,两组患者术后上肢淋巴水肿症状对比采用χ²检验,P<0.05差异有统计学意义。 结果经单因素分析结果显示,患者体质指数、淋巴结转移、术后并发症、瘤体大小、放射治疗与上肢淋巴水肿、腋窝淋巴结阳性率有关(P<0.05);经多因素分析上肢淋巴水肿的独立危险因素为：体质指数、年龄、放射治疗(P<0.05);通过对比,水肿组上肢肿胀感与沉重感发生率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论导致乳腺癌患者术后出现上肢淋巴水肿的独立危险因素诸多,应当对出现的危险因素给予高度重视,采取相应措施来降低上肢淋巴水肿的发生率。     

乳腺癌相关上肢淋巴水肿诊疗现状

随着乳腺癌诊断治疗水平的革新和生存率的提高,乳腺癌相关上肢淋巴水肿作为影响患者长期生活质量的首位并发症,受到越来越多的关注和重视。由于国内外仍缺乏共识,目前关于乳腺癌相关上肢淋巴水肿的诊治仍然是个挑战。本文针对乳腺癌术后相关上肢淋巴水肿的诊断与治疗做一综述。     

乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿危险因素的临床观察

目的：调查乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿患者的发生情况,分析其危险因素,为临床工作提供参考。方法回顾分析本院近10年接受乳腺癌根治术并行淋巴清扫的患者513例,通过多因素相关分析,探讨年龄、体重指数、肿瘤大小、淋巴结病理分期、临床分期、前哨淋巴结情况、腋窝淋巴结清扫数量、腋窝淋巴结清扫范围、放疗与否、化疗与否、术后愈合情况及并发症等因素与淋巴水肿的发生关系。结果513例患者中发生淋巴水肿102例,其中轻度水肿占51.96%（53例）,中度水肿占40.20%（41例）,重度水肿占7.84%（8例）;通过Logistic多因素逐步回归分析对所收集的12个可能相关因素进行研究,笔者发现年龄、体重指数、放疗与否、腋窝淋巴结清扫范围和术后愈合情况及并发症等5因素与淋巴水肿的发生密切相关（P＜0.05）。结论乳腺癌根治并淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌术后患者发生上肢淋巴水肿的危险因素主要有：年龄、体重指数、放疗、腋窝淋巴结清扫范围、术后愈合情况及并发症。     

胸大肌肌瓣转移术预防乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿的临床研究

目的 探讨胸大肌肌瓣转移术对乳腺癌改良根治术后患侧上肢淋巴水肿的预防效果。方法 自2013年9月至2014年6月,将68例乳腺癌患者分成2组,35例行乳腺癌改良根治术+胸大肌肌瓣转移术(干预组),33例单纯行乳腺癌改良根治术(对照组),术后随访观察,分别在术后2周、1个月、3个月、6个月和9个月测量双侧臂围,判断有无上肢淋巴水肿的发生及程度。结果 随访结果表明,干预组和对照组相比,术后患侧上肢淋巴水肿发生率明显减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 乳腺癌改良根治术后行胸大肌肌瓣转移术,可显著减少乳腺癌术后患侧上肢淋巴水肿的发生率,提高患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估与管理指南的质量评价与内容分析

目的对乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估与管理的相关指南进行质量评价和内容分析,为我国本土化乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估与管理指南的制定提供参考。方法计算机检索国内外指南网站、相关专业协会网站及中英文数据库,搜集乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估与管理相关指南。采用AGREEⅡ评价纳入指南的质量,并对各指南推荐意见进行汇总分析。结果最终纳入4部指南,2部A级,2部B级。推荐意见涉及评估、治疗与健康指导3个方面。结论纳入的指南质量较高,纳入的指南涵盖了较为全面的乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估方法,对我国临床实践有一定的指导意义,但治疗方法不全,可进一步补充中医护理等方面内容,开发本土化乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿评估与管理指南。     

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Assessment: Clinical Practice Guidelines

With improved breast cancer survivorship, lymphedema of the arm is a growing concern for many patients following treatment. Diagnosis and management of breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is often delayed due to low sensitivity diagnostic techniques and a failure to incorporate BCRL assessments into standard clinical practice. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is an increasingly utilized diagnostic technique that allows for the subclinical detection of BCRL, prior to clinically evident disease. We provide a summary of the data supporting the early detection and treatment of BCRL, a comparison of BCRL diagnostic modalities and data supporting the utilization of BIS. Finally, clinical practice guidelines will be provided to allow for the incorporation of BIS into the standard management of breast cancer patients prior to and following locoregional and systemic therapy. These clinical practice guidelines offer clinicians a method to introduce bioimpedance into routine breast cancer care. With increasing focus on BCRL, such protocols will allow for prospective evaluation of patients and early diagnosis and treatment.     

The efficacy of complex decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) and predictive factors of lymphedema severity and response to CDP in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL)

BCRL is the most common morbidity in women with breast cancer. We performed a retrospective analysis of 107 BCRL patients to identify the efficacy of CDP and the predictors of lymphedema severity and response to CDP. The patients received 12 sessions of CDP, the duration of lymphedema was 22.4 months, and 56% of BCRL occurred within 2 years after surgery. Lymphedema severity, baseline and post-CDP percentage of excess volume (PEV), was 27.7% and 14.9%. The baseline PEV was correlated with the duration of lymphedema. The CDP efficacy, percentage reduction of excess volume (PREV), was 50.5%, and was correlated with PEV, duration of lymphedema and age. Baseline lymphedema severity was the most important predictive factor for CDP efficacy. The breast cancer therapy characteristics did not affect PEV or PREV. This study showed the effectiveness of an intensive CDP interventions. The key to predicting successful lymphedema treatment is the baseline PEV.     

American Society of Breast Surgeons’ Practice Patterns for Patients at Risk and Affected by Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema

Annals of Surgical Oncology - In 2017, the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) published expert panel recommendations for patients at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) and...     

Reducing chronic breast cancer‐related lymphedema utilizing a program of prospective surveillance with bioimpedance spectroscopy

This single‐institution experience evaluated the use of bioimpedance spectroscopy to facilitate early detection and treatment of breast cancer‐related lymphedema (BCRL) in a cohort of 596 patients (79.6% high risk). Seventy‐three patients (12%) developed an elevated L‐Dex score with axillary lymph node dissection (P < .001), taxane chemotherapy (P = .008), and regional nodal irradiation (P < .001) associated. At last follow‐up, only 18 patients (3%) had unresolved clinically significant BCRL requiring complete decongestive physiotherapy. This rate of BCRL is lower than reported in contemporary studies, supporting recent NCCN guidelines promoting prospective screening, education and intervention for BCRL.     

The Effect of Providing Information about Lymphedema on the Cognitive and Symptom Outcomes of Breast Cancer Survivors

Background  

Despite recent advances in breast cancer treatment, breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) continues to be a significant problem for many survivors. Some BCRL risk factors may be largely unavoidable, such as mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), or radiation therapy. Potentially avoidable risk factors unrelated to breast cancer treatment include minor upper extremity infections, injury or trauma to the arm, overuse of the limb, and air travel. This study investigates how providing information about BCRL affects the cognitive and symptomatic outcome of breast cancer survivors.     

Effects of weight reduction on the breast cancer-related lymphedema: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundObesity has long been considered a risk factor for breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL), but the benefits of weight reduction in managing BCRL have not been clearly established.ObjectiveTo evaluate the beneficial effects of weight loss interventions (WLIs) on the reduction and prevention of BCRL.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from their earliest record to October 1st, 2019. We included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials involving adult patients with a history of breast cancer, that compared WLI groups with no-WLI groups, and provided quantitative measurements of lymphedema.ResultsInitial literature search yielded 461 nonduplicate records. After exclusion based on title, abstract, and full-text review, four randomized controlled trials involving 460 participants were included for quantitative analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed a significant between-group mean difference (MD) regarding the volume of affected arm (MD = 244.7 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 145.3–344.0) and volume of unaffected arm (MD = 234.5 mL, 95% CI: 146.9–322.1). However, a nonsignificant between-group MD of −0.07% (95% CI: 1.22–1.08) was observed regarding the interlimb volume difference at the end of the WLIs.ConclusionsIn patients with BCRL, WLIs are associated with decreased volume of the affected and unaffected arms but not with decreased severity of BCRL measured by interlimb difference in arm volume.     

Five-Year Breast Surgeon Experience in LYMPHA at Time of ALND for Treatment of Clinical T1–4N1–3M0 Breast Cancer

Annals of Surgical Oncology - Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a source of postoperative morbidity for breast cancer survivors. Lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach...     

Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the association between nodal positivity and risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The pathophysiology of BCRL is poorly understood. It has been assumed that one of the factors predisposing to the development of BCRL is nodal positivity, although retrospective series have produced contradictory findings. As these studies have included treatment regimens known to cause BCRL, such as axillary radiotherapy, any relationship between nodal positivity and the development of BCRL remains speculative. METHODS: A total of 212 patients who had undergone ALND for invasive breast cancer had arm volume measurements preoperatively, and at intervals postoperatively. No patient received axillary radiotherapy. Arm volumes were obtained by measuring serial arm circumferences every 4 cm up the arm and then calculated by using the formula for the volume of a truncated cone. Robust regression techniques were used to analyze the effects of node positivity, age, preoperative body mass index, and wound infection on arm volume excess. RESULTS: In all, 64 of 212 (30%) patients were node positive. Contrary to previous assumptions, positive node status was significantly inversely associated with arm volume after adjusting for tumor size, time since operation, and allowing for correlated observations within subjects. Furthermore, the number of positive nodes also correlated inversely with arm volume. CONCLUSION: These results are counterintuitive to the conventional understanding of the pathophysiology of BCRL. A possible explanation is that patients who develop disease in axillary lymph nodes and subsequently undergo ALND have more time and ability to develop lymphatic collaterals, which may provide adequate lymphatic drainage following surgery, thereby reducing the risk of developing BCRL.     

A Randomized Trial Evaluating Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Versus Tape Measurement for the Prevention of Lymphedema Following Treatment for Breast Cancer: Interim Analysis

Background

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a major source of morbidity among breast cancer survivors. Increasing data support early detection of subclinical BCRL followed by early intervention. A randomized controlled trial is being conducted comparing lymphedema progression rates using volume measurements calculated from the circumference using a tape measure (TM) or bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS).

Methods

Patients were enrolled and randomized to either TM or BIS surveillance. Patients requiring early intervention were prescribed a compression sleeve and gauntlet for 4 weeks and then re-evaluated. The primary endpoint of the trial was the rate of progression to clinical lymphedema requiring complex decongestive physiotherapy (CDP), with progression defined as a TM volume change in the at-risk arm ≥ 10% above the presurgical baseline. This prespecified interim analysis was performed when at least 500 trial participants had ≥ 12 months of follow-up.

Results

A total of 508 patients were included in this analysis, with 109 (21.9%) patients triggering prethreshold interventions. Compared with TM, BIS had a lower rate of trigger (15.8% vs. 28.5%, p < 0.001) and longer times to trigger (9.5 vs. 2.8 months, p = 0.002). Twelve triggering patients progressed to CDP (10 in the TM group [14.7%] and 2 in the BIS group [4.9%]), representing a 67% relative reduction and a 9.8% absolute reduction (p = 0.130).

Conclusions

Interim results demonstrated that post-treatment surveillance with BIS reduced the absolute rates of progression of BCRL requiring CDP by approximately 10%, a clinically meaningful improvement. These results support the concept of post-treatment surveillance with BIS to detect subclinical BCRL and initiate early intervention.

     

Calorie restriction and synbiotics effect on quality of life and edema reduction in breast cancer-related lymphedema,a clinical trial

BackgroundLittle evidence exists regarding the clinical value of synbiotics in the management of post-treatment complications of breast cancer especially breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of synbiotic supplementation along with calorie restriction on quality of life and edema volume in patients with BCRL.MethodsThis randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted on 135 overweight and obese women with BCRL aged 18–65 years old. Participants were randomly allocated to receive a calorie-restricted diet plus 10⁹ CFU synbiotic supplement (CRS group; n = 45) or placebo (CRP group; n = 45), daily for 10 weeks. Also, a control group (n = 45) with no intervention was included in the trial. All of the participants received Complete Decongestive Therapy for lymphedema treatment. The quality of life score, edema volume and body mass index (BMI) were measured at baseline and end of the trial.ResultsA total of 121 subjects completed the trial. CRS group showed a significant decrease in the total quality of life score (P = 0.004), and it’s psychosocial (P = 0.022) and functional (P = 0.002) domain scores, as well as edema volume (P = 0.002) and BMI (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control. However, there were no significant differences in changes in trial outcomes between the CRS and CRP groups.ConclusionSynbiotic supplementation along with a low-calorie diet was effective in quality of life, edema volume, and BMI improvement; mostly due to low-calorie diet. It seems that adding a dietitian consultation on the lymphedema management strategy may provide a better result in lymphedema control.