分阶段糖尿病达标管理改善2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平的自身对照及优化治疗方案的观察

目的 探讨分阶段糖尿病达标管理（SDTM）模式对T2DM患者血糖的改善作用。方法分析2005-2010年进入江苏省省级机关医院糖尿病门诊SDTM管理的2581例T2DM患者基线状况。比较其中865例有6个月以上随访记录的患者,记录管理前后HbA1C和FBG的变化,并按不同HbA1c基线水平（〈6．5％,6．5％～7．4％,7．5％～8．4％,8．5％～9．4％及≥9．5％）分组,比较血糖变化。同时按不同起始降糖药物治疗方案进行分组,分析治疗前后药物使用的变化。结果管理后HbA1C和FBG分别降至（6．75±1．20）％和（6．64±1．39）mmol／L（P〈0．01）。HbA1c≥9．5％组（n=157）降至（7．52±1．54）％,改善患者比例达88％。胰岛素使用比例升至34％（P〈0．05）,且胰岛素组HbA1C下降幅度最大,约0．94％（P〈0．01）。结论SDTM可有效改善T2DM患者HbA1C水平。     

江苏省2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及治疗用药情况调查

目的了解江苏省2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血糖控制情况,分析治疗方法与血糖控制的关系。方法采用横断面研究方法,以调查问卷形式收集患者年龄、病程、降糖药物的使用情况等,留取血标本检测HbA1c。根据HbA1c水平将患者分为达标组（HbA1c〈6．5％）和未达标组（HbA1c≥6．5％）;根据降糖治疗情况分为胰岛素（Ins）组、胰岛素联用口服降糖药（Ins＋OA）组、口服降糖药（OA）组、生活方式干预（LS）组。结果入选T2DM患者2966例,年龄（56．4±11．2）岁,糖尿病平均病程（6．3±5．7）年,HbA1c值（7．2±1．6）％,HbA1c≥6．5％的患者占59．8％。（1）平均病程Ins组[（7．6±6．5）年]与Ins＋OA组[（8．2±6．2）年]均高于OA组C（5．3±5．0）年]（P〈0．01）。HbA1c均值及未达标比例Ins组[（7．4±1．6）％,未达标比例65．9％]与Ins＋OA组[（7．5±1．5）％,未达标比例77．9％]均高于OA组[（7．0±1．6）％,未达标比例52．4％]（P〈0．01）。（2）HbA1c达标组与未达标组病程分别为（4．8±4．9）年和（7．3±6．1）年（P〈0．01）,两组中胰岛素联合口服降糖药治疗者分别占11．5％和27．2％（P〈0．01）,单用胰岛素治疗者分别占17．0％和22．1％（P〈0．01）。结论江苏省T2DM患者血糖控制现状比3年前全国调查情况有所改善,但仍有相当比例的患者HbA1c水平没有达到IDF及《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》推荐标准。接受胰岛素治疗的患者HbA1c均值及不达标比例明显高于其他治疗组,表明由于病程延长及口服降糖药用药失效导致病情恶化后,再选择胰岛素治疗,血糖控制情况并不理想。     

2型糖尿病患者应用甘精胰岛素治疗前后内脏脂肪素水平的变化

目的探讨应用甘精胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者血浆内脏脂肪素（Visfatin）水平的变化与胰岛素抵抗及血糖的关系。方法共32例2型糖尿病患者,比较其治疗前后空腹（FPG）及餐后血糖（2hPG）、甘油三酯（TG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（Fins）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-β）、Visfatin等相关指标。同时选择性别、年龄等相匹配的26名健康体检者作为对照组进行比较。结果32例糖尿病患者治疗前后的TG、FPG、2hPG、HbA]C、HOMA-IR、HOMA-13差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗后Visfatin水平降低（P〈0．05）,与健康人相比,糖尿病患者Visfatin水平降低（Pd0．01）;Pearson相关分析显示Visfatin与HbA1C、Fins、HOMA-IR呈正相关（r=0．259,Pd0．05;r=0．586,P〈0．01;r=0．385,P〈0．01）。多元线性逐步回归分析表明HOMA-IR是血浆Vis—fatin的独立相关因素。结论2型糖尿病患者血浆Visfatin水平的变化与胰岛素抵抗及平均血糖有关,可能在糖尿病及胰岛素抵抗的发病机制中具有一定的作用。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗前后血清CRP水平变化

测定36例2型糖尿病患者和30例正常人的血清CRP水平，并与糖尿病相关代谢指标（FBG、BMI、WHR、HbA1c、SBP、DBP）比较分析；结果：2型糖尿病组患者的血清CRP浓度显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；2型糖尿病患者血清CRP水平与病程、空腹血糖、BMI及WHR呈正相关；糖尿病组CSII治疗2周后，血糖明显下降，CRP水平也明显降低（P〈0．01）；结论对于存在严重胰岛素抵抗和分泌不足的血糖明显增高的2型糖尿病患者，短期使用CSII强化胰岛素治疗，快速有效地控制血糖，也使CRP水平明显下降，提示胰岛素本身的抗炎症作用。     

诺和龙和诺和灵N治疗2型糖尿病临床观察

选择30例T2DM患者合用诺和灵N及诺和龙治疗，每周根据血糖调整剂量，在0周及12周测定血糖及体重等。结果：12周后FBG下降4mmol／L、PBG下降5．5mmol／L、HbA1c下降2．9％，P〈0．01。无一例低血糖等不良事件发生。结论：诺和灵N与诺和龙联合治疗可以有效地降低FBG、PBG和HbA1c，同时具有良好的安全性。     

长效胰岛素治疗控制不佳的2型糖尿病的疗效

64例OADs但血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者（HbA1c〉7．5％）,随机分为甘精组和预混组各32例。甘精组在原有OADs的基础上,采用每晚10点注射Glarginel次;预混组停用OADs改为每日早晚餐前注射诺和锐30。根据空腹血糖（FBG）水平调整胰岛素用量,以两组FBG均达到5．6mmol／L为治疗目标,共治疗12周。结果两组的HbAIC均明显下降,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。甘精组FPG较预混组下降明显（P〈0．05）,达到FBG≤5．6mmol／L（66％VS55％,P〈0．05）和HbA。c≤7．0％（59％VS47％,P〈0．05）的更多。低血糖的比例低（P〈0．05）。结论在原有OADs方案基础上加用Glargine,更多的患者安全达标（HbA,c≤7．0％且不发生低血糖）。     

胰岛素泵治疗240例糖尿病的临床观察

目的对胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病的疗效及安全性进行观察。方法对大系列（240例）糖尿病患者进行带泵治疗前后的多项目、多指标临床观察。结果治疗前后患者空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、果糖胺水平（FMN）均有显著性下降（P〈0．001）；血压（BP）、胆固醇、甘油三酯、肾功能水平差异无显著性变化（P〈0．005）；临床症状、体征改善明显。低血糖发生率低。结论胰岛素泵有明显的降低糖尿病患者FBG、PBG、HbA1C、FMN水平的“短、平、快”效应，副反应发生率较低，是对糖尿病患者高效和较安全的高科技设备。     

美迪康联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的 观察二甲双胍（商品名：美迪康）与胰岛素联用治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法26例2型糖尿病患者使用二甲双胍与胰岛素联合治疗12周,观察患者治疗前后餐前空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平变化。结果二甲双胍联合胰岛素治疗12周后FBG、2hBG水平明显改善,HbA1c由7．8％降至6．1％,HbA1c达标率为71．3％。治疗后共有7例次发生低血糖反应,未发生其他明显不良反应。结论二甲双胍与胰岛素能有效治疗2型糖尿病,并能减少胰岛素的用量,降低低血糖的发生,且较为安全,价格合理,适合基层推广使用。     

甘精胰岛素和预混胰岛素用于老年2型糖尿病患者的疗效和不良反应对比分析

目的评价甘精胰岛素和预混胰岛素在老年T2DM治疗中的优越性。方法68例老年T2DM患者随机分为甘精胰岛素组（Gla组）和预混胰岛素组（Pre组）,比较两组治疗前后FBG、2hBG、HbA1c、空腹C肽（FC-P）及75g OGTT后2hC肽（2hC-P）水平、体重变化、低血糖发生率及患者满意度。结果治疗后两组FBG、2hBG、HbA1c水平均较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．01）,Gla组FBG、HbA1c水平较Pre组显著降低（P〈0.05）,Pre组2hC-P水平较治疗前显著增加（P〈0.05）。Gla组体重增加、低血糖发生率显著低于Pre组（P〈0.05或P〈0．01）。结论老年T2DM患者应用甘精胰岛素是有益的治疗方案。     

甘精胰岛素和格列美脲对初诊2型糖尿病疗效的比较

目的对HbA1c〉9％的新诊断的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者进行甘精胰岛素或格列美脲联合二甲双胍的短期强化治疗,探讨两种强化方案的疗效。方法36例新诊断的T2DM患者随机分为两组,每组18例,分别使用甘精胰岛素或格列美脲联合二甲双胍治疗,疗程12周,对其在治疗前后血糖控制情况及胰岛β细胞功能进行自身及组间比较。结果治疗后两组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c均显著下降（P均〈0．01）,HOMA-IR下降（P〈0．05）,HOMA-β升高（P〈0．01）。FPG、2hPG、HbA1C治疗前后的差值及治疗12周后早餐前后血糖差值,两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）,甘精组血糖达标更迅速。结论HbA1c〉9％的新诊断的T2DM患者两种短期强化方案疗效均佳,且胰岛素组降糖更显著、迅速。     

益消复瘫汤对2型糖尿病并脑梗死患者血糖水平的影响

目的观察中药复方益消复瘫汤对2型糖尿病并脑梗死患者血糖水平的影响。方法将60例2型糖尿病并脑梗死患者随机分为益消复瘫汤治疗组（治疗组）与补阳还五汤治疗组（对照组）,每组30例。观察两组治疗前和治疗8周后的血糖[空腹血糖（FBG）及餐后2h血糖（PBG）]、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FIN）、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）的变化情况。结果治疗组在改善血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛功能等各项指标方面均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论益消复瘫汤具有确切的降糖及脑保护作用。     

Type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosis in young adult preceded by years of elevated postprandial and fasting glucose but normal HbA1c: A clinical example of discordance

Herein, a case study of an individual with fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) measures from the 3 years preceding their type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosis is used to highlight discordance among these common diagnostic tests. Data from the patient's own records, participation in clinical research, and healthcare provider were collated. Measures of FBG (90–160 mg/dL) and PBG (195–247 mg/dL) were elevated for 3 years with a normal HbA1c (5.0–5.4%) and without any symptoms. Overt symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss, manifested 3 years later prompting the patient to contact their physician. Testing revealed an elevated HbA1c (9.8%) and presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD) (9 IU/mL). Daily body composition measures and weighed food logs from the 3 months preceding and 4 months after diagnosis illustrate the effects of glucose spilling and inadequate insulin levels. Both FBG and PBG indicated diabetes 3 years prior to HbA1c. While FBG, PBG, and HbA1c are considered equally appropriate for screening and diagnosing diabetes, this case study highlights the need to revisit important distinctions between these tests that explain their frequent discordance.     

A comparison of glycemic effects of glimepiride, repaglinide, and insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting

Although diabetics may be exempted from Ramadan fasting, many patients still insist on this worship. Aim of the present study is to compare the effects of glimepiride, repaglinide, and insulin glargine in type 2 diabetics during Ramadan fasting on the glucose metabolism. Patients, who were willing to fast, were treated with glimepiride (n=21), repaglinide (n=18), and insulin glargine (n=10). Sixteen non-fasting control type 2 diabetics matched for age, sex, and body mass index were also included. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), post-prandial blood glucose (PBG), HbA1c, and fructosamine as well as lipid metabolism were evaluated in pre-Ramadan, post-Ramadan, and 1-month post-Ramadan time points. There was no significant change from pre-Ramadan in FBG, PBG, and HbA1c variables in fasting diabetics at post-Ramadan and 1-month post-Ramadan. However, PBG was found higher in non-fasting control diabetics at post-Ramadan and 1-month post-Ramadan (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). In fructosamine levels, a significant increase was noted both in fasting group and non-fasting group at 1-month post-Ramadan (p<0.01 for all). However, no significant difference was found in the comparison of the changes in fructosamine levels between fasting group and non-fasting group. Risk of hypoglycemia did not significantly differ between fasting and non-fasting diabetics. There was no significant difference between three drug therapies regarding glucose metabolism and rate of hypoglycemia. No adverse effects on plasma lipids were noted in fasting diabetics. In this fasting sample of patients with type 2 diabetes, glimepiride, repaglinide, and insulin glargine did not produce significant changes in glucose and lipid parameters.     

2型糖尿病临床路径管理初探

目的:评估2型糖尿病患者实行临床路径管理一年半后的血糖达标与胰岛功能改善情况。方法:采用开放非随机自身对照研究方法,入组107例门诊2型糖尿病患者根据CDS指南按BMI≥24kg/m2为二甲双胍联合胰岛素增敏剂(A组),和BMI≤24kg/m2为二甲双胍联合胰岛素促泌剂(B组)。平均随访1.5年。观察两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂(TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2hINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)、胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA-IAI)的变化。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c均显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),两组治疗后糖化血红蛋白达标率均较基线时提高(55.5～70.37%,48.94～65.96%),增敏剂组治疗后HOMA-IR、HOMA-IAI与基线时相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。促泌剂组治疗后,HOMA-IS、HOMA-IR以及HOMA-IAI与基线时相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05～0.01)。结论:实行2型糖尿病临床路径管理后显著提高血糖的达标率并有利于改善胰岛功能。     

Efficacy and safety of mitiglinide versus nateglinide in newly diagnose patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double blind trial

This study was performed to examine the efficacy and safety of mitiglinide in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM). Enrolled patients had received treatment with diet and exercise in the previous 3 months with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7-10%, and were randomized to receive mitiglinide (n = 111, 5-20 mg/meal) or nateglinide (n = 114,60-120 mg/meal) for 16 weeks. Primary and secondary efficacy endpoints were assessed by the changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial glucose (PBG) levels. The baseline HbA1c value was 8.2 and 8.3% in both groups. At the end of study, the reduction of HbA1c values from baseline by mitiglinide was slightly more than that by nateglinide (-1.11% vs. -0.76%), but not statically significant (p = 0.06). Final FBG and PBG were comparable for the two treatments. There were 2.8% subjects treated with nateglinide who had hypoglycaemic episodes, but none in the mitiglinide treatment group. The results indicate that mitiglinide and nateglinide had similar effects on FBG, PBG and HbA1c in T2DM patients after the 16-week treatments.     

芪黄胶囊对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗及TNF-α影响的临床研究

目的研究芪黄胶囊对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响,观察芪黄胶囊延缓2型糖尿病及其并发症的疗效和机制。方法气阴两虚型2型糖尿病患者80例,随机分为治疗组(芪黄胶囊+二甲双胍治疗组)和对照组(二甲双胍组)。两组均以2个月为1疗程,治疗前后中医证候疗效判定,观察治疗前后TNF-α、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素敏感指数(IAI)、IR指数(HOMA-IR)。结果芪黄胶囊可显著降低气阴两虚型2型糖尿病患者TNF-α水平,改善患者的中医证候,同时具有良好的降糖、降脂作用,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善IR的作用,与对照组比较有统计学意义。结论芪黄胶囊治疗可明显降低气阴两虚型2型糖尿病患者TNF-α水平,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善IR。     

预混胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者转为甘精胰岛素联合口服药治疗的疗效分析

目评价甘精胰岛素联合口服降糖药物(OADs)治疗方案对使用预混胰岛素血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性.方法 预混胰岛素30/70单独或联合使用OADs血糖控制不良的2型糖尿病患者50例,随机分为治疗组(停用预混胰岛素,改为皮下注射甘精胰岛素联合OADs,n=30)和对照组(继续使用预混胰岛素早、晚餐前皮下注射...     

Prandial insulin substitution with insulin lispro or insulin lispro mid mixture vs. basal therapy with insulin glargine: a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of prandial insulin therapy focusing on postprandial glucose control vs. basal insulin therapy focusing on fasting glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was an open-label, randomized, parallel, three-arm multicenter trial in patients with type 2 diabetes starting insulin treatment. Patients (n=159) were randomly assigned to 24-week treatment with 3x daily insulin lispro, 3x daily lispro mid mixture (MidMix; 50% lispro, 50% protaminated lispro), or 1x daily insulin glargine; oral antihyperglycemic agents were discontinued. Primary end point was the postprandial glucose excursion 2 h after breakfast at the end of study. Secondary outcomes included HbA1c, self-monitored blood glucose profiles, hypoglycemic episodes, body weight, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: At the end of study, glucose excursions 2 h after breakfast were significantly lower with lispro and MidMix than with glargine (P<.001 for each vs. glargine): lispro, -0.6+/-2.0 mmol/l; MidMix, +0.8+/-2.4 mmol/l; glargine, +2.5+/-2.4 mmol/l. Fasting glucose decreases were significantly greater with glargine (-2.6+/-2.4 mmol/l) than with lispro or MidMix (-0.9+/-2.2 mmol/l; +0.9+/-1.8 mmol/l). Nevertheless, HbA1c decreased by 1.1% (lispro) and 1.2% (MidMix), vs. 0.3% with glargine. Hypoglycemic episodes were rare with 1-1.5 self-reported episodes per 100 patient-days. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes starting insulin, 3x daily prandial treatment with a rapid-acting analog focusing on postprandial glucose values enabled better control of postprandial and circadian blood glucose profiles than once-daily glargine, in spite suboptimal fasting glucose levels, which targets fasting glucose values. These results support studies suggesting that control of postprandial hyperglycemia plays a key role in achieving HbA1c targets.     

门冬胰岛素50治疗肝源性糖尿病患者初步疗效研究*

目的观察门冬胰岛素50治疗肝源性糖尿病（HD）患者的临床疗效。方法117例HD患者被随机分为两组,分别接受甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗58例和门冬胰岛素50治疗59例,观察12 w。观察两组患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、低血糖发生情况等指标的变化,从而比较治疗效果及其安全性。结果在治疗12 w末,门冬胰岛素50治疗组FBG为（5.97±1.26） mmol/L,与甘精胰岛素治疗组的【（5.54±1.48） mmol/L】比,无显著差异（P>0.05）;门冬胰岛素50组PBG为（7.45±2.56） mmol/L,显著低于甘精胰岛素组【（8.95±2.44） mmol/L,P<0.05】, HbA1c为（6.81±0.23）%,显著低于甘精胰岛素组的【（7.56±0.31）%,P<0.05】,每日胰岛素用量为（37.2±7.0） U·d-1,与甘精胰岛素组的【（35.1±6.8） U·d-1】比,无显著统计学差异（P>0.05）,血糖达标时间为（14.2±2.8）d,与甘精胰岛素组的【（14.5±3.2） d】比,无显著统计学差异（P>0.05）,轻微低血糖发生率为3.5%,与甘精胰岛素组的5.1%比,无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论门冬胰岛素50治疗HD患者疗效肯定,对餐后血糖的控制存在优势,且安全性良好。     

A case of secondary diabetes mellitus with acromegaly improved by pioglitazone.

AIM: The acromegaly patient was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. His HbA1c was 10.6% and fasting blood glucose (FBG) 15.3 mmol/l. We prescribed glibenclamide (10 mg/day), but his HbA1c and FBG remained high. At this stage, treatment with short-acting insulin was instigated at a dose of 20 U/day. However, the patient's blood glucose level remained unsatisfactory. We tried using pioglitazone. METHOD: Pioglitazone was prescribed at 30 mg/day in combination with the insulin. RESULTS: The FBG and HbA1c value decreased to 7.2 mmol/l and 7.3%, respectively, within 2 months and insulin was discontinued. Pioglitazone alone was able to control the FBG level. CONCLUSIONS: Pioglitazone treatment might be considered as a choice for similar cases of diabetes secondary to acromegaly.