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Molecular Imaging and Biology - The applications of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography/X-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) in the management of patients with breast cancer...  相似文献   

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Due to their remarkable selectivity and specificity for cancer biomarkers, immunoconjugates have emerged as extremely promising vectors for the delivery of diagnostic radioisotopes and fluorophores to malignant tissues. Paradoxically, however, these tools for precision medicine are synthesized in a remarkably imprecise way. Indeed, the vast majority of immunoconjugates are created via the random conjugation of bifunctional probes (e.g., DOTA-NCS) to amino acids within the antibody (e.g., lysines). Yet antibodies have multiple copies of these residues throughout their macromolecular structure, making control over the location of the conjugation reaction impossible. This lack of site specificity can lead to the formation of poorly defined, heterogeneous immunoconjugates with suboptimal in vivo behavior. Over the past decade, interest in the synthesis and development of site-specifically labeled immunoconjugates—both antibody-drug conjugates as well as constructs for in vivo imaging—has increased dramatically, and a number of reports have suggested that these better defined, more homogeneous constructs exhibit improved performance in vivo compared to their randomly modified cousins. In this two-part review, we seek to provide an overview of the various methods that have been developed to create site-specifically modified immunoconjugates for positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and fluorescence imaging. We will begin with an introduction to the structure of antibodies and antibody fragments. This is followed by the core of the work: sections detailing the four different approaches to site-specific modification strategies based on cysteine residues, glycans, peptide tags, and unnatural amino acids. These discussions will be divided into two installments: cysteine residues and glycans will be detailed in Part 1 of the review, while peptide tags and unnatural amino acids will be addressed in Part 2. Ultimately, we sincerely hope that this review fosters interest and enthusiasm for site-specific immunoconjugates within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging communities.  相似文献   

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Magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and optical imaging have emerged as key tools to understand brain function and neurological disorders in preclinical mouse models. They offer the unique advantage of monitoring individual structural and functional changes over time. What remained unsolved until recently was to generate whole-brain microscopy data which can be correlated to the 3D in vivo neuroimaging data. Conventional histological sections are inappropriate especially for neuronal tracing or the unbiased screening for molecular targets through the whole brain. As part of the European Society for Molecular Imaging (ESMI) meeting 2016 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, we addressed this issue in the Molecular Neuroimaging study group meeting. Presentations covered new brain clearing methods, light sheet microscopes for large samples, and automatic registration of microscopy to in vivo imaging data. In this article, we summarize the discussion; give an overview of the novel techniques; and discuss the practical needs, benefits, and limitations.  相似文献   

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Purpose  To demonstrate the presence of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) by using 13N-ammonia–positron emission tomography (PET). PET can identify ED by quantifying myocardial blood flow (MBF) during rest, cold pressor test (CPT), and pharmacologic stress. The endothelial-dependent vasodilation index (EDVI), myocardial flow reserve (MFR), and the percentage of the change between rest and CPT (%ΔMBF) are markers of endothelial function. Procedures  Thirty-nine subjects were studied (19 women and 20 men); 22 recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and 17 healthy controls (HC). A three-phase 13N-ammonia–PET was performed. Results  Mean EDVI was 1.208 ± 0.34 vs. 1.55 ± 0.37 (diabetic vs. HC group, respectively) (p = 0.002), MFR was 2.803 ± 1.39 vs. 3.27 ± 0.72 (p = NS), and the %ΔMBF was 20 ± 34% vs. 55 ± 37% (p = 0.002). Rest MBF and CPT MBF were normalized to the rate pressure product (RPP). EDVI′ and %ΔMBF′ were calculated using the corrected values for the RPP. Mean EDVI′ was (0.864 ± 0.250 vs. 1.110 ± 0.238, p = 0.004) and mean %ΔMBF′ was (−8.2 ± 14.7% vs. 4.5 ± 12.1%, p = 0.005). Conclusions  Asymptomatic, recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients present ED that can be quantified by 13N-ammonia–PET.  相似文献   

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