医生角色的社会资本观

从宏观、中观和微观三个社会资本理论层面,分析了医生作为医疗服务市场中协调各利益相关集团关系的关键角色应该具备的职业特征和应该规范的职业行为,即通过正确发挥卫生政策执行者、救死扶伤的健康保护者、病人的朋友等职业角色来积累并利用社会资本,从而获得社会认可和自身可持续发展的动力.     

304名护士心理灵活性在工作场所社会资本与职业使命感之间的中介作用

目的 探究工作场所社会资本、心理灵活性以及职业使命感的关系及内在作用机制。方法 采用一般资料调查表、接纳与行动问卷第二版、工作场所社会资本量表和员工版职业使命感量表对304名护士进行问卷调查，运用描述性统计、Pearson相关分析和bootstrap分析法进行数据分析。结果 304名护士心理灵活性总均分为（33.64±9.51）分，工作场所社会资本总均分为（33.82±5.90）分，职业使命感总均分为（39.53±7.68）分。职业使命感与心理灵活性、工作场所社会资本均成正相关（r=0.284、0.415,P均<0.001）。心理灵活性积极预测职业使命感（β=0.216,P<0.001），直接效应占总效应的73.97%；工作场所社会资本在心理灵活性与职业使命感间起部分中介作用（β=0.076,P<0.001），间接效应占总效应的26.03%。结论 304名护士心理灵活性可直接影响职业使命感，也可以通过工作场所社会资本的中介作用间接影响职业使命感。     

四川省规范化培训护士心理资本、社会支持对组织承诺和职业认同的影响

目的 探讨四川省规范化培训护士心理资本对组织承诺与职业认同感的影响,及社会支持在其中的中介作用,为提升规范化培训护士职业认同提供理论依据。方法 采用便利抽样法,于2021年3—5月采用一般资料问卷、心理资本量表、社会支持量表、组织承诺量表和职业认同感量表对四川省590名规范化培训护士进行问卷调查,采用AMOS 23.0进行中介效应分析。结果 590名规范化培训护士职业认同得分为（110.68±17.51）分,组织承诺得分为（46.28±8.12）分,心理资本得分为（55.36±8.44）分,领悟社会支持得分为（65.75±11.06）分。相关分析显示,职业认同与组织承诺、心理资本及社会支持均呈正相关（r=0.55～0.84,均P<0.05）。心理资本在组织承诺和职业认同间起部分中介作用,中介效应为0.11,占总效应的17.74%;社会支持在组织承诺和职业认同间起部分中介作用,中介效应为0.12,占总效应的19.35%;心理资本、社会支持在组织承诺和职业认同间起链式中介作用,中介效应为0.09,占总效应的6.45%。结论 四川省规范化培训护士职业认同处于中等水平,组织承诺可分别通过...     

“空巢青年”领悟社会支持与职业倾向的关系研究：心理资本的中介效应

目的探讨影响"空巢青年"职业倾向的影响因素及领悟社会支持、心理资本与职业倾向三者之间的关系。方法采用Luthans心理资本问卷(PCQ-24)、领悟社会支持量表及Holland职业倾向问卷对117名"空巢青年"进行调查研究,通过Bootstrap方法检验心理资本的中介作用。结果男性的领悟社会支持量表得分为(67.34±9.43)分,高于女性的(60.71±16.43)分(P0.05);女性的艺术型职业倾向维度得分为(8.87±5.55)分,高于男性的(7.08±3.09)分(P 0.05)。专科学历被试的PCQ-24得分为(119.00±15.72)分,高于本科学历被试的(109.76±27.22)分(P0.05);专科学历被试的社会型及常规型职业倾向维度得分分别为(10.40±4.00)分及(8.80±1.97)分,高于本科学历被试的(8.18±2.91)分及(7.14±3.25)分,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,领悟社会支持、心理资本与职业倾向各维度两两之间均呈正相关(P0.05)。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,以实际型职业倾向为因变量时,领悟社会支持与心理资本均进入回归方程,且均对实际型职业倾向有正向预测作用(P0.05)。中介作用检验结果显示,心理资本在领悟社会支持与艺术型、研究型职业倾向间起完全中介作用;心理资本在领悟社会支持与实际型、社会型、事业型以及常规型职业倾向间起部分中介作用。结论心理资本在领悟社会支持与职业倾向间起中介作用。     

工作场所社会资本与员工自评健康和职业紧张的关系研究

目的研究工作场所社会资本对员工自评健康和职业紧张的影响。方法采用分层整群抽样,随机抽取浦东6家工作场所部分员工接受问卷调查;应用克隆巴赫系数、Guttman分半系数和验证性因子分析评价工作场所社会资本量表的信度和效度;采用非条件Logistc回归分析社会资本与员工职业紧张的关系,采用多元线性回归分析社会资本与员工自评健康的关系。结果工作场所社会资本量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.926,Guttman分半系数为0.830,验证性因子分析显示:KMO值为0.91,共提取1个公因子,累计方差贡献率为66.37%,量表信度和效度较好。控制可能的影响因素后,工作场所社会资本与员工自评健康呈正相关(χ2=0.261,P0.01),与员工职业紧张程度呈负相关(χ2=-0.800,P0.01)。结论工作场所社会资本是员工自评健康和职业紧张的重要影响因素。     

陕西省6所监狱警察心理资本对角色压力与职业倦怠关系的调节作用

目的 了解陕西省监狱警察角色压力与职业倦怠的关系，检验心理资本对二者的调节作用，为干预监狱警察职业倦怠提供依据。方法 2022年7—9月，采用方便抽样方法，选择陕西省陕北、关中和陕南地区6所监狱的225名监狱警察为调查对象，采用《角色压力源问卷》《Maslach职业倦怠调查普适量表》《心理资本问卷》对其进行调查，并对数据进行分析。结果 监狱警察职业倦怠检出率为83.6%(188/225)。角色压力得分[M(P25,P75)]为50.0(45.0,54.5)分，职业倦怠得分为65.0(56.0,72.0)分，心理资本得分为（93.4±19.7）分。职业倦怠与角色压力呈正相关（rS=0.281,P<0.01），与心理资本呈负相关（rS=-0.194,P<0.01）；心理资本与角色压力呈负相关（rS=-0.145,P<0.05）。心理资本在角色压力与职业倦怠间起调节作用（β=-0.156,P<0.05）；在低心理资本组中，角色压力对职业倦怠具有正向预测作用[简单斜率（simple slope）=0.417,P<0.01]，在高心理资本组中，角色压力并不能预测职业...     

退休改变了我们什么

正退休改变了我们什么?归根结底,退休改变了一个人的社会角色,并进而改变了一个人的生活内容和行为方式。反映在社会角色上,退休前后的变化主要有两方面。职业角色转变为非职业性角色退休之后,职业角色随之成为历史,经理不再是经理,教师不再是教师,主任不再是主任,研究员不再是研究员,修理工也不再是修理工,     

"病人选择医生"与医生角色转换

角色是社会学、社会心理学的专门术语，为社会结构中的一个特定位置。每个社会角色的扮演者，都要按照该角色的行为模式进行活动。然而，社会成员在社会中所扮演的角色并不是一成不变的，随着社会环境的变化，或社会角色自身所选择的角色转换，社会成员所扮演的角色将会发生改变，因此，社会成员应该通过学习和实践来调整、规范自己的行为，承担社会角色所赋予的义务和     

骨科护士心理资本与职业认同的现状及相关性分析

目的调查骨科护士的心理资本与职业认同的现状及影响因素,并分析两者之间的相关性。方法于2018年7—8月,运用便利抽样法抽取天津市某三级甲等综合医院的245名骨科护士,采用自行设计的一般资料问卷,中文版护士心理资本问卷和中文修订版护士职业认同量表进行问卷调查。结果心理资本总分为100.22±14.85,其中,自我效能得分为25.60±4.47,希望得分为25.67±4.84,韧性得分为24.49±4.47,乐观得分为24.47±3.87;职业认同总分为30.52±8.13;不同年龄、最高学历、职称、临床工作时间及是否自愿选择护理专业的骨科护士心理资本总分差异有统计学意义(F=2.036、2.606、2.340、2.240、2.278,均P0.01);骨科护士心理资本水平与其职业认同感呈正相关(r=0.403);多元线性逐步回归分析显示,希望和乐观是影响骨科护士心理资本的主要因素,共能解释15.8%的变异量。结论骨科护士的心理资本与其职业认同感处于中等水平,且两者密切相关,护理管理者应该根据骨科护士的不同特征开发其积极心理资本,从而提升其职业认同感。     

女人的胸怀和情趣

女人一生有很多角色。首先,你要为人女,为人妻,为人母,这些属于“第一角色”——家庭角色;然后,你要立足于这个世界。有一个属于自己的职业定位,这些属于“第二角色”——职业角色：最后,我们还会有自己的“第三角色”——社会角色．你会找到一个属于自己的群．得到认同和提升．它游离于你的日常生活轨道,是自我的外延和拓展。     

Social capital and administrative contextual determinants of lack of access to a regular doctor: a multilevel analysis in southern Sweden

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of contextual (social capital and administrative/neo-materialist) and individual factors on lack of access to a regular doctor. METHODS: The 2000 public health survey in Scania is a cross-sectional study. A total of 13,715 persons answered a postal questionnaire, which is 59% of the random sample. A multilevel logistic regression model, with individuals at the first level and municipalities at the second, was performed. The effect (intra-class correlations, cross-level modification and odds ratios) of individual and municipality (social capital and health care district) factors on lack of access to a regular doctor was analysed using simulation method. The Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) was used as information criterion for the models. RESULTS: The second level municipality variance in lack of access to a regular doctor is substantial even in the final models with all individual and contextual variables included. The model that results in the largest reduction in DIC is the model including age, sex and individual social participation (which is a network aspect of social capital), but the models which include administrative and social capital second level factors also reduced the DIC values. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both administrative health care district and social capital may partly explain the individual's self reported lack of access to a regular doctor.     

Social capital and access to primary health care in developing countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

We test for a causal role of social capital, as measured by self-reported trust, in determining access to basic health facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa. To skirt the reverse-causality problems between social capital and basic health, we rely on instrumental-variable (IV) estimates. A one standard-deviation increase in trust is predicted to lead to a 0.22 standard-deviation fall in doctor absenteeism, a 0.31 standard-deviation fall in waiting time and a 0.30 standard-deviation fall in bribes. As a robustness check, we also use a different database regarding a different health issue, access to clean water. We find that a one standard-deviation rise in trust leads to a 0.33 standard-deviation rise in access to clean water. The variety of public goods considered provides insights about the possible channels through which social capital is converted into health improvements.     

和谐医患关系的社会资本分析

20世纪90年代兴起的社会资本理论,为建立起一个相互理解、相互信任、相互尊重、相互帮助的和谐医患关系,减少医疗纠纷,维护社会稳定提供了一个新的研究视角。和谐医患关系是和谐社会的重要组成部分,社会资本与构建和谐医患关系存在着结构性制约和依赖关系,当前我国医药卫生领域社会资本发育的不成熟,严重制约了和谐医患关系的建立,因此,必须重建医患双方诚信关系,加强医事卫生法治建设和完善医事社会参与机制,提升医疗卫生领域社会资本的存量,并最终形成健康和谐的医患关系。     

不同类型城市社区的特征及其社会资本对居民自评健康的影响探讨

目的 在“健康中国”背景下,面向城市居民,分析不同类型城市社区的特征及其社会资本对居民自评健康的影响,为促进社区居民健康提供参考。方法 运用分层随机抽样方法于2018年10—11月,在成都市选取农转非集中安置小区(807份)、单位宿舍(393份)、商住楼盘小区(426份)的居民进行问卷调查。运用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析方法探究居民自评健康的影响因素。结果 农转非社区、单位社区和商住楼盘社区的居民在性别(χ²=16.305)、年龄(χ²=33.386)、婚姻状况(χ²=22.344)、教育程度(χ²=193.373)、社保情况(χ²=14.428)、商业保险购买情况(χ²=6.234)、到医疗点的最快用时(χ²=41.344)、自评健康方面(χ²=10.439)均存在统计学差异(P<0.05);三类社区在个体(F=3.875)、家庭(F=11.329)、社区(F=21.209)、工作单位(F...     

Family social capital and health – a systematic review and redirection

The level (or scale) at which social capital can be conceptualised and measured ranges potentially from the macro‐level (regional or country level), to the meso‐level (neighbourhoods, workplaces, schools), down to the individual level. However, one glaring gap in the conceptualisation of social capital within the empirical literature has been the level of the family. Our aim in this review is to examine the family as the ‘missing level’ in studies on social capital and health. To do so, we conducted a systematic review on the use and measurement of this notion in the health literature, with the final intention of articulating a direction for future research in the field. Our findings are consistent with the notion that family social capital is multidimensional and that its components have distinct effects on health outcomes. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms through which family social capital is related to health, as well as determining the most valid ways to measure family social capital.     

英国NHS体系对我国卫生服务的启示

本文介绍英国NHS体系的特点,包括公平优先、兼顾效率,合理的分级保健体制,健全的医药体制及电子化健康服务,对我国卫生服务启示:动员社会资金投入卫生服务,推行家庭医师制度,推进药物制度建设,加强卫生信息化建设。     

Social capital and mental health: an interdisciplinary review of primary evidence

An interdisciplinary interrogation of primary evidence linking social capital and mental health sought to establish: (1) 'quality of evidence' (assessed in terms of study design, methods used to address stated questions, rigor of data analysis, and logic and clarity of interpretation of results), and (2) applicability of the evidence to public health policy and practice with respect to mental health. It is found that social capital, a complex and compound construct, can be both an asset and a liability with respect to mental health of those in receipt of and those providing services and other interventions. The most meaningful assessment of social capital or components thereof may examine individual access to rather than possession of social capital, a property of groups, and therefore an ecological variable. Theoretical advances in research on social capital serve to identify mainly two types of social capital: bonding (between individuals in a group) and bridging (between groups). Each type of social capital has cognitive and/or structural component(s) and may operate at micro and/or macro level(s). Effective mental health policy and service provision may build or strengthen bridging social capital and benefit from both bonding and bridging social capital where either or both exist. Established indicators of social capital are amenable to quantitative and qualitative assessment, preferably in tandem. However studies that employ combined research design are rare or non-existent. Interdisciplinary multi-method investigations and analyses are called for in order to unravel mechanisms whereby social capital and mental health might be meaningfully associated.     

Coping,Community and Fighting Stereotypes: An Exploration of Multidimensional Social Capital in Personal Blogs Discussing Mental Illness

ABSTRACT

Social capital has been identified as one of the ways in which mental health concerns may be mitigated – by ensuring that systems are in place at the micro (cognitive), meso (social interaction), and macro (institutional) levels to support individuals as they seek assistance with and recovery from mental health concerns. One area that deserves further research, however, is how social capital is created communicatively online for these purposes. This study outlines the creation of social capital through interviews with five personal bloggers, analysis of six additional personal blogs with mental health content, and analysis of 878 reader comments to blog posts. Social capital creation is found in three levels, with: (1) coping with mental illness present at the cognitive level, (2) fostering supportive community at the social interaction level, and (3) fighting against stereotypes at the institutional level.     

Social capital and health promotion: a review

Interest in social capital and health has emerged at an exciting time. In public health, there is a renewed interest in mechanisms that link social inequalities and health. In epidemiology, there has been a critical interrogation of methods and a call for a more explicit use of theory. In health promotion over the last 20-30 years, social health interventions have been somewhat marginalised in an era dominated by interest in traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Now that social hypotheses are being reborn in health, there is a risk that the sophistication that has developed in social health promotion and the literatures that have informed it could be overlooked. In this paper, we present a brief history of social capital and how it has come into recent prominence through the debate linking income inequality and health. We present the background to this, the earlier literatures on social environmental influences on health and the possible processes thought to underlie this relationship. Social capital has relational, material and political aspects. We suggest that, although the relational properties of social capital are important (eg, trust, networks), the political aspects of social capital are perhaps under recognised. The paper also reviews how complex social processes at the community level have come to be operationalised by social theorists and intervention agents in other fields. We suggest that social capital research so far has inadequately captured the underlying constructs, in particular the qualitative difference between the macro/context level and the micro/individual level. While being cautious about the science, we conclude that social capital's power as rhetoric and as a metaphor may be of value. We conclude by suggesting that the coalescence of interests in context-level influences on health now invites a revitalisation of theories and interventions inspired by diverse fields, such as geography and ecological community psychology.