婴幼儿机械通气后喉头水肿的护理

1 临床资料体外循环心脏手术应用机械通气后并发喉头水肿的先天性心脏病患儿36(男19,女17)例,年龄1 mo～3(平均2.1) a,体质量4.5～25.0(平均13.7)kg,其中房间隔缺损修补术10例,室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压15例,法乐氏三联症根治术1例,法乐氏四联症根治术6例,大动脉调转矫治术2例,主动脉弓离断矫治术1例,单心室矫治术2例,平均体外循环时间32.8 min;机械通气时间6.5～196.0(平均33.4)h;监护时间4～19(平均7)d;平均住院时间13 d,二次插管者6例,成活35例,死亡1例.死亡原因:肺动脉高压危象呼吸衰竭.     

10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损的手术治疗

目的探讨10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损的手术治疗措施。方法35例室间隔缺损修补术,患儿月龄2~34个月,平均(12.5±7.6)个月;体重4~10kg,平均(7.5±1.8)kg。均在低温体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术。合并其他畸形者,予以同期矫治。补片修补均采用自体心包片。结果全组手术顺利,均存活出院。术后主要并发症为肺部感染、心律失常及肺动脉高压危象等。结论10kg以下婴幼儿室间隔缺损的手术治疗安全,效果良好。     

完全胸腔镜体外循环心脏手术21例分析

目的 总结全胸腔镜下心脏手术的经验.方法 采用右侧胸壁打3个孔(1～2 cm),股动脉静脉插管建立体外循环的方法,对21例患者行完全电视胸腔镜下心脏手术,其中二尖瓣置换6例,房间隔缺损修补手术13例,同期行三尖瓣成形环成形术2例,DEVEGAR成形2例,室间隔缺损修补2例.观察手术时间,术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间,术后出血量,术后疼痛,ICU监护时间,术后并发症等.结果 手术时间139～246 min,平均(183.67 ± 31.49)min;体外循环时间69～176 min,平均(81.43 ± 31.56)min;升主动脉阻闭时间25～85 min,平均(27.31 ± 27.72)min.术后辅助呼吸时间为3～9 h,平均(3.1 ± 4.9)h.术后患者恢复顺利.结论 全胸腔镜下心脏手术创伤小,恢复快,安全可行.     

儿童室间隔缺损合并二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的：探讨儿童先天性心脏病室间隔缺损并二尖瓣关闭的外科治疗方法及临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2009年6月～2012年5月经室间隔修补及二尖瓣成形术治疗的36例儿童室间隔缺损并二尖瓣关闭患者临床资料。结果：全组无手术死亡病例,术后左房平均压18±3．9 cmH2 O,患者血液动力学稳定,心功能恢复良好,9例合并肺动脉高压患者PP/PS降至0．26～0．35,围术期无明显并发症出现。术后3～6个月复查,患者活动耐力明显增强,彩色多普勒超声室间隔缺损无残余分流,31例无二尖瓣反流,5例轻微反流,无需治疗。结论：室间隔缺损修补、二尖瓣成形术治疗儿童室间隔缺损并二尖瓣关闭可获良好效果,对合并肺动脉高压者严格手术适应证选择,尽可能避免2次手术治疗。     

合并主动脉弓离断复杂先天性心脏病同期根治手术的临床疗效

目的 评价合并主动脉弓离断复杂先天性心脏病同期外科根治手术的临床疗效.方法 1996年7月至2008年10月,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院心血管病研究所48例合并主动脉弓离断复杂先天性心脏病患儿接受同期根治手术,其中A型40例,B型8例.男30例、女18例,年龄0.08～7.00(1.97±2.05)岁,体重3～20(9±5)kg;合并中-重度肺动脉高压42例,平均肺动脉压力61～106(82±14)mm Hg,肺动脉阻力66～762(315±259)dyn·s·cm~(-5),均合并动脉导管未闭,其他合并畸形:室间隔缺损33例、房间隔缺损8例、二尖瓣关闭不全6例、三尖瓣关闭不全5例、主肺动脉窗4例、右室双出口3例、二尖瓣狭窄2例等.手术均采用胸骨正中切口,在全麻深低温低流量、深低温低流量结合停循环、深低温停循环下进行,其中主动脉弓成形术30例,主动脉弓置换术18例,心内畸形同期矫治:室间隔缺损修补术33例、房间隔缺损修补术8例、二尖瓣成形术7例、三尖瓣成形术4例、主肺动脉窗修补术4例、心室内隧道2例、大动脉调转术1例等.结果 全组体外循环时间112～375(182±52)min,主动脉阻断时间24～287(99±45)min,气管插管时间8～936(179±133)h,ICU住院时间1～57(14±14)d,出院时复查超声心动图主动脉弓恢复正常解剖结构,无显著压差,心内畸形矫治满意.全组患者死亡3例(3/48,6.25%),死亡主要原因:肺动脉高压危象、呼吸功能衰竭、低心排综合征等.主要并发症:二次开胸止血2例,气管切开2例,术后右侧膈肌麻痹行膈肌折叠术1例,延迟关胸1例,右侧胸腔积液1例,严重肺部感染1例.生存患者均痊愈出院,生活质量提高,随访3个月～12年,无远期死亡或严重术后并发症.结论 主动脉弓重建同期矫治心内畸形治疗合并主动脉弓离断复杂先天性心脏病患儿临床疗效满意,提高了患儿的生存质量.     

室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压伴双向分流围术期治疗

目的本文介绍了围术期的治疗方法,讨论术中肺保护、一氧化氮(NO)及巯甲丙脯酸等对室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压伴双向分流病例的治疗作用,介绍缺损修补的方法.方法通过对我院1999年8月～2004年3月对18例室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压伴双向分流的病人进行了手术治疗,评价术中肺保护及一氧化氮(NO)、巯甲丙脯酸等药物的治疗作用.结果经过治疗,全组无1例死亡,术后远期较好.结论重视术中肺保护、一氧化氮及相关药物治疗可显著降低平均肺动脉压力,提高手术成功率.     

前列腺素E与米力农对室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压患儿术后疗效比较

目的比较前列腺素E与米力农对室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压患儿术后降低肺动脉压力的效果。方法选择室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压患者30例,在室间隔缺损修补术后主动脉开放时,分别静脉泵入前列腺素E(前列腺素E组)或米力农(米力农组),并分别观测记录术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间,术后第10天使用超声心动图测定肺动脉压力及左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果2组患者术后肺动脉平均压均较治疗前显著下降(P<0.05),但LVEF无显著改变,2组间比较,呼吸机辅助呼吸时间、肺动脉平均压、LVEF等差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论室间隔缺损修补术后单独使用前列腺素E降肺动脉压力效果与米力农相当,并且避免了米力农的不良反应。     

室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的 探讨研究室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗.方法 回顾分析52例室间隔缺损(合并肺动脉高压在中低温体外循环下行VSD修补术.结果 52例术后44例自动复跳,5例除颤1次复跳,3倒除囊2次复跳.本组死亡2例.结论 经积极的术前术中术后的治疗室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗是安全的.     

10kg以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的外科治疗

目的探讨低体重婴幼儿先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的手术前准备、手术方法、体外循环管理和术后处理的注意事项,以减少婴幼儿先心病术后并发症的发生。方法回顾性分析22例10kg以下先心病合并肺动脉高压（pH）婴幼儿在体外循环（CPB）下行心内直视手术的围手术期处理临床资料。结果22例患儿年龄11～26月,平均（19.4±8.5）月;体重5.5～10.0kg,平均（7.6±2.3）kg;室间隔缺损（VSD）20例,其中合并房间隔缺损（ASD）2例,ASD合并动脉导管未闭（PDA）2例;肺动脉高压轻度8例,中度11例,重度3例。所有患儿均手术一期矫治,彻底纠正心内畸形,CPB转流时间32～110min,平均58min;主动脉阻断时间11～30min,平均22min;心脏全部自动复跳,均顺利脱机;l例因术后低心排综合征死亡,病死率4.5%,余均康复出院,无并发症发生。结论婴幼儿先心病合并肺动脉高压者应充分做好手术前准备工作,手术操作熟练,重视体外循环管理、围手术期处理,尤其是新技术、新药的合理应用,都有助于提高婴幼儿心脏手术的成功率,减少术后并发症的发生。     

室间隔缺损修补并同种异体肺移植治疗室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压一例

目的 探讨室间隔缺损修补并同种异体肺移植术（简称“修心换肺”）治疗室间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压的临床疗效。方法 受者女,21岁,为室间隔缺损并重度肺动脉高压,在全麻低温体外循环下先右侧开胸行室间隔缺损修补术,后行右肺移植术,更换体位后再行左肺移植术。结果 顺利完成手术。术中体外循环支持时间为90 min,出血量为2 000 m L。受者术后第2天撤除体外膜肺氧合,第3天撤离呼吸机,第38天康复出院。受者术后心脏彩色多普勒超声提示肺动脉压持续改善。结论 对简单的先天性心脏病患者同时合并重度肺动脉高压的患者,“修心换肺”能改善其生活质量。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.