输尿管镜气压弹道与体外震波碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效比较

目的 比较输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（URSL）与体外震波碎石（ESWL）治疗输尿管结石的疗效和不良反应。方法分别使用URSL与ESWL治疗输尿管结石患者各120例，治疗后应用腹部平片评估其疗效，随访1-3月。了解结石排净率，观察并记录不良反应和并发症。结果URSL有效率为88．3％，ESWL有效率77．5％。差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；URSL上段结石有效率76．3％，ESWL有效率94．9％，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）：URSL中下段结石有效率93．9％，ESWL有效率69．1％，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；其肾绞痛、恶心呕吐、发热URSL低于ESWL（P〈0．05），URSL的并发症为1．7％的输尿管穿孔。结论URSL治疗输尿管结石优于ESWL；URSL适用于中下段输尿管结石的治疗，ESWL较适用于上段输尿管结石。     

坦索罗辛在输尿管下段结石体外震波碎石术后辅助排石中的作用

目的探讨仅，肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂坦索罗辛在输尿管下段结石体外震波碎石术（ESWL）后辅助排石中的效果。方法64例输尿管下段结石患者随机分成两组，组Ⅰ为对照组，ESWL后应用吲哚美辛25mg，3次／d，排石颗粒5g，3次／d，未应用输尿管平滑肌松弛剂；组Ⅱ为试验组，ESWL后在对照组治疗方案基础上予以口服坦索罗辛0．4mg，1次／d。每例患者观察时间不超过2周。结果在观察时间内两组排石率分别为42．3％和78．9％，两组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。观察时间内两组再次发生肾绞痛而需要镇痛药治疗的患者分别为15．4％和7．9％，两组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。组Ⅱ除1例发生头晕外，无其他不良反应发生。结论坦索罗辛能提高输尿管下段结石ESWL后的排石率，减少再发生肾绞痛的几率，且安全有效，可作为输尿管下段结石ESWL后的辅助排石方法。     

输尿管结石的输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗

目的探讨提高输尿管结石疗效的方法。方法对146例（153例次）输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（ESWL）治疗。结果输尿管上段结石32例次气压弹道碎石成功率为53．1％，输尿管中段结石15例次气压弹道碎石成功率为66．7％，输尿管下段结石106例次气压弹道碎石成功率为95．3％，治疗输尿管结石总成功率为83．7％，手术并发症为2．6％。结论经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术是治疗输尿管结石一种安全、可靠、有效的方法。     

坦索罗辛在输尿管下段结石ESWL后辅助排石中的作用

目的探讨α1肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂坦索罗辛在输尿管下段结石ESWL后辅助排石中的作用。方法对64例输尿管下段结石患者行ESWL治疗，分为二组，组I为对照组，ESWL后应用消炎痛25mg，3次／d，排石颗粒5g，3次／d，未应用输尿管平滑肌松弛剂；组Ⅱ为实验组，ESWL后在对照组治疗方案基础上予以口服坦索罗辛0．4mg，1次／d。每例患者观察时间不超过2周。结果在观察时间内两组排石率分别为42．3％和78．9％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。观察时间内两组再次发生肾绞痛而需要镇痛药治疗的患者分别为15．4％和7．9％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。组Ⅱ除1例发生头晕外，无其他不良反应发生。结论坦索罗辛能提高输尿管下段结石ESWL后的排石率，减少再发生肾绞痛的机率，且安全有效，可作为输尿管下段结石ESWL后的辅助排石方法。     

输尿管结石体外震波碎石术失败后钬激光碎石术（附31例报告）

目的：评价输尿管结石体外震波碎石术（ESWL）失败后输尿管镜钬激光碎石术的疗效和安全性。方法：回顾分析2005年5月-2008年10月输尿管结石ESWL失败后行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术31例的临床资料。结果：输尿管镜钬激光一次碎石成功28例,成功率90．3％（28／31）;3例失败,其中2例为结石移位,1例为置镜失败。结论：尿管镜钬激光碎石术创伤小,并发症少,是治疗输尿管结石ESWL,失败后的首选方法。     

体外震波碎石机治疗泌尿系结石2085例

目的总结体外碎石机治疗泌尿系结石的经验。方法应用该机治疗泌尿系结石患者2085例,其中肾结石516例,输尿管1545例,膀胱结石24例。结石大小0．5cm×1．0cm～2．5cm×3cm。碎石机工作电压7—9kV,放电次数2000次。结果肾结石治愈率达84％,输尿管结石治愈率达94％,膀胱结石达80％。其中1459例（70％）ESWL后有不同程度肉眼血尿,284例（13．6％）出现肾绞痛,经对症治疗均消失。结论体外碎石技术是泌尿系结石的首选治疗方法。     

体外冲击波与输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂输尿管结石的疗效比较

目的 评价ESWL和URSL治疗复杂输尿管结石的临床价值。方法 对246例ESWL治疗和238例URSL治疗的临床资料进行分析，比较其成功率、失败率及原因、治疗费用、术后并发症等的差别。结果 ESWL组治疗成功率73．6％，失败率26．4％，平均治疗费用1860元，术后尿血185例(75．2％)，术后石街并发热10例(4．07％)，65例失败改URSL治疗，60例成功，5例结石进入肾孟配合ESWL治疗成功。URSL组治疗成功率95．4％，失败率4．6％，平均治疗费用4860元，术后腰痛发热10例(4．2％)，输尿管损伤8例(3．36％)，包括输尿管穿孔、撕裂、假道形成。9例结石进入肾孟配合ESWL治疗成功，2例开放手术。结论 复杂输尿管结石的治疗首选URSL，URSL治疗失败后配合ESWL可提高复杂输尿管结石治愈率，对结石周围输尿管严重病变者宜开放手术。     

封堵器联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石与体外震波碎石术的比较

目的比较封堵器联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石与体外震波碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法回顾性分析96例输尿管上段结石患者资料,其中输尿管镜取石术（URL）中应用管路封堵器46例（联合治疗组）,体外震波碎石（ESWL）50例（ESWL组）,比较二种手术方式的结石清除率、手术并发症发生率、住院费用.结果结石清除率联合治疗组97.83%（45/46）,ESWL组82.00%（48/50）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.总费用联合治疗组（9120±320）元,ESWL组（2158±120）元,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.术后并发症联合治疗组发热3例、肾绞痛2例、血尿均有但不严重,ESWL组发热4例、肾绞痛5例,术后并发症两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）结论输尿管封堵器应用于输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管上段结石安全有效,且操作简单、方便,能有效减少术中结石漂移,提高结石清除率,但费用相对于ESWL高.     

输尿管置管体外震波碎石的护理体会

体外震波碎五术（ESWL）用于治疗泌尿系结石有许多优点。但对输尿管结石的效果尚不理想。一些学者通过实践发现ESWL粉碎输尿管结石景否成功，取决于结石周围是否存在一个“扩张腔”或有无液体。根据这一理论，我们采用逆行输尿管插管后行ESWL术，术中配合生理盐水导管内滴注治疗输尿管结石33例，取得比较满意效果，现将具体做法及护理体会总结如下。1临床资料及方法本组病例33例，男性21例．女性12例；平均年龄42岁，全部病例均为首次ESWL治疗，均为一侧输尿管单个结五。输尿管上段结石14例，输尿管中段结石9例，输尿管下段结石10例…     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石(附96例报告)

目的探讨经输尿管硬镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析96例应用砸出嗡尿管镜钬激光治疗的输尿管结石患者资料（男性57例，女性39例；平均年龄41岁）。输尿管上段结石36例，中段结石24例，下段结石36例。结石直径0．5～2．5cm，平均1．1cm。结果单次碎石成功率为94．7％（91／96），其中上段结石单次手术碎石成率达90％（32／36），其中3例因术中结石移位入肾盂，留置双J管后行ESWL治疗，1例因结石下方输尿管扭曲改行开放手术。输尿管中下段结石一次碎石成功率为为98％（59／60）。一例因输尿管狭窄改行开放手术。平均手术时间38min，术中未发生输尿管穿孔、黏膜撕脱等并发症。91例术后平均住院时间3．2d。术后随访3周～2个月，结石排净率98％（89／91）。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术是一种治疗输尿管结石安全、高效的方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.