左下肢静脉功能不全患者左髂总静脉受压程度与压迫类型及血栓形成的关系

目的探讨左下肢静脉功能不全患者左髂总静脉受压程度、压迫类型及血栓形成之间的关系。方法对258例左下肢静脉功能不全患者行下肢CTV检查,观察左髂总静脉受压程度、压迫类型、有无左髂静脉血栓,并分析其间的关系。结果 258例中,84例存在左髂静脉血栓;左髂总静脉受压程度为(54.12±32.73)%;压迫类型为高位型5例,交界型241例,低位型12例。左髂总静脉受压程度50%与≥50%患者之间,压迫类型差异有统计学意义(P0.05);有无左髂总静脉血栓患者之间,左髂总静脉受压程度差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论左下肢静脉功能不全患者左髂总静脉压迫类型以交界型为主,受压程度≥50%可促进血栓形成。     

腔内综合治疗髂股静脉血栓形成

目的:探讨腔内治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月―2015年1月64例行腔内综合治疗的急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者临床资料。结果:患者经下腔静脉滤器保护下置管溶栓术治疗后,新鲜血栓均得到有效溶解,无严重溶栓并发症发生;13例(13/64)患者发现髂静脉狭窄严重,下肢肿胀缓解不明显,同期行球囊扩张,其中5例(5/64)二期造影发现侧支血管代偿不佳、髂静脉狭窄50%,行二期支架植入。经腔内综合治疗,患者的双下肢膝上15 cm周径差较术前明显缩小(3.87 cm vs.7.56 cm,P0.05);随访期间无再发下肢肿胀、髂股静脉狭窄及支架内血栓形成,无下肢色素沉着及溃疡形成,无肺动脉栓塞及死亡病例。结论:腔内综合治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成安全、有效,对清除血栓、解除狭窄实现管腔再通效果良好。     

经皮机械性血栓清除术治疗急性髂股静脉血栓

目的观察经皮机械性血栓清除术(PMT)治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的有效性和安全性。方法对21例急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者置入下腔静脉滤器,之后应用Aspirex导管行PMT,并造影评估血栓清除效果,发现血栓残留时行经导管接触性溶栓治疗;如清除血栓发现髂静脉严重狭窄或闭塞,则行球囊扩张及支架植入术。最后取出下腔静脉滤器。观察治疗并发症、血栓清除效果及症状改善情况。术后1、3、6个月随访评估静脉通畅情况,并以Villalta评分判断血栓后综合征发生与否及其等级。结果 21例均顺利完成PMT。8例血栓完全清除;13例血栓部分清除,经置管溶栓后残留血栓均获清除。13例因左髂静脉重度狭窄或闭塞而接受球囊扩张及支架植入术。治疗后21例静脉血流均恢复,下肢肿胀、疼痛症状均缓解,无手术相关严重并发症及死亡。术后随访未见血栓复发,髂静脉支架均通畅;1例术后6个月Villalta评分5分,为轻度血栓后综合征。结论 PMT治疗急性髂股静脉血栓安全有效。     

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目的 了解左髂总静脉与下腔静脉分叉处的解剖结构特点，探讨髂静脉受压综合征形成的解剖基础。方法 2001～2002年，观察并测量：100例成人左髂总静脉与右髂总动脉及腰骶椎的位置关系，下腔静脉合成平面及左髂总静脉内粘连结构的形成，以及左髂总静脉受压处的管径变化。结果 左髂总静脉汇入下腔静脉的角度大于右侧。右髂总动脉及向前突出的腰骶椎共同对左髂总静脉产生压迫，左髂总静脉受压处的前后径缩小，有静脉内粘连结构者横径缩窄。反之横径增宽，静脉内粘连结构的发生率为25％。结论 髂静脉受压综合征的解剖基础在于右髂总动脉和腰骶椎对左髂总静脉的共同压迫和静脉内粘连结构的形成，引起了左髂总静脉受压处管径变化，静脉内粘连结构时静脉管径的影响明显。     

慢性髂静脉狭窄继发深静脉血栓动物模型的构建及影像学变化特点

目的为髂静脉狭窄继发深静脉血栓形成的发病机制研究以及实验性器具研发提供良好的动物模型。方法将12只波尔山羊编号后采用随机目数表法分为A、B、C 3组(每组4只), 建立50%、70%、90%髂静脉狭窄模型。采用球囊阻断髂静脉、注射凝血酶诱导血栓形成。血栓形成后采用机械血栓清除系统(AngioJet)清除血栓, 并通过数字减影血管造影(DSA)及光学相干断层扫描(OCT)观察静脉管腔及内膜变化, 多组数据之间采用单因素方差分析, 两组数据之间采用独立样本t检验。结果 A组和B组山羊凝血酶诱导技术成功率均为100%(8/8), 所有山羊经凝血酶诱导后均发生髂静脉血栓形成。C组1只山羊出现髂静脉闭塞, 另2只山羊单独用凝血酶诱导血栓失败, 辅助球囊损伤内膜后成功诱导血栓形成。A、B两组取栓后管腔通畅、显影良好, 术后髂静脉内膜较术前增厚(t=-9.21, P<0.01)。结论本研究结果显示在50%～70%的慢性髂静脉狭窄中, 采用球囊阻断联合凝血酶注射具有更高的建模成功率。     

左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞在左髂静脉受压综合征治疗上的地位和意义.方法 经股静脉行左髂总静脉病变介入治疗316例,189例二期行左大隐静脉高位结扎、抽剥术,82例加做左股静脉瓣膜缩窄术.随访231例,时间6～120个月(平均52个月),均做彩超检查,116例静脉顺行造影.结果 球囊扩张成功305例,髂静脉内置支架272例,无死亡和肺动脉栓塞.随访结果,98.5%的患者静脉曲张消失,93.7%肿胀消失或明显缓解,74%溃疡愈合,术后三年彩超检查见5.34%的患者支架内血栓或狭窄,造影见5.4%的患者支架内血栓阻塞.结论 左髂静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗远期效果良好.     

介入治疗左髂静脉压迫综合征体会

目的总结介入治疗左髂静脉压迫综合征的体会。方法经股静脉行左髂总静脉病变介入治疗60例,40例Ⅱ期行左大隐静脉高位结扎抽剥术。术后随访均行彩超检查。结果扩张成功55例。内置支架50例,出院时所有患者疗效良好。术后随访6¹2个月,35例曲张静脉消失,26例肿胀消失或明显缓解,5例溃疡自行愈合。有2例行静脉造影或彩超检查见支架内血栓阻塞。结论左髂静脉压迫综合征的介入治疗效果肯定。     

深静脉瓣膜重建治疗髂静脉狭窄合并重度深静脉反流73例疗效分析

目的 探讨行仅纠正静脉反流而不处理髂静脉狭窄的手术治疗深静脉功能不全（DVI）合并左髂静脉狭窄（LIVS）的可行性和疗效。 方法 2007年1月至2014年6月,中国人民解放军第210医院经下肢静脉造影及彩超检查诊断为左髂静脉狭窄并伴有重度深静脉反流73例。其中男14例,女59例;年龄37～62岁,平均49.7岁。全部C4~C6的DVI病人实施腘静脉瓣膜重建并处理大小隐静脉和交通静脉;手术前后观察深静脉血流动力学的改变、左髂静脉血栓的发生以及静脉疾病临床严重度评分（VCSS）来评价效果。 结果 顺行静脉造影发现73例LIVS,其中60例（82.1％）髂静脉狭窄率为50.6％～58.7％,13例（17.9％）狭窄率为60.1％～65.6％。所有病人深静脉造影均为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级反流。手术前血管彩超检测腘静脉平均每分反流量为（812.63±57.42） mL,术后（165.61±10.25） mL（t = 12.17,P＜0.01）。VCSS评分术前（7.98±1.35）,术后（1.47±0.68） （t =54.62,P＜0.01）。病人术后平均随访58个月,未发现髂静脉狭窄处血栓形成,肢体疼痛及肿胀消失,溃疡愈合率96.2％,复发率为3.8％。 结论 对非血栓性LIVS合并DVI采用深静脉瓣膜重建及浅静脉和交通静脉手术,不需处理LIVS（＞50％～65％）的方法可行有效。     

左髂股静脉陈旧性血栓的综合介入治疗

目的探讨综合介入治疗在左髂股静脉陈旧性血栓中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析13例左髂股静脉陈旧性血栓患者采用综合介入治疗的临床资料。结果13例均获介入治疗成功，随访6～18个月，症状明显缓解9例，部分缓解4例；6例下肢溃疡经1-5个月愈合。无出血、穿刺处血肿、肺栓塞等并发症的发生。结论综合介入技术是治疗左髂股静脉陈旧性血栓的一种简便、安全、微创、有效的方法，值得临床应用和推广。     

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最初系统阐述髂静脉压迫综合征的是 30多年前的Ｃｏｃｋｅｔｔ和ＬｅａＴｈｏｍａｓ[1] 。他们通过静脉造影和手术探查的方法对患有髂股静脉血栓和严重血栓后遗症的病人进行研究 ,发现在右髂总动脉跨越左髂总静脉的部位 ,静脉腔内容易血栓形成 ,并且已形成的血栓难以再管化复通 ,从而引起下肢和盆腔的静脉回流障碍 ,产生一系列临床症状和体征 ,因此又称为Ｃｏｃｋｅｔｔ综合征。髂静脉压迫不仅造成静脉回流障碍和下肢静脉高压 ,成为下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全和浅静脉曲张的原因之一 ,而且可继发髂股静脉血栓形成 ,也是静脉血栓好发于左下肢的潜…     

髂静脉受压综合症对非血栓性慢性下肢静脉功能不全的影响

目的 观察髂静脉受压综合症对非血栓性慢性下肢静脉功能不全(CVI)发病的影响.方法 分析2002年1月至2006年3月下肢顺行静脉造影数据库,记录髂静脉受压综合症在非血栓性下肢CVI中的发生率、静脉造影特征及其主要的治疗方式.结果 1594例CVI下肢顺行静脉造影中136例诊断为髂静脉受压综合症,占左下肢非血栓性CVI的17%(136/817).下肢顺行静脉造影诊断髂静脉受压综合症的特异性较高.39例髂静脉受压综合症患者经髂静脉血管成形、支架植入术,并同时行浅静脉手术取得了较好的临床效果.结论 髂静脉受压综合症是导致左下肢CVI的重要原因之一,在治疗左下肢CVI时,应重视左髂静脉压迫的处理.     

Deep vein thrombosis of the common iliac vein caused by neurogenic heterotopic ossification in the anterior lower lumbar spine of a patient with complete paraplegia due to radiation-induced myelopathy

Context: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a frequent complication of spinal cord injury, is occasionally caused by neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO). In most cases of NHO, the hip joint is affected. Herein, we present a case of paraplegia following radiation-induced myelopathy that presented with left leg swelling due to DVT in the common iliac vein (CIV) caused by venous compression by NHO on the anterior lower lumbar spine.Findings: A 28-year-old man with complete paraplegia due to radiation-induced myelopathy presented with left lower extremity swelling 6 years after the onset of paraplegia. DVT in the left CIV was observed on computed tomography venography. The left CIV was significantly compressed between the NHO at the anterior longitudinal ligament of the lumbar spine and the right common iliac artery, suggestive of May-Thurner syndrome. Slightly distal to that compressed area, the left CIV was significantly compressed by the large NHO at the anterior longitudinal ligament of the lumbar spine.Conclusions: We believe that such compression of the left CIV would have contributed to the development of DVT. This case shows that DVT might be caused by NHO at the anterior aspect of the lumbar vertebral body, and this may help clinicians identify the main cause of DVT in the leg.     

Cockett综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨Cockett综合征(CS)的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年8月至2011年10月收治的25例CS的病例资料。结果左髂总静脉压迫24例,其中23例合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT),1例为左下肢深静脉血流减慢;右髂外静脉压迫1例,为下肢深静脉血流减慢。合并DVT患者,首先行下腔静脉滤器置入术、左股静脉切开取栓术,后行髂总静脉经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA),根据PTA术后造影结果决定是否行支架置入术;未合并DVT患者,经股静脉穿刺行髂静脉PTA术和支架置入术。手术成功率100%。22例术后恢复良好,3例患者出院时肢体轻度肿胀。18例获得随访,随访时间1个月至5年(平均26个月),3例出现活动后下肢肿胀,余15例下肢无肿胀,无静脉曲张;随访患者均行彩超检查,2例髂静脉闭塞,16例髂静脉通畅,通畅率为88.9%。结论介入治疗CS可获得满意疗效。     

Re-evaluation of iliac compression syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute deep venous thromboses

BACKGROUND: The majority of proximal deep venous thromboses (DVTs) are thought to have propagated as a contiguous column from the calf veins. However, several authors have proposed that ileofemoral DVT commonly originates in the left common iliac vein (LCIV) at a site of compression by the overlying right common iliac artery (RCIA/LCIV compression). This mechanism could explain both the left-sided predominance of ileofemoral DVT and the finding that ileofemoral DVT frequently occurs either in the absence of calf vein thrombosis (isolated ileofemoral DVT) or is not contiguous with calf vein thrombosis (noncontiguous ileofemoral DVT). This mechanism remains unconfirmed. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to detect RCIA/LCIV compression using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging in thrombosed and patent iliac veins, to determine whether RCIA/LCIV compression occurs more frequently in cases of left ileofemoral DVT than other types of DVT, and to determine if RCIA/LCIV compression is specifically associated with left isolated and noncontiguous ileofemoral DVT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study conducted at the 1355-bed University Hospital included 18 patients with ileofemoral DVT, 23 with femoropopliteal DVT, 15 with isolated calf DVT recruited consecutively, and 28 control patients in whom DVT had been excluded. Interventions included magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI), venous enhanced peak arterial magnetic resonance venography (VESPA) and magnetic resonance arteriography (MRA) within 48 hours of routine conventional venography (CV). RCIA/LCIV compression of patent LCIVs was assessed using VESPA and MRA; RCIA/LCIV compression of thrombosed LCIVs was assessed using MRDTI and MRA. The extent of calf and popliteal thrombosis was detected using CV; the extent of femoral and iliac thrombosis was detected using VESPA and MRDTI. RESULTS: RCIA/LCIV compression was more commonly detected in cases of left ileofemoral DVT (9/16 cases) than in cases of left femoropopliteal DVT (1/11 cases; P = .018), right femoropopliteal DVT (2/12 cases; P = .054), left isolated calf DVT (1/9 cases; P = .037), right isolated calf DVT (0/6 cases; P = .046) and control patients (4/28 cases; P = .006). RCIA/LCIV compression was more commonly detected in cases of left isolated ileofemoral DVT (6/6 cases; P = .005), and cases of left noncontiguous ileofemoral DVT (2/2 cases; P = .067) than in cases in which thrombosis was contiguous from the calf to the iliac veins (1/8 cases). CONCLUSION: RCIA/LCIV compression was strongly associated with left ileofemoral DVT and was specifically associated with cases that involve independent ileofemoral thrombosis.     

The anatomy of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis, treatment, and long-term sequelae of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) depend on the anatomic location and extent of the process, yet a lack of such fundamental knowledge has limited the development of effective protocols for managing patients with DVT. METHODS: Venograms with evidence of acute DVT were evaluated, and the extent of the thrombotic process was recorded and correlated with the clinical presentation. Thrombi were classified according to the venous segments involved and to the thrombus' isolation to one segment or multiple segments. The left-to-right ratio of the DVT was assessed for various etiologic subgroups. RESULTS: Among 2762 venograms performed in 2541 patients over a 10-year period, there were 885 cases (34.8%) of DVT documented. Of these cases, 344 cases (39%) were idiopathic, 307 cases (35%) were postoperative, 84 cases (10%) occurred in the setting of malignancy, and 70 cases (8%) occurred as the result of trauma. Distal thrombi were more common than proximal thrombi, with calf involvement in 734 patients (83%), femoropopliteal involvement in 470 patients (53%), and iliac involvement in 75 patients (9%). The most common site of thrombus was the peroneal vein, which was involved in 595 patients (67%). The ratio of left-to-right-sided DVT was 1.32:1 overall but was greater for proximal thrombi, with a ratio of 2.4:1 for iliac DVT versus 1.3:1 for infrainguinal DVT. The preponderance of left-sided DVT appeared to be related to the high-frequency, left common iliac vein involvement; the left-to-right ratio was much closer to equality (1.09:1) for isolated infrainguinal DVT. The anatomic configuration of the DVT was correlated with the etiologic subgroup; postoperative DVTs were more often distal, whereas DVT developing in the setting of malignancy was more frequently proximal and often right sided. Proximal, left-sided DVTs were common in the idiopathic subgroup, presumably as a result of undiagnosed left iliac vein webs. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of distal vein involvement greatly exceeds that of proximal involvement in patients with DVTs. Proximal DVTs are more frequently left sided, whereas distal DVTs occur with a more equal left-to-right distribution. The anatomic extent of DVTs appears to depend on the etiology of the process. These observations may shed light on the pathophysiology of venous thrombosis. The findings are of value in planning therapeutic interventions directed at venous recanalization.     

介入联合手术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨急性下肢深静脉血栓形成介入联合手术治疗方法.方法 2002年1月至2004年12月对42例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,首先经健侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器,再切开患侧股静脉,远端血栓以挤压法驱出,近端髂静脉内血栓以Fogarty导管取出,球囊扩张左髂静脉狭窄,最后做临时性股动静脉瘘,术后3个月结扎.结果 40例治疗成功,37例髂静脉狭窄,7例放置支架;随访34例,3～32个月.26例患肢肿胀消失,8例有不同程度的下肢肿胀,4例复发,随访时血管造影20例,14例血管形态良好,3例呈血栓后综合征表现,3例血管闭塞.结论 本方法创伤小,恢复快,疗效好,多数患者能耐受.     

下肢深静脉取栓术后并发症的处理

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)手术取栓的并发症及处理。方法对143例DVT行Fogarty导管取栓术,并附加大隐静脉置管区域抗凝溶栓;如合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞同时给予处理。结果术后DVT总复发率12·6%(18/143),未行区域性溶栓、抗凝者复发率为29·8%(14/47),反之复发率为4·2%(4/96)(P<0·01),合并Cockett综合征者复发率为18·9%(14/74),而无Cockett综合征者复发率为5·8%(4/69)(P<0·01),切口淋巴瘘发生率2·8%(4/143),肺栓塞0·7%(1/143),下腔静脉滤器血栓形成0·7%(1/143),大出血0·7%(1/143),切口感染0·7%(1/143)。围手术期死亡率2·1%(3/143)。结论积极处理髂静脉病变、区域抗凝溶栓可降低DVT复发率;取栓术应列为DVT的首选治疗方法。     

髂静脉受压综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合性腔内治疗

目的：探讨综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：选取2004年10月—2012年10月,315例髂静脉压迫综合征合并急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,左侧277例,右侧38例。均行局麻下患侧股静脉穿刺,并在导丝引导下,采用12~14 F鞘管机械性血栓抽吸或配合Fogarty球囊取栓,对髂静脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管成形术或支架植入,术后根据血栓清除情况,行抗凝或置管溶栓治疗。 结果：患肢肿胀、疼痛均于术后1~2 d内开始消退或减轻。血栓清除III级（清除率>95%）80.32%、II级（清除率50%~95%）18.09%、I级（清除率<50%）1.59%。支架植入后,治愈86.03%、显效10.79%、好转2.54%、无效0.64%。出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差均小于入院时（均P<0.05）。随访通畅率分别为3~6个月95.87%,7~12个月95.53%,13~24个月94.25%,25~36个月92.33%。 结论：综合性腔内治疗髂静脉受压综合征合并下肢深静脉血栓形成,疗效显著、恢复时间短,是安全有效的方法。