主动吸烟和被动吸对唾液硫氰酸盐的影响

就主动吸烟者和被动吸烟者唾液中硫氰酸盐含量进行了测定，对在烟雾环境中非主动吸烟人群与清净环境中非主动吸烟人群唾液硫氰酸盐含量进行了比较。结果表明：在烟雾环境中，人群唾液硫氰酸盐含量明显高于在清净环境中人群唾液硫氰酸盐含量。     

短期被动吸烟对唾液及尿液中硫氰酸盐含量影响的研究

通过香烟机抽吸香烟模拟环境香烟烟雾环境，对被动吸烟的健康学生．采取自身对比法．测定被动吸烟前后唾液及尿液中硫氰酸盐含量．研究结果表明．唾液中硫氰酸盐的含量在被动吸烟后显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），尿液中硫氰酸盐含量则无明显变化。唾液中流氰酸盐含量的本底值比尿液高２３倍．被动吸烟后上升到３４倍。唾液与尿液硫氰酸盐含量被动吸烟前、后无联系（ｒ＝－０．２９６；０．０６０；Ｐ均＞Ｏ．０５）。提示唾液除有较强的浓缩血液中硫氰酸盐的能力外，可能在口腔组织中存在着对ＣＮ－降解的硫烷硫代谢系统：唾液又能将硫氰酸盐通过消化道重吸收而发挥毒作用。监测唾液中硫氰酸盐是评价被动吸烟危害较直接和灵敏的指标。     

环境吸烟与乳腺癌发病率

为探讨环境香烟烟雾是否影响乳腺癌的发病率,对一个以人群为基础的病例-对照研究资料进行了评价。其中病例1356例、对照1383例。与非吸烟者(且终生无居室环境香烟烟雾暴露)相比,环境香烟烟雾暴露、主动吸烟、主动和被动吸烟患乳腺癌的比数比无实质性升高。与吸烟配偶生活达27年以上的非吸烟者的比数比值显著升高,尽管剂量-效应关系不明显。在仅激素受体阳性肿瘤的妇女中,主动与被动吸烟者的比数比值均升高。资料显示,环境香烟烟雾对乳腺癌的效应仅限定在选择性的亚人群妇女,如配偶长期吸烟。     

唾液中硫氰酸盐浓度的研究——吸烟时接触氰化物的指标

唾液中的硫氰酸盐是机体摄人氰化物后的解毒分解产物,唾液中该物质的浓度高于血清中。因为吸烟时,唾液中的硫氰酸盐浓度高,所以都把血浆中的尼古丁、可铁宁(Cotinine)及呼出气中的CO浓度共同作为吸烟的指标。因此作者从吸烟量、纸烟中HCN浓度与吸烟者和非吸烟者唾液中硫氰酸盐浓度间的关系进行研究以探讨它在作为吸烟者接触HCN的指标上的意义。以成人330名(吸烟者220名,非吸烟者110名)为研究对象,调查吸烟量。采取混合唾液3 ml,用改进的Bowler法测定其中硫氰酸盐含量。同时用Tedlar袋采集市售6种纸烟的烟雾,用SB型检测管测烟中的HCN,用UH型检测管测烟中的CO。8名     

被动吸烟与禁烟政策综述(摘要)

被动吸烟是指个体暴露于环境中的烟草烟雾中。环境中的烟草烟雾包括吸烟者呼出的主流烟和香烟燃烧而产生的支流烟。支流烟比主流烟含有更高的毒性及致癌物含量。评价环境中烟草烟雾所造成的污染程度,可通过测量周围空气中一氧化碳及尼古丁的浓度,而通过被动吸烟所吸收烟草烟雾可经测量血、尿及唾液中的可的宁(Cotinine)。直到近来,被动吸烟一直被认为是无稽     

被动吸烟危害大

一些人不讲公共道德,在公共场所吸烟致造成别人被动吸烟。被动吸烟者通常指吸入别人喷出的烟雾每周至少一天每天达15分钟以上者。被动吸烟者吸入的烟雾,主要是由主动吸烟者呼出的主流烟雾和香烟燃烧产生的侧流烟雾在空气中混合而成。被动吸烟者吸入的侧流烟雾的成分,从定性方面     

被动吸烟对儿童免疫功能及生长发育的影晌

目的　研究被动吸烟对儿童呼吸系统疾病、唾液中硫氰酸盐含量、非特异性免疫功能的影响。方法　选择条件和生源相近的四所日托幼儿园的 1 0 31名 4～ 6岁的儿童做为调查对象 ,采用自制的家庭成员问卷和儿童健康调查表 ,对其家庭成员吸烟情况及儿童健康状况进行了问卷调查 ,测量身高、体重 ,测定唾液中硫氰酸盐含量、唾液免疫球蛋白 (IgA、IgG、IgM)、唾液溶菌酶。结果　 (1 )幼儿被动吸烟量越大 ,唾液中硫氰酸盐含量越高 ,而唾液中溶菌酶含量越低 ,两项指标不同吸烟量各组两两之间均有显著性差异 (P均 <0 0 1 )。被动吸烟量与唾液硫氰酸盐含量呈正相关 ,被动吸烟量与溶菌酶含量呈负相关 ;(2 )幼儿被动吸烟量越大 ,唾液中IgG、IgA、IgM含量越低 ;(3)幼儿被动吸烟量与一年内呼吸系统疾病发病次数呈正相关 (r=0 1 9,P <0 0 1 ) ;(4)被动吸烟影响儿童身高、体重 ,年龄段较大者较年龄段较小者明显。结论　家庭成员吸烟导致儿童被动吸烟可对儿童健康造成危害 ,应动员全社会的力量 ,减少儿童在家庭和公共场所内受吸烟危害     

女性吸烟与被动吸烟影响因素研究进展

烟草使用已成为导致全球可预防性残疾和死亡的最主要原因[1]。烟草危害人体的途径分为主动吸烟和被动吸烟。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的定义,被动吸烟指不吸烟者每周平均有1d以上吸入烟草烟雾超过15min[2]。被动吸烟又称为"二手烟"或"环境烟草烟雾"。被动吸烟不存在安全暴露水平,     

云南省云县不同性别人群吸烟及被动吸烟调查

目的 通过问卷调查了解云南省云县不同性别吸烟和被动吸烟状况.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法 进行问卷调查.对不同性别人群吸烟状况、吸烟开始年龄、平均每日吸烟量、被动吸烟率、被动吸烟开始年龄、被动吸烟暴露量等指标进行分析.结果 被调查的1 002人中,总吸烟率为34.83%,男性吸烟率为71.46%,女性吸烟率为2.08%.开始吸烟的平均年龄为(19.00±5.23)岁,日平均吸烟量为(17.60±11.13)支.被调查者中非吸烟者的被动吸烟率为86.37%,男性被动吸烟率为79.25%,女性为88.22%.在被动吸烟的564人中,从出生就暴露于环境烟雾的有291人,占被动吸烟者的51.60%;被动吸烟者平均每天暴露时间为(3.98±3.43)h,女性被动吸烟者中平均每天暴露时间为(4.11±3.60)h.结论 男性吸烟率与吸烟量偏高,开始吸烟年龄小;女性是被动吸烟的主要人群,女性的被动吸烟率高,日平均暴露量大,暴露年限长.     

被动吸烟的危害

无意中或不自觉随呼吸吸入周围空气中所含的烟草烟雾称为被动吸烟者,这些烟雾是由主动吸烟者吸烟后再喷吐到周围空气中的。故又称支流烟草烟雾。被动吸烟主要是由支流烟雾所引起的危害,但并没引起人们的普遍重视。本文结合有关资料做一综述。     

Smoking characteristics and inhalation biochemistry in the Scottish population

Data from a cross-sectional random population sample of 10,359 middleaged Scottish men and women are used to investigate the relationships between self-reported tobacco consumption and three biochemical markers of tobacco inhalation: expired air carbon monoxide (CO), serum thiocyanate and serum cotinine. These data represent one of the largest samples of these biochemical markers yet analysed. The results show that, for each sex, the biochemical markers are highly correlated for smokers and for the entire sample of mixed smokers and non-smokers. CO is the preferred biochemical marker, in such groups, because it is the cheapest, is non-invasive and gives virtually instantaneous results. Self-reported daily cigarette consumption also correlates well with each of these biochemical markers, and so it appears that people are, in the context of population studies, mainly truthful about their smoking. The relationships with self-reported cigarette consumption are curvilinear with apparent levelling out of the gradient at around 25 cigarettes/day for cotinine and thiocyanate and at 40 cigarettes/day for CO. Sex differences are small, although thiocyanate is generally higher and cotinine generally lower in women with the same self-reported cigarette consumption as men. Amongst non-smokers, only cotinine is able to discriminate between self-reported levels of exposure to passive smoking. CO and thiocyanate are not suitable for measuring low levels of smoke inhalation, such as found in passive smokers.     

Predicting Adolescent Smoking

Two hundred and ninety-seven seventh grade students (143 males and 154 females) participated in a prospective study to predict adolescent cigarette smoking behavior one year later. Predictor variables included 10 survey items assessing the smoking behavior of students' friends and family, students' school behavior and beliefs about smoking and students' intentions to smoke in the future. The one-year follow-up survey was administered under "bogus pipeline" conditions to enhance the validity of self-reported smoking status by including the collection of saliva thiocyanate samples. Univariate analyses indicated that smokers differed from nonsmokers on a number of measures and that there were few sex differences on either the survey variables or on smoking status. Stepwise discriminant function analyses revealed that it was possible to accurately predict the onset of adolescent cigarette smoking by combining the survey variables. The three variables that consistently accounted for the greatest proportion of the variance were number of friends who smoke, intentions to smoke in the future and percent of older siblings who smoke. The implications of this work for programs intended to prevent adolescent smoking are discussed.     

被动吸烟的孕妇体内生物标志物的检测与分析

目的通过检测被动吸烟的孕妇体内生物标志物,研究被动吸烟对孕妇及胎儿健康的影响。方法采用自制问卷,由236个孕妇自填问卷的形式,进行被动吸烟相关信息的问卷调查,调查同时收集孕妇唾液、静脉血、尿和脐带血,将所调查的236名孕妇按被动吸烟量分为无被动吸烟、被动吸烟量<10支/d、10支/d≤被动吸烟量<20支/d和被动吸烟量≥20支/d共4个组,用吡啶-巴比妥酸法测定唾液硫氰酸盐含量,用巴比妥酸比色法测定孕妇静脉血、尿及脐带血可铁宁含量。结果不同被动吸烟量各组孕妇唾液硫氰酸盐含量差异有统计学意义,随着被动吸烟量的增加,唾液中硫氰酸盐含量升高;各组间静脉血、尿、脐带血可铁宁含量差异分别亦有统计学意义,随着被动吸烟量的增加,静脉血、尿、脐带血可铁宁含量升高。结论静脉血、尿、脐带血可铁宁含量是孕妇被动吸烟的体内生物标志物,孕妇被动吸烟可对自身及胎儿的健康产生影响。     

被动吸烟者呼出气中一氧化碳含量的研究

被动吸烟对人体健康的影响报导较少。本文对医学院各科室被动吸烟者测量了其呼出气中一氧化碳的含量高于完全无被动吸烟者，其差异有非常显著性。     

A study of serum thiocyanate concentrations in office workers as a means of validating smoking histories and assessing passive exposure to cigarette smoke.

Patients in clinical practice often falsely report their smoking status. To see if this was so in occupational surveys we have validated smoking histories (using a serum thiocyanate assay) in 206 randomly sampled office workers who completed a smoking questionnaire administered by a doctor. Past and present cigarette consumption was determined with an assessment of exposure to passive cigarette smoke at home and at work in the non-smokers. Serum thiocyanate concentrations were measured by the ferric nitrate method. All smoking groups showed mean thiocyanate concentrations greater than non-smokers except those smoking five or fewer cigarettes a day. There was a significant increase in plasma thiocyanate with increasing smoking (p less than 0.01). Non-smokers with and without exposure to passive smoke could not be separated by thiocyanate concentration. In our hands serum thiocyanate concentrations identified moderate and heavy smokers but could not distinguish between non-smokers, light smokers, and passive smokers. Fourteen non-smokers had serum thiocyanate concentrations higher than 70 mumol/l which were still raised on a repeat sample. On a further questionnaire two admitted to smoking. To help confirm non-smoking status, expired carbon monoxide levels were also checked in this group. One person had a level of 22 ppm and subsequently admitted to smoking. In the others the levels were less than or equal to 10 ppm. Using a combination of serum thiocyanate assay and exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels, non-smoking was confirmed in 98% of those stating that they were non-smokers. In non-smokers exposure to passive cigarette smoke was much more likely to occur at work than at home.     

Evaluation of cigarette smoking among adolescents: The Muscatine study

In Muscatine, Iowa, the smoking behaviors and related factors were studied in 2,156 school children ages 12 through 18 years. Data were collected through a questionnaire, a “randomized question response,” and by saliva thiocyanate analyses. The proportion reporting smoking on the confidential questionnaire and the anonymous randomized question response were not significantly different. Those reporting the greatest frequency of smoking had the highest levels of saliva thiocyanate. No difference in self-reported smoking was observed in subjects who, prior to completing the questionnaire, were told their saliva would be analyzed for tobacco products and those who were not. These data suggest that children under certain circumstances may honestly and validly complete a questionnaire about their smoking behavior. Of respondents who report both parents as nonsmokers and whose best friends are nonsmokers, 80% have never smoked, and 3% are regular smokers. Of those with both parents and best friends who smoke, only 11% have never smoked and 74% are frequent smokers. Thus the smoking behaviors of parents and peers are important factors relating to children's smoking and nonsmoking decisions.     

A study of serum thiocyanate concentrations in office workers as a means of validating smoking histories and assessing passive exposure to cigarette smoke

Patients in clinical practice often falsely report their smoking status. To see if this was so in occupational surveys we have validated smoking histories (using a serum thiocyanate assay) in 206 randomly sampled office workers who completed a smoking questionnaire administered by a doctor. Past and present cigarette consumption was determined with an assessment of exposure to passive cigarette smoke at home and at work in the non-smokers. Serum thiocyanate concentrations were measured by the ferric nitrate method. All smoking groups showed mean thiocyanate concentrations greater than non-smokers except those smoking five or fewer cigarettes a day. There was a significant increase in plasma thiocyanate with increasing smoking (p less than 0.01). Non-smokers with and without exposure to passive smoke could not be separated by thiocyanate concentration. In our hands serum thiocyanate concentrations identified moderate and heavy smokers but could not distinguish between non-smokers, light smokers, and passive smokers. Fourteen non-smokers had serum thiocyanate concentrations higher than 70 mumol/l which were still raised on a repeat sample. On a further questionnaire two admitted to smoking. To help confirm non-smoking status, expired carbon monoxide levels were also checked in this group. One person had a level of 22 ppm and subsequently admitted to smoking. In the others the levels were less than or equal to 10 ppm. Using a combination of serum thiocyanate assay and exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels, non-smoking was confirmed in 98% of those stating that they were non-smokers. In non-smokers exposure to passive cigarette smoke was much more likely to occur at work than at home.     

Verification of smoking status by thiocyanate in unrefrigerated, mailed saliva samples

A simple method of obtaining an unbiased verification of smoking status was developed for use in a randomized clinical trial. At the end of smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women, each participant mailed a saliva sample to a laboratory for the determination of thiocyanate. For comparison, salivary thiocyanate also was measured by a standard collection method in a reference group of non-study women who did not smoke during pregnancy. Although there may have been up to a 1-week delay between collection and analysis, results show that thiocyanate from unrefrigerated, mailed samples of saliva distinguishes reported smokers from nonsmokers, is positively associated with the amount of smoking, and is negatively associated with the length of cessation. These study findings are consistent with results from other studies in which samples of serum or saliva were collected and shipped under conditions requiring the presence of a staff member. The ability to perform an unbiased smoking status verification using a simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive collection method expands study possibilities, as it eliminates the need for direct, face-to-face contact with study subjects, and for being at their location.