中国血压偏高青少年的地区分布特点和体格发育影响因素分析

目的：根据140，621名7－18岁男女生资料，分析血压偏高青少年地区分布特点和体格发育影响因素。方法：血压偏高划分若干类型，作指标间方差分析、相关分析和偏相关分析。结果：检出率地区差异大，华北、东北多，西南最少。偏相关分析证实是BMI指数对SBP偏高的正性影响最大。结论：早期预防高血压应尽快列为学校卫生工作重点内容。     

Effects of particulate air pollution on systolic blood pressure: A population-based approach

Given the hypothesis that particulate air pollution is associated with systolic blood pressure, the effect of daily concentrations of air pollution on blood pressure was assessed in 2612 elderly subjects in the urban area of Bordeaux, France. Blood pressure was measured by a digital monitor. Particle concentrations (PM10) were obtained from the AIRAQ association that operates a local monitoring network of the air quality. To represent the ambient urban air pollution, stations had to be sufficiently correlated (i.e., correlation >0.70) and to have sufficiently similar mean levels of pollution. Linear regression was used to model the association between concentrations of particles (PM10) and systolic blood pressure. We observed associations between the fifth lag hour and systolic blood pressure for an increase of 10 microg/m3 of PM10 (beta = -1.12, 95% confidence interval: [-1.90; -0.30]). Despite contradictory results, fine particles must be considered nowadays as a major component of atmospheric air pollution in which everything must be put into practice in terms of public health actions in order to protect the general population and particularly the elderly group.     

饮用碱性离子水对血压、血糖及血脂水平影响的初步观察

[目的 ]　观察饮用碱性离子水对原发性高血压、糖尿病 (包括血糖轻度升高 )及高脂血症患者血压、血糖和血脂变化的影响。 [方法 ]　饮碱性离子水前、后 ( 3～ 6月 )对患者分别测定血压、血糖及血脂。 [结果 ]　饮碱性离子水后 3～6月复查血压、血糖及血脂 ,均明显下降或恢复正常。 [结论 ]　碱性离子水可作为对原发性高血压、糖尿病及高脂血症患者辅助治疗方法之一。     

骨科患者输血与医院感染

目的 探讨输血对骨科患者医院感染发生的影响.方法 采用回顾性试验方法,收集患者的基本资料,记录患者的输血量、输入血的性质及患者医院感染发生情况,选择2008年1-12月医院收治的骨科手术患者517例,其中未输血组251例,输异体血187例,输自体血79例;对3组患者的医院感染发生率进行比较.结果 未输血组患者医院感染率为2.39％,输异体血组医院感染率为9.63％,输自体血患者医院感染率为3.80％,不同输血方式组患者的医院感染率不全相同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对其进行两两比较后发现,输异体血组医院感染率高于其他两组,未输血组患者医院感染率与输自体血患者医院感染率差异无统计学意义;输异体血量各组之间与医院感染发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),输自体血量各组之间与医院感染发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 输自体血患者与输异体血患者医院感染发生与输血成分及输血量等有关;在保证患者循环稳定的情况下,应尽量减少输血,对确需输血的患者,应该在条件允许的情况下输注自体血.     

OSHA criteria for laboratory proficiency in blood lead analysis

The OSHA lead standard, 29 CFR 1910.1025, was established to protect the health of workers exposed to the hazards of lead. The standard lists specific requirements to ensure that blood lead analyses--critical indicators of workers at risk--be performed reliably by laboratories. Employers must be laboratories that meet OSHA performance criteria in blood lead proficiency testing programs monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and certain States. This proficiency testing requires that, as a minimum, laboratories must report the equivalent of eight out of nine samples within acceptable limits for the most recent three quarters or similar period. For compliance purposes, OSHA circulates to its staff a "List of Laboratories Approved for Blood Lead Analysis" each quarter.     

Lead levels in blood bank blood

Although blood bank blood is usually screened for dangerous pathogens, the presence of toxic metals in blood has received little attention. Population blood lead levels have been declining in the United States, but occasional high outliers in blood lead concentration can be found--even when mean levels of blood lead are low. We sampled 999 consecutive blood bank bags from the King/Drew Medical Center, used between December 1999 and February 2000. The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.0 microg/dl (0.048 micromol/l), but 0.5% of the samples had lead levels that exceeded 10 microg/dl, and 2 samples had lead levels that exceeded 30 microg/dl. The 2 samples with the highest lead levels could have presented an additional risk to infants if they were used for blood replacement. Therefore, even in countries with generally low population blood lead levels, blood bank blood should be screened for lead concentration prior to use with infants.     

输血相关传染病的预防和控制

目前已知可通过输血传播的病毒有十多种 ,这种现状威胁着临床用血的安全。血液安全已成为全球范围内关注的问题 ,为确保临床用血的需要和安全 ,应采取一系列措施对输血相关传染病进行预防和控制 :实行无偿献血 ,严格筛选献血者 ;加强采血和血制品的无菌技术及血液初、复检制度 ;对血液制品进行病毒灭活 ;临床合理用血。     

Concentrations of free amino acids and other blood components in a lymphoma patient during intensive hemodialysis

L‐Asparaginase is used as a therapeutic enzyme to selectively destroy asparagine‐dependent cancer cells. This study explores alternate means for depriving cancer tissues of L‐asparagine and other specific amino acids or vital substrates required by normal and cancer cells. Hemodialysis, employing an artificial kidney, was used to remove free amino acids from the blood of a patient with lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma. Approximately 1200 mg, the equivalent of the patient's total amino acid pool, was removed every 100 minutes while the patient was on the artificial kidney. Despite this impressive clearance capacity, the dialyzer was not able to completely overcome the endogenous amino acid influx of the patient. The combined data indicate that hemodialysis is theoretically capable of removing specific amino acids to a therapeutic level, but that the clearance efficiency of the artificial kidney must be significantly increased or the endogenous amino acid influx must be effectively blocked before hemodialysis can be successfully applied to cancer patients. An unexpected finding was that the malignant lymphocyte population was strikingly increased during dialysis but returned to the original levels when dialysis was temporarily discontinued. The presence of a nonprotein inhibiting factor capable of suppressing an increase in the peripheral malignant lymphocyte population could be an explanation. This postulated factor behaved during dialysis as though its molecular weight was relatively low, possibly less than 500.     

日本SYSMEX(希森美康)血液分析仪特殊故障处理2例

血液分析仪广泛应用于临床医疗,属常规检验仪器,工作使用频率高。在维修过程中必须先要理解各系统的基本原理和工作方法,根据它们之间的相互关系、工作状态来解决故障,就能避免盲目和少走弯路。介绍日本SYSMEX血液分析仪二例特殊的故障现象分析及处理过程。     

Rapid blood meal scoring in anthropophilic Aedes albopictus and application of PCR blocking to avoid pseudogenes

Blood meal analysis (BMA) is a useful tool for epidemiologists and vector ecologists to assess which vector species are critical to disease transmission. In most current BMA assays vertebrate primers amplify DNA from a blood meal, commonly an abundant mitochondrial (mtDNA) locus, which is then sequenced and compared to known sequences in GenBank to identify its source. This technique, however, is time consuming and costly as each individual sample must be sequenced for species identification and mixed blood meals cloned prior to sequencing. Further, we found that several standard BMA vertebrate primers match sequences of the mtDNA of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, making their use for blood meal identification in this species impossible. Because of the importance of Ae. albopictus as a vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses to humans, we designed a rapid assay that allows easy identification of human blood meals as well as mixed meals between human and nonhuman mammals. The assay consists of a nested PCR targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) mtDNA locus with a blocking primer in the internal PCR. The blocking primer has a 3′ inverted dT modification that when used with the Stoffel Taq fragment prevents amplification of nuclear cytochrome b pseudogenes in humans and allows for the continued use of cytb in BMA studies, as it is one of the most species-rich loci in GenBank. We used our assay to examine 164 blooded specimens of Ae. albopictus from suburban coastal New Jersey and found 62% had obtained blood from humans with 7.6% mixes between human and another mammal species. We also confirmed the efficiency of our assay by comparing it with standard BMA primers on a subset of 62 blooded Ae. albopictus. While this assay was designed for use in Ae. albopictus, it will have broader application in other anthropophilic mosquitoes.     

Value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure profile determination in type 2 diabetes

Risk assessment in the type 2 diabetic patients must take into account the major risk factors, particularly arterial hypertension which is commonly associated, increasing the risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications. The aim of this study is to determine whether ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides additional information to clinical (office) blood pressure measurement for the detection and control of hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is more helpful than office blood pressure measurement for the evaluation of blood pressure levels. It is very valuable in type 2 diabetic patients for detecting autonomic dysfunction and elevated blood pressure load, which are associated with cardiovascular complications.     

外周血白细胞与高脂血症的关联性：一项孟德尔随机化和观察性研究

目的 探究外周血白细胞及分类计数与血脂间的关联,旨在为高脂血症的防控提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2017—2020年于某医院进行健康体检者的资料。采用限制性立方样条模型拟合外周血白细胞及分类计数与血脂间的剂量-反应关系。基于全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide association study, GWAS)的汇总数据,运用两样本孟德尔随机化探究白细胞分类计数与血脂指标间的因果关联。采用白细胞分类计数相关的遗传位点作为工具变量,使用逆方差加权、MR-Egger回归和加权中位数法进行孟德尔随机化分析;采用异质性检验、多效性检验和逐个剔除检验进行敏感性分析。结果 共纳入18 647例体检者进行横断面分析,高脂血症患病率为42.70%,且患者的白细胞及分类计数均高于非高脂血症者(P<0.05)。白细胞及分类计数增加可导致高脂血症患病风险增加(P<0.05);且与总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三酯升高有关(单核细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞除外),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低有关(P<0.05)。遗传预测的淋巴细胞与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.01...     

视屏作业人员职业应激与血糖和血脂及血压的关系

目的探讨职业应激与视屏作业人员血糖、血脂及血压的关系,为控制职业应激、降低职业危害提供科学的理论依据。方法采用职业紧张量表将某银行工龄在1年以上的108名视屏作业人员按不同应激水平分为3组,进行问卷调查,同时测定血清中血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量,并测定血压值。结果低、中、高各应激组血糖水平分别为(3.39±1.24)、(3.59±1.26)、(2.54±0.94)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(F=7.324,P<0.01);相关分析结果也表明,随着应激水平的增高,视屏作业人员的血糖水平降低(r=-0.376,P<0.01);而应激水平与其他指标的相关性不明显(P> 0.05)。结论职业应激对视屏作业人员血糖水平的影响可作为反映职业人群应激状况的间接指标。     

床边检测血糖仪与生化仪检测血糖相关性分析

目的:对床边检测血糖仪测定结果与全自动生化分析仪血糖测定结果进行对比,评价其相关性。方法:采用40份不同浓度血糖的EDTA-K2抗凝全血,在POCT血糖仪上测定三次,取均值,同时离心取血浆在全自动生化分析仪上测定三次,取均值进行比较分析。结果:POCT血糖仪检测结果比全自动生化分析仪检测血糖结果稍低,但在医学决定水平浓度的系统误差<10%,能够被临床所接受。结论:POCT血糖仪与全自动生化仪测定血糖的相关性尚好,可以用于糖尿病患者血糖监测或过筛,但是不能作为糖尿病的确诊试验。     

Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in electrical workers. I. Environmental and blood polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations.

Industrial exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and internal dose were investigated in 80 worker exposed for many years to PCB mixtures with a 42% chlorine content (Pyralene 3010 and Apirolio). PCBs were determined by liquid gas chromatography on samples taken from workroom air, workroom surfaces and tools, the palms of the hand, and the blood of the workers. In the workroom air samples, PCB concentrations ranged from 48 to 275 micrograms/m3. All tested surfaces and tools were heavily contaminated, with a range from 0.2 to 159 micrograms PCBs per cm2 of surface. Considerable amounts of PCBs were detected on the palms of the hands of the workers (2-28 microgram/cm2 of skin surface). In blood, total PCB concentrations from 88 to 1319 micrograms/kg were observed: comparing the blood concentrations of low and high chlorine content biphenyls, a significant difference was found for the low-chlorinated biphenyl concentrations between workers currently exposed and workers exposed only in the past. In groups of workers who were homogeneous as regards work area and job, the PCB concentrations in the blood were closely correlated with the length of actual occupational exposure to these compounds. These findings led to the conclusion that absorption of PCBs in these workers had occurred mainly through the skin, therefore industrial preventive surveillance must take this route of exposure into account. Since blood PCB concentrations appear to be correlated with the length of exposure, PCB determination on whole blood may be used to monitor industrial and environmental exposure to PCBs.     

Availability, safety, and quality of blood for transfusion in the Americas.

OBJECTIVES: This article has two objectives: (1) to present for countries and territories of the Region of the Americas data on the number of blood donations, proportion of voluntary blood donors versus remunerated blood donors, coverage of screening for infectious agents, and separation of donated blood into its components and (2) to explore the relationships of those characteristics with economic and organizational factors in the countries and territories. METHODS: We carried out comparative analyses using population and health information gathered annually by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from national health officials from the countries in the Americas, as well as economic information (gross national product (GNP) per capita) obtained from publications of the World Bank. RESULTS: There is a direct correlation between the availability of blood for transfusion and GNP per capita. Seven countries with a GNP per capita above US$ 10 000 per year account for 38% of the Regional population but 68% of the Regional blood donations. Voluntary blood donation is more common in the countries with better blood availability. There is no association between GNP per capita and coverage of screening for infectious agents. Nevertheless, of the six countries with a GNP per capita below US$ 1 000, only one of the six screens all units for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Countries with a higher proportion of voluntary blood donors tend to have lower prevalence rates of infectious markers. Separation of blood into its components is also more common in countries with higher blood donation rates. CONCLUSIONS: The availability, safety, and quality of blood for transfusion in the Americas needs to be improved. As part of that effort, national policies and strategies must be put into place so that the resources already allocated for blood services are better utilized.     

Relationship of magnesium intake and other dietary factors to blood pressure: the Honolulu heart study

Associations between blood pressure and intakes of 61 dietary variables assessed by 24-h recall method were investigated in 615 men of Japanese ancestry living in Hawaii who had no history of cardiovascular disease or treated hypertension. Magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, fiber, vegetable protein, starch, vitamin C, and vitamin D intakes were significant variables that showed inverse associations with blood pressure in univariate and a multivariate analyses. Magnesium had the strongest association with blood pressure, which supports recent interest in its relation to blood pressure. Nevertheless, it was not possible to separate the effect of magnesium from that of other variables because of the problem of high intercorrelation among many nutrients. While recommendations based upon cross-sectional studies must be viewed cautiously, these results suggest that foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat dairy items are major sources of nutrients that may be protective against hypertension.     

Risk,science and blood: The politics of the haemophilia crisis in Ireland

With Ireland's blood supply compromised in the 1980s, the impact upon its haemophiliac community was unprecedented. Thus far, academic attention has focused on apportioning blame and identifying administrative failure: what the government knew about Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Hepatitis C; and when the blood supply was compromised. Our task is to explain why the crisis emerged. We maintain it was not an issue of risk management, but risk assessment. Prior to the 1970s, decisions about risk were refracted through government channels (ministers, civil servants and medico-scientific experts, i.e. the realm of the political/legal). By the 1980s, risk assessment/management were separated and Government was predisposed to accept market decisions (the realm of the economic/legal). Here intervention is recognised as legitimate only if a risk is established and, even then, it must be proportionate. A balance must be struck between competing objectives: safety, innovation, cost, competitiveness and free trade. Crucially, this reform precluded a precautionary approach.     

Limb and skeletal muscle blood flow measurements at rest and during exercise in human subjects

The aim of the present review is to present techniques used for measuring blood flow in human subjects and advice as to when they may be applicable. Since blood flow is required to estimate substrate fluxes, energy turnover and metabolic rate of skeletal muscle, accurate measurements of blood flow are of extreme importance. Several techniques have therefore been developed to enable estimates to be made of the arterial inflow to, venous outflow from, or local blood flow within the muscle. Regional measurements have been performed using electromagnetic flow meters, plethysmography, indicator methods (e.g. thermodilution and indo-cyanine green dye infusion), ultrasound Doppler, and magnetic resonance velocity imaging. Local estimates have been made using 133Xe clearance, microdialysis, near i.r. spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and laser Doppler. In principle, the aim of the study, the type of interventions and the limitations of each technique determine which method may be most appropriate. Ultrasound Doppler and continuous indo-cyanine green dye infusion gives the most accurate limb blood flow measurements at rest. Moreover, the ultrasound Doppler is unique, as it does not demand a steady-state, and because its high temporal resolution allows detection of normal physiological variations as well as continuous measurements during transitional states such as at onset of and in recovery from exercise. During steady-state exercise thermodilution can be used in addition to indo-cyanine green dye infusion and ultrasound Doppler, where the latter is restricted to exercise modes with a fixed vessel position. Magnetic resonance velocity imaging may in addition be used to determine blood flow within deep single vessels. Positron emission tomography seems to be the most promising tool for local skeletal muscle blood-flow measurements in relation to metabolic activity, although the mode and intensity of exercise will be restricted by the apparatus design.     

Behavioral approaches in increasing blood donations.

In the United States, as well as other countries, there is a constant and pressing need for increasing the number of people who donate blood. Medical procedures require donated blood, and when shortages occur in different regions, the lives of numerous patients are endangered. Behavioral strategies, which include use of incentives, competition, and raffles, and the like, might be effective methods for motivating individuals to donate blood. This study examined the use of a variety of these types of strategies used by workers at United Blood Services. Organizations that had employed behavioral strategies were compared with other organizations that had not used these approaches. Significantly higher rates of donations were obtained in organizations that had used behavioral strategies. The implications of these findings are discussed.