子宫动脉栓塞辅助宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠临床价值研究

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞辅助宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018-01—2020-09间西平县人民医院行宫腔镜清宫术治疗的80例CSP患者的临床资料。依据辅助方式分为2组,各40例。观察组辅助子宫动脉栓塞,对照组辅助甲氨蝶呤与米非司酮。比较2组患者的基线资料、清宫时间及出血量、术后血HCG降为正常时间和住院时间。结果2组患者的基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组的清宫时间、血HCG降为正常时间、住院时间均短于对照组,清宫出血量少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论子宫动脉栓塞辅助宫腔镜清宫术治疗CSP,可缩短清宫时间、减少清宫出血量,更有利于促进患者术后早日康复。     

子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠临床疗效分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜下清宫术剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床效果。方法对36例CSP患者入院后先行子宫动脉栓塞术,术后1~2 d在超声引导下行宫腔镜下清宫术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 36例患者均顺利完成子宫动脉栓塞术及宫腔镜下清宫术,并经术中病理学检查确诊。宫腔镜清宫术手术时间为(31.60±11.40)min,术中出血量为(29.42±10.50)mL。出院时复查均证实子宫恢复良好。术后血β-HCG水平转阴时间为(36.52±11.60)d。月经恢复时间(39.21±9.94)d。结论子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜下清宫术治疗CSP,创伤小,疗效确切,术后恢复快且安全性高。     

子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的效果

目的分析对剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)患者应用子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗的临床效果。方法对本院收治的21例CSP患者予以双侧子宫动脉选择插管,灌注甲氨蝶呤后应用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,经造影证实栓塞完全后拔管。术后适时实施宫腔镜妊娠组织清除术。对患者的手术效果进行评价,并观察患者术中出血量、术后住院时间和并发症等指标。在随访期间观察患者血β-HCG转阴时间及月经恢复正常时间。结果 21例患者均一次成功施行子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术。术后3～5 d内顺利完成宫腔镜妊娠组织清除术。术中出血量为(52.50±8.26)mL。无子宫穿孔、大出血等严重并发症出现。住院时间为(9.86±1.24)d。患者出院后均获6个月随访,血β-HCG转阴时间为(40.60±11.52)d。月经恢复正常时间为(43.86±13.60)d。超声复查子宫包块消失,子宫复旧良好,未发生闭经等并发症。结论对CSP患者应用子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗,疗效确切,微创且安全性高。     

子宫动脉灌注化疗栓塞联合宫腔镜清宫治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠

目的探讨子宫动脉甲氨蝶呤（MTX）灌注栓塞联合宫腔镜下清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy, CSP ）的可行性及安全性。方法2012年6月～2013年6月,彩超证实为CSP13例,子宫动脉MTX（50mg／m。）灌注化疗栓塞后48～72h行宫腔镜下清宫术。结果13例手术顺利,术中出血（31．7±9．4）ml,无严重并发症发生,术后19～35d血13-hCG下降至正常;45—60d恢复月经,月经量无明显改变。结论子宫动脉MTX灌注化疗栓塞术联合宫腔镜清宫术安全可行,微创,可快速治疗CSP。     

双侧子宫动脉栓塞术联合清宫术对于剖宫产瘢痕子宫妊娠的疗效分析

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉栓塞术联合清宫术对于剖宫产瘢痕子宫妊娠的疗效。方法选取本院收治的62例CSP患者进行研究,根据随机数字表法则,将患者分为研究组(31例)和对照组(31例)。研究组采用双侧子宫动脉栓塞术+宫腔镜下清除术,对照组采用甲氨蝶呤肌肉注射+宫腔镜下清除术。比较两组患者的清宫术时间、术中出血量、血β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素复常时间、术后月经恢复时间和术后病灶消失时间。结果研究组的清宫术时间较对照组短(P=0.000);研究组术中出血量较对照组少(P=0.000);研究组的术后血β-HCG复常时间较对照组快(P=0.000);研究组的术后月经恢复时间较对照组快(P=0.000);研究组的术后病灶消失时间为对照组为快(P=0.000)。结论对于CSP患者,采用双侧子宫动脉栓塞术+宫腔镜下清除术,相对于肌肉注射甲氨蝶呤+宫腔镜下清除术,手术时间更快,术中出血更少,术后恢复更快,值得临床推广。     

子宫动脉栓塞术联合宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠的效果

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞术联合宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)的效果。方法选取2017-01—2018-02间在兰考县中心医院接受子宫动脉栓塞术联合宫腔镜清宫术的23例CSP患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 23例患者均成功完成子宫动脉栓塞术。术后1～3 d内均顺利实施宫腔镜清宫术。术中出血量为30～72 mL,平均52.16 mL。术后出现1例腹痛、2例轻度发热及1例轻度谷丙转氨酶(ALT)升高,不良反应发生率为17.39%,均经对症处理后3 d内明显缓解或消失。出院前复查B超均未发现宫腔内残留物。住院时间5～8 d,平均6.26 d。术后血β-HCG降至正常的时间为6～52 d,平均24.02 d。月经恢复正常周期时间为30～45 d,平均36.12 d。结论子宫动脉栓塞术联合宫腔镜清宫术治疗CSP,创伤小、术后不良反应少、月经恢复时间快,有利于保护患者的生育功能。     

介入化疗栓塞联合B超监视下清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠10例报告

目的 探讨子宫动脉化疗栓塞后在B超监视下清宫治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）的临床效果.方法 2012年12月-2013年4月对10例CSP行双侧子宫动脉甲氨蝶呤灌注化疗及明胶海绵颗粒栓塞术,术后24-72 h内B超监视下清宫术.结果 栓塞后造影显示子宫动脉远端血流信号中断,栓塞术后无一例发生异位血管栓塞、子宫坏死、局部感染等严重并发症.子宫动脉化疗栓塞后24-72 h内清宫,清宫时孕囊境界清楚,B超引导下均能完整顺利刮出.术中刮出组织20-100 g,病理报告见变性绒毛及蜕膜组织、血块红染坏死物.术中出血10-50 ml,平均23 ml.手术时间15-60 min,平均26 min.术后均无宫内残留,无再发出血.术后血β-hCG 10-21 d,平均14 d恢复正常;治疗后26-40 d月经来潮,未出现闭经等卵巢早衰症状.结论 子宫动脉化疗栓塞联合超声监视下清宫术降低子宫穿孔风险,避免患者切除子宫,保留了生育能力,是治疗CSP安全有效、创伤小、并发症少的方法,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

宫腔镜手术治疗内生型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠34例临床分析

目的探讨宫腔镜治疗内生型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的临床应用价值。方法 2012年4月~2014年10月,对34例内生型CSP采用宫腔镜手术治疗,其中7例行宫腔镜下清宫术,27例行子宫动脉栓塞后宫腔镜下清宫术,术后定期复查血β-h CG及B超。结果 34例CSP均1次手术成功。手术时间(17.5±3.5)min,术中出血量(17.5±7.5)ml,总住院时间4~5 d,均未出现严重并发症,术后28天内血β-h CG均下降至正常,2个月内月经复潮。结论宫腔镜手术治疗CSP具有可视性好,出血少,操作简单,成功率高,术后并发症少,住院时间短等优点,值得在临床上推广。     

宫腔镜诊治Ⅰ型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的价值

目的探讨宫腔镜在Ⅰ型剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)诊治中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院2010年12月~2014年8月阴道彩色超声提示Ⅰ型CSP 173例,其中A组83例行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术,术后24 h行宫腔镜检查联合清宫术;B组90例行宫腔镜检查,并在宫腔镜直视下切除妊娠组织并电凝止血。比较2组术中、术后情况。结果宫腔镜检查证实为Ⅰ型CSP 148例,阴道彩色超声阳性符合率为85.5%(148/173),假阳性率14.5%(25/173)。A组术中出血量(30.0±14.9)ml,显著多于B组(17.2±9.1)ml(t=6.362,P=0.000);A组住院费用(12 046.4±984.8)元,显著多于B组(6511.3±826.5)元(t=37.137,P=0.000);A组住院时间(5.6±0.9)d,显著长于B组(5.0±0.9)d(t=4.052,P=0.000);A组盆腔疼痛和子宫穿孔的发生率显著高于B组(χ2=6.860,P=0.009;Fisher检验,P=0.024)。2组血β-h CG降至正常时间无统计学差异[(21.8±4.8)d vs.(20.9±4.9)d,t=1.127,P=0.261]。结论与双侧子宫动脉栓塞术联合清宫术相比,宫腔镜直视下切除妊娠组织处理Ⅰ型CSP术中出血量少,住院费用低,是治疗Ⅰ型CSP较理想的方法。     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠两种手术治疗方式安全性及有效性的比较

目的比较开腹剖宫产瘢痕妊娠病灶切除联合子宫下段修补术和双侧子宫动脉栓塞联合清宫术两种治疗方式在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠治疗中的安全性和有效性。方法选择2009~2014年就诊于北京协和医院并接受手术治疗的剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者245例,将符合本研究纳入标准的100例患者随机分为开腹剖宫产瘢痕妊娠病灶切除联合子宫下段修补术组(开腹组)和双侧子宫动脉栓塞联合清宫术组(栓塞后清宫组)。收集患者的基本信息、围术期资料及门诊随诊资料,并进行统计学分析。结果两种治疗方法的成功率比较无显著性差异(98.0%vs.96.0%,P0.05)。开腹组患者术中出血量显著多于栓塞后清宫组[(95.0±48.4)ml vs.(23.0±17.6)ml](P=0.000)。开腹组患者术后血清β-HCG降至正常所需时间显著短于栓塞后清宫组[(30.7±10.7)d vs.(34.7±9.6)d](P0.05)。术后子宫下段前壁剖宫产瘢痕处异常回声消失的时间两组比较无显著性差异[(35.7±10.8)d vs.(24.4±13.6)d](P0.05)。开腹组手术时间显著长于栓塞后清宫组[(77.0±15.0)min vs.(30.0±16.0)min](P=0.00)。开腹组患者的住院治疗费用显著低于栓塞后清宫组[(7 919.6±3 680.6)元vs.(15 285.6±2 962.9)元](P=0.00)。电话随访两组患者术后月经复潮的时间,开腹组显著短于栓塞后清宫组[(37.4±8.9)d vs.(40.9±7.2)d](P0.05)。结论开腹剖宫产瘢痕妊娠病灶切除联合子宫下段修补术和双侧子宫动脉栓塞联合清宫术各有优点,均为安全、有效的剖宫产瘢痕妊娠治疗方案。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.