胸部病变的改良式动态增强CT扫描的应用

目的 :探讨改良式动态增强CT扫描对胸部病变诊断的价值。方法 :搜集连续胸部改良式CT增强扫描的病例 12 5例。所有病例在正位定位像上可发现明显的病变。全胸增强扫描前均在病灶中心层面平扫 1～ 3层 ,增强螺旋扫描后再在病灶相应层面加做延迟 2～ 5min的扫描。分析胸部病变改良式动态增强的CT诊断结果 ,与病检结果进行对照 ,以及改良式动态增强CT扫描对胸部病变诊断的价值。结果 :CT诊断的 12 5例病例 ,除 4例肺癌无法获得病检外 ,116例诊断正确 ,另 5例误诊。误诊主要在于病变自身特殊的病理结构所致 ,而与使用的这种增强扫描方法关系不大。结论 :胸部改良式动态增强CT扫描对胸部病变的正确诊断有很大帮助 ,具有实用价值     

Comparison of CT and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of bronchial disease

CT was compared to fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a large series of patients to study the value of CT for visualizing bronchial disease. CT scans were available for review in 64 cases in which focal airway disease was identified with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and in 38 patients in whom the airways appeared normal at bronchoscopy. CT was positive in 59 of 64 cases in which lesions were detected endoscopically. If the results are analyzed according to the extent of involvement of individual bronchi, CT successfully identified 88 (90%) of 98 lesions. CT correctly excluded disease in 35 (92%) of 38 cases that were subsequently verified to be normal by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In no case was the diagnosis of malignancy missed by CT. While extremely accurate in detecting focal lesions, CT was inaccurate in predicting whether a given abnormality was endobronchial, submucosal, or extrinsic (peribronchial). In three cases CT failed to detect submucosal extension into the left mainstream bronchus, which has important implications concerning the value of CT in staging bronchial malignancy. It is concluded that CT is helpful when bronchoscopy is contraindicated or refused. CT may also be used in selected cases when there is low clinical suspicion of endobronchial disease and as a complementary procedure to fiberoptic bronchoscopy for outlining the exact location of major mediastinal and hilar vessels, lymph nodes, and tumor in relation to adjacent airways.     

CT对外伤性隐性胸膜肺损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨外伤性隐性胸膜肺损伤的CT表现，评价CT检查的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析68例外伤性隐性胸膜肺损伤的X线平片、CT检查结果和临床治疗情况。结果68例常规X线胸片均未能检出隐性胸膜肺损伤，CT检出气胸32例、血胸24例和肺出血12例。根据CT诊断结果，采用对症处理治愈55例(81％)，胸穿处理治愈9例(13％)，胸腔闭式引流处理治愈4例(6％)。结论相对于常规X线胸片检查，CT对于外伤性隐性胸膜肺损伤的诊断有极其重要的临床意义。     

Comparison of imaging with FDG PET/CT with other imaging modalities in myeloma

Objective To determine the usefulness of FDG PET/CT scanning in the management and staging of myeloma and to assess its strengths and limitations.Design FDG PET/CT scans and all other available imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively from 16 consecutive patients by two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists and two nuclear medicine physicians working in consensus.Patients The 16 patients had undergone a total of 19 FDG PET/CT scans. Radiographs were available in all cases, including 13 skeletal surveys; 25 CT scans (16 chest, three abdominal, four pelvic, one spine, one neck) and 22 MR imaging studies (17 spine, three pelvic, two extremity) also were reviewed. Patients’ records were examined for relevant clinical information. All focal areas of abnormal FDG uptake were correlated with the other imaging studies to determine clinical significance. FDG PET/CT scans also were reviewed to see if small lesions shown on the other imaging studies could be identified in retrospect.Results The 12 men and four women had an average age of 58 years (range 30–69 years). All 16 patients had an established diagnosis of multiple myeloma, with average duration of disease, from time of initial diagnosis to review, of 30 months (range 6 months to 11+ years). The FDG PET/CT scans revealed a total of 104 sites (90 in bone, 14 soft tissue) that were suspicious for neoplastic activity based on a standardized uptake value (SUV) greater than 2.5. Fifty-seven of these sites (55%) were new or previously undetected. The other imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MR) and clinical information confirmed the other 47 areas but also revealed 133 other small skeletal lesions. Six of these 133 additional lesions showed mild FDG uptake on re-review of the PET/CT scans. The FDG PET/CT findings led to management changes in 9/16 patients. MR imaging revealed five cases of diffuse bone involvement (four spine, one scapula) that were not evident by FDG PET/CT.Conclusion FDG PET/CT scans are useful for the management and staging of myeloma. However, if PET/CT were the sole imaging study done, it would miss many additional small lytic skeletal lesions and could miss diffuse spine involvement.     

Differentiating lung abscess and empyema: radiography and computed tomography

Conventional chest radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans of 70 inflammatory thoracic lesions in 63 patients were reviewed and scored for diagnostic features. Pathologic confirmation of the final diagnosis was available in 42% (5/12) of lung abscesses and 31% (18/58) of empyemas. CT alone was sufficient to correctly diagnose 100% (70/70) of cases. Diagnostic information not available from conventional chest radiographs was obtained in 47% (33/70) of cases; in an additional 34% of patients, CT more accurately defined the extent of disease. The most reliable CT features for the differential diagnosis of lung abscess and empyema were wall characteristics, pleural separation, and lung compression. Conventional radiographic features such as size, shape, and the angle of the lesion with the chest wall were less helpful, though also best assessed by CT.     

小儿维生素B1缺乏性脑病的CT诊断价值

目的 :探讨维生素B1 缺乏性脑病的CT表现特征和诊断价值。方法 :对临床确诊的 12例维生素B1 缺乏性脑病患儿行颅脑常规CT扫描 ,并对其颅脑CT表现及临床资料进行综合分析。结果 :其中对称性的低密度见于尾状核和豆状核 7例 ,豆状核 3例 ,豆状核及颞叶 2例。经CT诊断的该组病例治疗取得明显的效果 ,5例治疗 1周后CT复查 ,2例基底节病灶消失 ,3例病灶明显减小。 2例患儿出现脑瘫后遗症 ,CT显示基底节区有对称性的囊变灶。结论 :小儿维生素B1 缺乏性脑病患儿 ,其颅脑CT表现两侧基底节区对称性的低密度改变有一定特征性 ,CT对该病诊断以及预后判断有重要价值。     

肺血管集聚征在小肺癌CT诊断中的价值

目的 :探讨肺血管集聚征在小肺癌CT诊断中的价值。方法 :对 43例 2cm内的孤立性肺结节行CT薄层扫描 ,病灶局部放大 ,观察肺结节与血管的关系。结果 :43例中显示血管集聚征 2 4例 ,其中良性结节 3例 ,小肺癌 2 1例。结论 :肺血管集聚征在小肺癌CT诊断中具有重要的参考价值 ,CT薄层扫描有助于肺内良恶性病灶的诊断与鉴别     

菲立磁增强MRI检测肝脏占位病变与三期动态增强CT扫描的比较研究

目的　比较菲立磁增强MRI和增强CT扫描在肝脏实性占位病变检测中的应用价值。方法　对 18例肝内局灶性占位患者行MR平扫及菲立磁增强扫描。观察肝脏与病灶信号强度变化 ,形态及数目 ,比较增强前后T2 WI病灶及肝脏的信噪比 (SNR)及对比噪声比 (CNR) ,做出MRI定性诊断 ,并与增强CT扫描诊断进行比较。其中肝细胞肝癌 4例 ,复发性肝癌 4例 ,转移瘤 4例 ,肝血管瘤 6例。结果　菲立磁增强明显降低正常肝组织信号强度 ,而恶性肿瘤的信号强度无强化 ,病灶—肝脏信噪比增加可清晰显示病变 ,并发现新病灶。肝血管瘤的血池效应与增强CT扫描比较有鉴别诊断意义。结论　做为增强CT扫描和Gd -DTPAMR增强的补充方法 ,SPIO增强MRI对肝脏占位病变的显示 ,小病灶发现和定性诊断中有重要的临床意义     

The possible role of F-18 FDG positron emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic values of different methods for the differentiation of malignant from benign pancreatic lesions. METHODS: In 22 patients with focal pancreatic lesions, the carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level was measured; abdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) were performed; and the value of these methods were analyzed for their use in cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: Malignant lesions were identified in six patients and verified by surgery or clinical follow-up. The CA 19-9 level was elevated in four of the five patients examined (sensitivity, 80%). In all six cases, US and CT revealed hypoechogenic and hypodense areas (sensitivity, 100%). In one patient, ERCP was unsuccessful but yielded true-positive results in three others (sensitivity, 60%). The sensitivity of FDG PET was 100%. Sixteen focal cases of pancreatic disease proved to be benign. The CA 19-9 level was elevated in four of them (specificity, 73%). Hypoechogenic and hypodense areas were evident on US and CT in eight patients. The specificity of CT was 50% (8 of 16 cases). The specificity of US was 47% (7 of 15 cases). The specificity of successful ERCP was 92%. Fourteen negative FDG-PET results were truly negative. In two patients, however, the PET findings proved to be falsely positive (specificity, 88%). CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET is an effective tool to differentiate malignant from benign focal pancreatic lesions. In persons with focal pancreatic hypoechogenic or hypodense lesions detected by CT or US and an elevated CA 19-9 level, FDG PET should be the next step in the diagnostic strategy.     

肝脏局灶性结节性增生2例报告及文献复习

目的通过分析肝脏局灶性结节增生的影像表现，提高其诊断准确性。方法2例经手术病理证实的肝脏局灶性结节增生患者均接受超声、CT和MRI检查，其影像表现结合文献复习进行了分析。结果超声显示了2例的肝右叶实性占位性病变。1例CT平扫肝右叶病灶显示不清，增强扫描后，肝右叶前段有一直径约3．1cm的类圆形病灶呈均匀强化。MR平扫见2例的肝内结节病灶均呈等T1、等T2信号，增强扫描动脉期病灶明显强化，门脉期和延迟期病灶的强化程度逐渐下降。结论腹部超声可提示本病的诊断，而CT和MRI，尤其是增强扫描，可清晰显示病灶的血供特点和强化特征，为定性诊断提供重要依据。     

胰腺癌CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的评价CT平扫与增强扫描对胰腺癌的诊断与鉴别诊断价值.方法24例经手术病理或临床证实的胰腺疾病患者,包括胰腺癌(12)例,慢性胰腺炎(7例),胰腺转移瘤(2例),胰腺囊腺瘤(1例),胰腺结核(1例),以及胰头变异(1例),均经增强前与增强后CT扫描,并对全部病例的CT表现进行回顾性分析.结果24例胰腺病变患者中,恶性病变(胰腺癌与转移瘤)14例(58%),良性病变10例(42%).各种胰腺疾病的影像表现随其为良性或恶性病变而不同,例如,胰腺癌患者表现为瘤内的不均匀密度,增强扫描后病变无强化,而慢性胰腺炎患者则表现为病变密度均匀,增强扫描后病变均匀强化.结论CT扫描,尤其是CT增强扫描有助于将胰腺癌与其他胰腺疾病相鉴别.     

胰腺囊性病变的CT诊断价值

目的 探讨CT对胰腺囊性病变的诊断价值。资料与方法 分析54例胰腺囊性病变的CT表现，其中假性囊肿41例，真性囊肿2例，浆液性囊腺瘤3例，黏液性囊腺瘤2例，囊腺癌3例，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤3例。结果 41例假性囊肿CT共检出44个囊性病灶，其中41个病灶为单房囊肿，3个病灶囊内见分隔。40个病灶为低密度，4个病灶为略高密度，增强后均无强化。另见。肾前筋膜增厚(32例)、胰周脂肪层模糊(14例)和胰管扩张(6例)。真性囊肿表现为单发或多发无强化囊性病灶，确诊主要依赖特殊临床资料和组织病理学检查。5例囊腺瘤表现为多房分隔囊性肿块，3例浆液囊腺瘤中2例中央见星芒状钙化，增强后分隔有强化。3例囊腺癌表现为多房分隔囊性病灶，其中2例有肝内多发转移。3例无功能胰岛细胞瘤，2例表现为单房囊性病灶，1例表现为多房分隔及囊内出血。结合病变本身及胰腺和胰周改变(包括肝脏)，CT对假性囊肿诊断的准确性为98．1％，对囊性病变诊断的准确性为90．7％。结论 CT能显示病变本身和胰腺及胰周(包括肝脏)形态学改变，有助于胰腺囊性病变的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

非增强螺旋CT扫描对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值

目的 评价非增强螺旋CT扫描对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。资料与方法 对115例临床怀疑急性阑尾炎患者作非增强螺旋CT扫描，不口服或结肠内灌注对比剂，层厚10mm，Pitch1，扫描范围从L3椎体至耻骨联合。CT诊断急性阑尾炎的标准包括阑尾增粗横径超过6mm，或阑尾结石同时伴有阑尾周围的炎性改变。CT诊断结果与手术、病理或临床随访结果进行对照。结果 CT发现56例真阳性，49例真阴性，7例假阴性和3例假阳性。CT诊断急性阑尾炎的敏感性为89％，特异性为94％，准确性为91％，阳性预测值为95％，阴性预测值为88％。49例无阑尾炎患者中，CT发现其他病变22例(45％)。结论 非增强螺旋CT扫描，能快速、准确地诊断有无急性阑尾炎，而且还能发现除阑尾炎以外的其他各种病变。     

Diagnostic imaging of liver masses in children

We reviewed the investigation of liver masses in 45 children. Plain films of the abdomen (in 42) and radionuclide liver and spleen scans (in 38) were nonspecific, although the latter had a sensitivity of 100%. Sonography detected lesions in 39 of the 40 patients in whom it was performed (sensitivity 97.5%), and suggested a specific diagnosis in 16 (41%). Computerized tomography (CT) detected all lesions (sensitivity 100%) and gave more information than the other modalities in 17 of the 38 cases (44.7%), as well as the best definition of the extent of liver lesions. Sonography should be the initial modality of choice in children with suspected liver masses but, in most patients, CT is the single most helpful method for defining the extent of such masses. In addition, CT may also show extrahepatic disease. In a particular clinical context, the characteristic CT pattern of contrast enhancement is diagnostic of hemangioma. Angiography provides a preoperative map of abdominal vasculature in patients with malignant disease or vascular aneurysm, and is indicated for this purpose.     

Hepatic adenomas and focal nodular hyperplasia: dynamic CT study

A retrospective, multi-institutional study was carried out on a series of 50 histologically proved benign hepatic tumors. The 27 hepatic adenomas (HAs) and 23 cases of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) were studied with ultrasonography (US) and dynamic computed tomography (CT). Angiography was performed in 26 cases (15 HAs, 11 FNHs); scintigraphy was not used because of its cost. US scans proved nonspecific. CT scans demonstrated hemorrhage in five HAs and were useful in characterizing tumoral vascularity and any intratumoral features such as necrosis or central fibrous scar. The presence of arterial vessels (five patients) in the projection of this central fibrous scar is suggestive of FNH. Dynamic CT scans did not show the type of tumor in most cases. In cases with lesions greater than 3 cm for which doubt as to the diagnosis persists, combined use of morphologic data, scintigraphy, dynamic CT scanning, and angiography can guide the therapeutic decision: surgery or follow-up CT study after use of oral contraceptives is stopped.     

肾筋膜减压平面在腹膜后病变CT诊断中的应用

目的 进一步探讨肾筋膜减压平面的解剖及其在腹膜后病变CT诊断中的应用。资料与方法 搜集37例腹膜后病变病例，其中急性胰腺炎23例，肾及肾周病变14例。均采用CT扫描。结果 所有病例在CT上均可见不同程度和范围的肾筋膜和桥隔增厚。结论 将肾筋膜减压平面分为肾前筋膜前平面、肾前筋膜后平面、桥隔旁平面、肾后筋膜前平面及肾后筋膜后平面有助于加深对腹膜后病变CT表现的理解和提高CT诊断的准确性。     

眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其临床价值

目的：探讨眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其在诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法：73例眼球肿瘤行CT扫描，45例行MRI扫描，回顾性分析眼球肿瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果：28例视网膜母细胞瘤CT表现为有钙化的肿块；26例色素膜黑色素瘤MRI显示为短T1短T2信号，增强后轻至中度强化；9例脉络膜骨瘤CT表现为眼球壁高密度扁平性肿块；6例转移瘤MRI表现为扁平性肿块，呈略长T1长T2信号；4例脉络膜血管瘤呈长T1明显长T2信号，增强后明显均匀强化。结论：CT和MRI可显示眼球肿瘤的形态、大小及内部特征，有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Clinical value of FDG PET in patients with fever of unknown origin and patients suspected of focal infection or inflammation

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) and suspected focal infection or inflammation are challenging medical problems. The aim of this study was to assess the value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) in patients with FUO and patients with suspected focal infection or inflammation. All FDG PET scans ordered because of FUO or suspected focal infection or inflammation in the last 4 years were reviewed. These results were compared with the final diagnosis. Thirty-five FDG PET scans were performed in 35 patients with FUO. A final diagnosis was established in 19 patients (54%). Of the total number of scans, 37% were clinically helpful. The positive predictive value of FDG PET in these patients was 87% and the negative predictive value was 95%. Fifty-five FDG PET scans were performed in 48 patients with suspected focal infection or inflammation. A final diagnosis was established in 38 patients (82%). Of the total number of scans, 65% were clinically helpful. The positive predictive value of FDG PET in these 55 episodes of suspected infection or inflammation was 95% and the negative predictive value was 100%. It is concluded that FDG PET appears to be a valuable imaging technique in the evaluation of FUO and suspected focal infection or inflammation. Furthermore, FDG PET could become a useful tool for evaluating the effect of treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes that cannot reliably be visualised by conventional techniques. However, to assess the additional diagnostic value of this technique, prospective studies of FDG PET as part of a structured diagnostic protocol are warranted.     

2 cm以下周围型小肺癌的CT诊断(附32例分析)

目的 进一步提高对周围型小肺癌（SPLC）及早期肺癌的CT诊断水平.方法 收集经手术或穿刺病理证实直径小于等于2 cm SPLC 29例,经临床证实3例.全部病例先行常规扫描,病灶区再行薄层或高分辨率CT扫描,21例做了增强扫描,增强扫描前先平扫.结果 32例CT均表现为单发结节,其中,实性软组织密度结节23例,中心实性周边磨玻璃密度结节5例,不均匀较低密度结节4例.病灶具有毛刺征25例,分叶征21例,胸膜凹陷征10例,血管集束征8例,棘状突起征6例,小泡征5例,支气管气相征3例,脐凹征3例,小结节堆砌征1例,高密度点条征1例.结论 CT,特别是HRCT对SPLC及早期肺癌具有重要的诊断价值,征象出现越多肺癌的可能性越大;合理的窗技术对SPLC征象的显示有重要帮助.     

卵巢癌术后腹膜复发与转移灶的CT诊断

目的 探讨卵巢癌术后腹膜复发与转移灶的ＣＴ诊断价值。材料与方法 对１９例卵巢癌术后腹膜复发与转移灶再手术病例术前ＣＴ诊断与手术对照。结果 １９例卵巢癌术后腹膜复发与转移灶再手术病例共见４７处病灶。术前ＣＴ发现３３处,敏感性为７０．２％（３３／４７）,假阴性２９．８％（１４／４７）,无假阳性。结论 ＣＴ对卵巢癌术后腹膜复发与转移有诊断价值。