Emery-Dreifuss肌营养不良2型1例病例分析并文献复习

目的探讨Emery-Dreifuss肌营养不良2型(EDMD2)的临床表型、基因型及肌肉影像学特点。方法收集1例EDMD2患者的临床表现、肌肉MRI、肌肉病理资料,并检测患者及其母亲LMNA基因,结合文献对EDMD2的表型和肌肉MRI特点进行分析。结果患者LMNA基因检测示c.1583CG杂合错义突变,具有EDMD的典型表现(房性早搏和短阵房速的心脏受累、强直脊柱、跟腱挛缩)和不典型表现(中轴-近端分布的肌无力、无肘关节挛缩)。本病例及既往报道带有同样基因突变的共计8例患者分析表明,各病例在关节挛缩、肌无力的分布、心脏受累方面表现各异;本例患者肌肉MRI表现为股中间肌、大收肌和长收肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧头选择性受累,与既往报道的EDMD2肌肉MRI特点一致。结论 EDMD2的基因型与表型关系尚不清楚,可能存在其他影响表型的遗传和非遗传因素;肌肉MRI可以为EDMD2的诊断和鉴别诊断提供重要线索。     

Ullrich型先天性肌营养不良的临床特点(附1例报告)

目的探讨Ullrich型先天性肌营养不良的临床及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析1例Ullrich型先天性肌营养不良患儿的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行复习。结果患儿自出生起肌张力低下,伴有近端关节挛缩、远端关节弹性过度。生化检查示血磷酸肌酸激酶轻度增高。EMG示肌源性损害(近端肌)肌电改变为主,伴轻度神经源损害(下肢远端肌)。基因二代测序示存在COL6A3基因杂合核苷酸变异,为剪切变异;其父母未见异常。肌肉病理示骨骼肌呈肌营养不良样病理改变。肌肉MRI示双侧小腿及大腿肌肉呈弥漫脂肪浸润伴水肿改变,肌营养不良可能。结论本例患者为杂合子新生突变,是先天性肌营养不良的一个亚型。临床表现以近端关节挛缩、远端关节弹性过度为主要特点。EMG、基因、肌肉病理及肌肉MRI检查有助于本病的诊断。     

肢带型肌营养不良2A型临床和病理特点

目的探讨肢带型肌营养不良2A型(LGMD2A)的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析7例基因确诊的LGMD2A型患者的临床资料和骨骼肌病理检查结果。结果 1例尚未出现临床症状。1例症状很轻,仅有易疲劳伴运动时小腿痛,肌力检查正常。另外5例均以下肢近端肌无力缓慢起病,进行性加重,之后上肢近端肌不同程度受累,均伴有翼状肩胛及跟腱挛缩,仅1例见腓肠肌肥大及脊柱畸形,下肢近端肌群肌力检查提示伸髋及髋内收受累最重,其次为屈髋及屈膝,髋外展及伸膝受累最轻。该5例患者的骨骼肌病理均呈肌营养不良样病理改变,表现为肌纤维大小不等、结缔组织增生及不同程度坏死、再生,NADH染色2例见大量分叶纤维。结论 LGMD2A的临床变异较大,其典型临床特点为慢性进行性近端肌无力伴翼状肩胛、关节挛缩,股后肌群及内侧肌群较股前肌群受累明显。其肌肉病理缺乏特异性。     

应用免疫印迹法诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型

目的 应用免疫印迹法(Western blot)诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型(LGMD2A)患者并与LGMD2B型相鉴别.方法 收集我院诊治的4例LGMD2型患者的临床、病理及生化检验资料.取肌肉活体组织行组织化学和免疫组织化学染色,用Western blot分析dysferlin蛋白及calpain-3蛋白的表达.结果 LGMD2A与2B型患者的临床症状相似;免疫组织化学染色显示所有患者均出现不同程度的dysferlin缺失.但Western blot揭示:LGMD2A型患者calpain-3蛋白完全缺失,dysferlin蛋白部分缺失;而2B型患者则相反.结论 用Western blot检测calpain-3蛋白可在dysfedin蛋白表达缺失的LGMD患者中鉴别出2A型患者,该方法对临床辅助诊断LGMD2A有很好的价值.     

Calpain蛋白病的临床表型和基因型分析（附一家系报道）

目的：分析比较一对疑为calpain蛋白病变中国姐弟的capn3基因型和临床表型。方法：对其姐进行肌肉活检作病理学检查和calpain-3/dysferlin联合免疫印迹检测。根据文献设计引物,采集该17岁的姐姐和13岁的弟弟外周血进行capn3基因全部24个外显子直接测序,同时行MRI以观察肌肉组织受累情况。结果：本研究为首次对国内肢带型肌营养不良症2A（LGMD 2A）患者进行基因筛查。姐姐表现为典型LGMD症状,伴有翼状肩及跟腱挛缩,MRI亦提示大腿后群肌肉受累;免疫印迹检测结果提示为calpian蛋白病患者。直接测序发现姐弟均携带capn3基因的一个位点错义突变c.146G〉A及另一个位点c.329G〉A。本研究还对c.329G〉A位点在110名正常人血标本进行单核苷酸多态性分析,仅1例携带杂合突变,预测软件提示此位点改变无显著意义。弟弟携带同样的基因突变,但表现为无症状的高磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）血症。结论：calpain蛋白病患者中,相同的基因型可以出现不同的临床表型,不仅可表现为LGMD2A,而且还可以表现为无症状高CK血症。     

肢带型肌营养不良症2D型一家系临床表型及基因突变分析

目的总结肢带型肌营养不良症2D型(LGMD2D型)临床表型和基因突变特点。方法报道一家系2例女性LGMD2D型患儿临床表现、肌电图、肌肉MRI、肌肉病理学和基因检测结果,并结合相关文献进行分析。结果先证者及其妹均于3岁发病,以进行性四肢近端无力为主要临床表现;血清肌酸激酶水平显著升高;肌电图呈肌源性损害;肌肉MRI显示部分肌肉萎缩、脂肪化或纤维水肿;其妹肌肉病理学显示局灶性骨骼肌坏死、再生,部分横纹肌消失,肌纤维大小不等。基因检测显示,先证者及其妹存在相同基因突变,即SGCA基因第3外显子移码突变c.262del T(p.Phe88SerfsX123)和第5外显子错义突变c.409GA(p.Glu137Lys),其母为SGCA基因c.409GA(p.Glu137Lys)突变携带者,其中,c.409GA(p.Glu137Lys)为已知突变,c.262del T(p.Phe88SerfxX123)为新发突变。结论对于临床类似Duchenne型肌营养不良症的女性患者,排除DMD基因携带者后,还应行家系分析和肢带型肌营养不良症相关基因检测,以明确具体亚型。     

Emery-Dreifuss型肌营养不良8例的临床、病理及分子生物学分析

目的总结Emery-Dreifuss型肌营养不良(EDMD)患者的临床、电生理、骨骼肌磁共振成像(MRI)、骨骼肌病理及分子生物学特点, 以提高对本病的认识和诊治水平。方法收集于2011—2022年就诊于河北医科大学第三医院且经基因检查确诊的8例EDMD患者的临床资料, 回顾性总结其临床症状、电生理改变(肌电图及心电图)、骨骼肌MRI、骨骼肌病理及基因突变特点。结果本组患者发病年龄为2.0～6.0(3.6±1.2)岁, 均为隐匿起病, 进行性加重。7例以肌无力为首发症状, 表现为走路摇摆、蹲起费力、上楼困难;逐渐出现脊柱强直、关节挛缩;1例以脊柱侧弯为首发症状。4例发现异常心电图。8例肌电图符合肌源性损害。肌肉活组织检查病理结果呈肌病病理改变或肌营养不良表现。8例EDMD患者经二代测序均发现致病突变, 共6个点突变, 其中4个LMNA基因杂合突变(c.1583C>G、c.1357C>T、c.148C>T、c.1336A>G);1例为EMD基因半合子突变(c.501C>G);1例为SYNE1基因杂合突变(c.4364G>A)。结论 EDMD具有高度临床...     

分子病理确诊的肢带型肌营养不良2A型患者五例临床及病理特点

目的 通过总结5例肢带型肌营养不良2A型(LGMD2A)患者的病例资料,探讨其临床和病理特点.方法 对病理诊断排除LGMD2B(7例)之后的30例分型未明的LGMD患者的肌肉标本进行免疫组织化学染色和钙激活蛋白酶-3(calpain-3)蛋白免疫印迹分析.结果 30例患者肌肉标本中有5例calpain-3蛋白条带缺失或遗留痕迹,从而被确诊为钙蛋白酶肌病,即LGMD2A.该5例患者起病年龄10～45岁,病程2～10年.其中2例的同胞兄妹有相似的临床表现,而父母无异常,提示本病的常染色体隐性遗传方式.5例均以下肢近端肌无力起病,肌萎缩明显;血清肌酸激酶639～8237 U/L,平均2502 U/L,肌电图均为肌源性损害.5例肌肉活体组织检查病理符合典型肌营养不良的病理特点,表现为肌纤维大小明显不等,可见坏死伴吞噬及再生,内核纤维增多,还原型辅酶Ⅰ四氮唑还原酶染色2例见分叶状纤维.5例LGMD2A患者dystrophin、caveolin-3和α-、β-、γ-、δ-sarcoglycan免疫组织化学染色均正常,2例dysferlin染色减低,余3例正常.结论 LGMD2A的临床表现和肌活体组织检查病理均缺乏特异性,免疫印迹分析有助于此病的诊断和鉴别诊断.     

微量标本Western blot在诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型中的应用

目的 探讨微量标本Western blot在诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型中的应用.方法 对73例以肢体近端肌肉受累为首要临床表现的进行性肌营养不良患者行开放式骨骼肌活体组织检查,标本行组织化学染色以及抗dystrophin-N、C、R,α、β、γ、δ-sarcoglycan,dysferlin,caveolin-3单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色.对其中已经除外dystrophin、sarcoglycans、dysferlin、caveolin-3蛋白异常的29例患者再行骨骼肌Western blot抗calpain-3、caveolin-3单克隆抗体免疫反应.结果 共有10例患者被确诊为肢带型肌营养不良2A型,其临床特点均为肢体近端肌无力起病,血清肌酸激酶不同程度升高,肌电图呈肌源性改变.组织化学染色见肌纤维大小不一,可见不同程度肌纤维变性、坏死和再生,结缔组织增生,6例见分叶状肌纤维;免疫组织化学染色见肌纤维中dystrophin、sarcoglycan、dysferlin、caveolin-3蛋白均正常表达.Western blot发现该10例患者相对分子质量94 000条带(calpain-3)与Duchenne/Becker型肌营养不良对照相比,呈完全(8例)或部分(2例)缺失;30 000区域附加条带均呈弱表达,22 000区域条带(caveolin-3)均正常表达.结论 骨骼肌微量标本Western blot是诊断LGMD2A的有效方法,适用于临床LGMD的分型诊断.     

25例肢带型肌营养不良症临床分析

目的　探讨肢带型肌营养不良症 (LGMD)临床和实验室检查的特点。方法　对根据临床症状体征、血清肌酸激酶、肌电图、肌肉病理及dystrophin免疫组化确诊的 2 5例LGMD患者进行分析。结果　我国LGMD多为散发 ,发病相对较晚 ,多数首先累及骨盆带肌 ,进展缓慢 ,对肢体功能影响较轻 ,免疫组化染色显示dystrophin正常。结论　根据LGMD临床特点 ,结合肌电图、肌肉病理 ,特别是dystrophin免疫组化染色可以作出诊断 ,而肌聚糖病等LGMD亚型的诊断只能依靠检测基因或基因产物来确定     

A scapular onset muscular dystrophy without facial involvement: Possible allelism with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

A dominantly inherited muscular dystrophy with onset in the shoulder girdle and later progression to the lower limbs is described. The disorder was clinically distinguishable from known facioscapulohumeral, scapulohumeral and limb girdle syndromes. A 38 kb allele detected by probe p13E-11 (D4F104S1) segregated with the disease. Linkage analysis gave a maximum lod score of z = 1.61 at θ = 0.01 with the 4q35 marker D4S184 (affected only analysis z = 1.20 at θ = 0.01) suggesting probable allelism with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.     

Infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: new observations

Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and biopsy findings in a family with infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy are reported. Four of eight family members having the disorder, all with onset in infancy, developed severe weakness leading to death in adolescence. The clinical course and prognosis of infantile facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy may, therefore, be as devastating as that of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The unusual infantile presentation and high mortality in our affected family members suggest that the gene coding for this disorder may be different from that responsible for conventional facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.     

Atypical form of X-linked proximal pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

Summary A series of 95 families, consisting of 317 patients with severe and mild X-linked proximal pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy (MD), was analysed by the use of two different and rigid clinical criteria based on the age when the patient became chairbound. Using these criteria the families from Erfurt and Warsaw could be clearly separated into classical Duchenne (DMD) and classical Becker (BMD) type patients. A third group of patients was found with atypical clinical course, who could not be identified as neither Duchenne nor Becker cases. Statistically highly significant differences were found between the groups of classical DMD and atypical MD cases on the one hand and between the groups of atypical MD and classical BMD cases on the other, especially with respect to age when chairbound and age at death. The comparisons of progression of the disease, life expectancy and of fertility between the three groups of X-linked MD show that classical DMD and atypical MD may be considered as separate types of severe X-linked proximal pseudohypertrophic MD. On the basis of these findings the authors offer conclusions for the general practice of neurology, paediatrics and genetic counselling.     

Origins and early descriptions of "Duchenne muscular dystrophy"

One of the seminal events in the history of neurology was the identification of primary diseases of muscle and their separation from diseases in which muscle weakness was secondary to injury involving the anterior horns of the spinal cord ("progressive muscular atrophy"). Not surprisingly, one of the first groups of primary muscle diseases to be satisfactorily characterized belonged to what would today be classified as muscular dystrophies. Pride of place in this group belongs to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD's primacy as the first well-characterized muscular dystrophy was due both to the fact that it is relatively common, as well as to the clinically striking feature, apparent in many cases, of apparent paradoxical enlargement of severely weakened muscles ("pseudo-hypertrophy"). This review traces the historical roots of DMD in the 19th century, from the early papers by Conte, Bell, Partridge, and Meryon through the classic monographs by Duchenne and Gowers. In addition, the first American contributions to DMD are reviewed, including those by Pepper, Hammond, and S. Weir Mitchell. Many of the original papers describing this disease are now unavailable outside of major medical libraries, and several important contributions, excepting those of Duchenne, which are recognized eponymously, are now virtually forgotten.     

Becker and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy associated with pituitary dwarfism

Summary In 1981 a report appeared of a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy associated with dwarfism caused by growth hormone deficiency, in whom the muscular disease was unusually benign. The authors suggested that the benign course might be related to the growth hormone deficiency and dwarfism. Other authors later supported this idea, having observed that in dystrophic mice and hamsters with congenital and experimentally induced pituitary dwarfism, respectively, pathological expressions of the dystrophy were markedly reduced. In this paper one case of Becker and one of limb-girdle dystrophy, each associated with short stature and growth hormone deficiency are described. In these cases the disease did not have a particularly benign course. It is concluded that caution is necessary, at least in certain cases, before an association between reduced muscular growth and the dystrophic process can be assumed.     

Intellectual function in muscular dystrophies

Summary Intellectual function was studied in 28 boys with Duchenne dystrophy, 12 patients with facioscapulohumeral-type and 10 patients with limb-girdle-type muscular dystrophy. A definite relationship between intelligence level and the type of muscle disease was found. The more severe the genetic damage manifested by the rapidity of progression of muscular dystrophy the more definite the affection of the CNS manifesting as mental deficit. The factors influencing the level and structure of intelligence seem to exert their effect before the manifestation of muscle lesions.     

Autosomal recessive Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy: molecular and histochemical results.

An autosomal recessive disorder which mimics Duchenne muscular dystrophy has long been suspected as a cause of muscular dystrophy in karyotypically normal girls and in both boys and girls with consanguineous parents. Analysis of dystrophin now allows confirmation of the existence of this disorder. We report the results of this analysis in a brother and sister who have the typical clinical features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but no demonstrable abnormality in dystrophin or its gene.     

Brain biochemistry in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A H magnetic resonance and neuropsychological study

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle disorder associated with an intellectual deficit which is non-progressive. We obtained localised ¹H magnetic resonance spectra from the left frontal lobe and left cerebellum of 15 boys with DMD (mean age 106 months±32) and 15 similarly aged control boys (mean age 115 months±31); all boys underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests. We found a significant (P<0.01) increase in the ratio of choline-containing compounds to N-acetylaspartate (Cho/NA) in the left cerebellum in boys with DMD compared with control boys. There was no change in the creatine/NA ratio and a significant increase (P=0.03) in the Cho/creatine ratio, suggesting that the change in Cho/NA ratio was due to an increase in choline-containing compounds; this increase has been previously observed in the brain of the murine model of DMD, the mdx mouse. No significant changes were observed in spectra obtained from left frontal lobe in DMD compared to controls. We also observed a significant association between Cho/NA in the left cerebellum, and the performance of DMD boys on the Matrix Analogies Test (MAT). The MAT is a test of visuo-spatial ability and non-verbal reasoning which requires neither manual dexterity nor a verbal response for an adequate performance. A comparison of DMD boys whose cerebellar Cho/NA fell within 2 standard deviations of the control norm (0.56±0.24) with DMD boys whose cerebellar Cho/NA was outside this range (i.e. >0.80) revealed a significant difference in ability on the MAT (P<0.05). DMD boys whose Cho/NA ratio is more than two standard deviations higher than controls perform significantly better on the MAT than DMD boys whose Cho/NA ratio is within the normal range. This finding suggests that the observed elevation in Cho/NA and Cho/creatine is not associated with intellectual deficit (as sampled by the MAT), and may represent a compensatory mechanism. The possible interpretations of these metabolic changes are discussed.     

Ullrich's congenital atonic sclerotic muscular dystrophy

Summary A 5-year old girl with Ullrich's atonic-sclerotic muscular dystrophy is reported and 16 previously reported cases are reviewed. The clinical features, in particular proximal contractures, distal hyperextensibility, mild dysmorphism and hyperhidrosis, allow recognition of this subtype of congenital muscular dystrophy, which has no specific pathological characteristics. There is evidence in favour of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.