腺苷对小鼠非特异免疫和体液免疫的抑制作用

腺苷（ａｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅ，Ａｄｅ）１．３，１３，１３０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１抑制小鼠全血白细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能；减少小鼠血清溶菌酶的含量；降低小鼠血清溶血素的生成和空斑形成细胞的溶血能力。双嘧达莫１０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１减弱Ａｄｅ １３０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的体液免疫抑制作用；氨茶碱１００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１可减弱Ａｄｅ １３－ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１对脾空斑形成细胞溶血能力和外周血白细胞吞噬功能的抑制作用。     

茜草双酯对小鼠免疫功能的抑制作用(英文)

目的:研究茜草双酯对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:采用免疫药理学常用方法即血清溶菌酶含量的测定,迟发型超敏反应的测定,血清溶血素的测定,[~3H]TdR参入的小鼠全血白细胞吞噬能力的测定,鼠脾空斑形成细胞溶血能力的测定,T和B淋巴细胞转化能力的测定.结果:茜草双酯125,500,2000mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)降低血清溶菌酶含量和全血白细胞吞噬功能;使PFC溶血能力和HC_(50)产生减少;抑制DTH反应;体内给药体外测定,抑制[~3H]TdR参入的PHA与LPS诱导的淋巴细胞转化.以上作用呈一定的剂量依赖性.结论:茜草双酯对正常小鼠特异和非特异性免疫功能均有不同程度的抑制作用.     

双嘧达莫对小鼠免疫功能的影响

双嘧达莫Ｄｉｐ１，１０，４０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１降低小鼠脾脏系数和末梢血白细胞数，抑制全血白细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。降低小鼠血清溶菌酶的含量和血清溶血素的生成，抑制空斑形成细胞的溶血能力。     

淫羊藿多糖对免疫功能低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

采用环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠及荷瘤 (S180 )小鼠观察了淫羊藿多糖 (EPS)对免疫功能的影响 .结果表明 :腹腔注射环磷酰胺 80mg/kg ,可以使正常小鼠的胸腺指数、血清溶血素水平、空斑形成细胞溶血能力和外周血中WBC总数下降 .腹腔注射EPS 5 0、2 5mg/kg× 7,可使脾指数上升 ,但对胸腺指数无明显影响 ;5 0、2 5、12 5mg/kg× 7,使下降的溶血素值及空斑形成细胞的溶血能力回升 ;2 5、12 5mg/kg× 7,使下降的白细胞总数上升 .小鼠荷瘤后免疫功能低下 ,表现为胸腺指数下降、血清溶血素水平、空斑形成细胞的溶血能力及迟发性超敏反应能力降低 .皮下注射EPS5 0mg/kg× 8,可对抗荷瘤引起的胸腺指数下降 ;5 0、2 5mg/kg使荷瘤小鼠的脾指数升高 ;5 0、2 5mg/kg× 8,可以使荷瘤小鼠的血清溶血素、空斑形成细胞的溶血能力及迟发性超敏反应能力有所提高 .     

双嘧达莫对大鼠免疫功能的影响

双嘧达莫Ｄｉｐ１，１０，４０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１降低小鼠脾脏系数和末梢血白细胞数，抑制全血白细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。降低小鼠血清溶菌酶的含量和血清溶血素的生成，抑制空斑形成细胞的溶血能力。     

海力特抗肿瘤作用及其对免疫功能的影响

观察海力特(Hailite)的抗肿瘤作用及对机体免疫功能的影响。结果表明,海力特60,120mg·kg~(-1)对小鼠S_(180)实体瘤及小鼠肝癌H_(22)均有明显抑制作用(P<0.01);海力特10,20,40,80mg·kg~(-1)能明显促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能及提高血清溶血素含量,并能显著增强T淋巴细胞增殖活性及NK细胞杀伤靶细胞的活性,明显增加脾脏T细胞产生IL-2的能力。     

合成鱼腥草素对环磷酰胺模型小鼠免疫功能的影响

对于环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠 ,灌胃给予合成鱼腥草素 6 0mg/kg、12 0mg/kg能明显增加环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠的脾脏指数、外周血淋巴细胞ANAE阳性百分率 ;增强单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发型超敏反应强度及ConA诱导的脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力 ;对胸腺指数则无明显影响 ;合成鱼腥草素 12 0mg/kg还能明显增强环磷酰胺模型小鼠血清溶血素的生成及脾脏空斑形成细胞溶血能力 .     

抗毒补心胶囊对免疫功能低下小鼠免疫调节的影响

目的:观察抗毒补心胶囊对免疫功能低下小鼠免疫调节的影响。方法:昆明种小鼠60只,随机分成空白对照组,模型组,抗毒补心胶囊高、中、低剂量组,阳性对照组,除空白组外,环磷酰胺(50 mg.kg-1)腹腔注射,连续3 d,建立免疫抑制小鼠模型,分光光度法测定小鼠血清溶血素、溶血空斑形成,ELISA法检测小鼠血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。结果:抗毒补心胶囊可提高免疫抑制小鼠溶血素水平升高、促进溶血空斑形成(P<0.05),提高小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α的含量(P<0.05)。结论:抗毒补心胶囊对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能有较好的调节作用。     

番灵胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用北大核心CSCD

目的研究番灵胶囊对CKF1(BALB/c×KM)小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用经口灌胃分别给予80、160和480 mg/kg·bw的番灵胶囊30 d后,观察其体重,测定其免疫器官指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠迟发型变态反应,血清溶血素、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性、抗体生成细胞水平及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化。结果 480 mg/kg·bw组可增强脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、提高抗体生成细胞水平、提高小鼠NK细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬活性;160和480 mg/kg·bw组可增加小鼠血清半数溶血值。结论在本试验条件下,番灵胶囊在480 mg/kg·bw剂量下有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

番灵胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

目的研究番灵胶囊对CKF1(BALB/c×KM)小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用经口灌胃分别给予80、160和480 mg/kg·bw的番灵胶囊30 d后,观察其体重,测定其免疫器官指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠迟发型变态反应,血清溶血素、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性、抗体生成细胞水平及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化。结果 480 mg/kg·bw组可增强脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、提高抗体生成细胞水平、提高小鼠NK细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬活性;160和480 mg/kg·bw组可增加小鼠血清半数溶血值。结论在本试验条件下,番灵胶囊在480 mg/kg·bw剂量下有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.