展神经池段的动脉供应及其与邻近血管的关系

目的：研究展神经池段的动脉供应及其与邻近血管的关系。方法：选取18例脑千，观测展神经根池段的滋养动脉来源及其与邻近血管的关系。结果：从展神经根腹面跨过的有小脑下前动脉、脑桥下外侧动脉、小脑下后动脉、迷路动脉、小脑下后和小脑下前动脉总干、椎动脉；从展神经背面跨过的血管有小脑下前动脉、脑桥下外侧动脉等。展神经的滋养动脉主要来自脑桥前外侧穿动脉、小脑下前动脉和脑桥下外侧动脉。接触和压迫展神经根的血管主要是小脑下前动脉和移位的基底动脉或椎动脉，占16．7％，结论：展神经的滋养动脉损伤和血管压迫可导致展神经麻痹，了解展神经的动脉供应及其邻近血管关系对临床诊断和手术治疗具有重要参考作用。     

三叉神经桥池段的断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为三叉神经桥池段的显微外科和影像学诊断提供解剖学依据。方法：利用头颅横断面、冠状面和矢状面连续断层标本３５套，观察和测量三叉神经桥池段的形态、大小及周围血管关系。结果：三叉神经桥池段由后向前逐渐增粗，形态由圆形和椭圆形变为扁椭圆形；神经根进入区（ＲＥＺ）的内上方有小脑上动脉行走，与ＲＥＺ相接触者占１１．４％，ＲＥＺ下方有小脑下前动脉行走，与ＲＥＺ相接触者占７．１％；三叉神经桥池段长１２．９±１．７ｍｍ。结论：对三叉神经桥池段各部正常解剖的了解有助于影像学诊断和显微外科手术     

展神经脑桥池段的血管神经关系及临床意义

目的　研究展神经脑桥池段与邻近血管的关系,为有关疾病诊治提供相关解剖学基础。 方法　采用23例（46侧）红色乳胶灌注的头颅标本,解剖与观测展神经脑桥池段走行、与周围血管关系、滋养血管来源等,测量数据统计处理。 结果　展神经脑桥池段邻近的血管包括小脑下前动脉、小脑下后动脉、迷路动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉、脑桥动脉。小脑下前动脉与展神经关系最为密切（47.8%接触,13.8%压迫）,椎基底动脉压迫展神经最严重。展神经脑桥池段的滋养动脉主要来自脑桥动脉（41.3%）,其次为小脑下前动脉（26.1%）;16侧（34.8%）展神经为复式。 结论　展神经脑桥池段与邻近血管的关系复杂,血管易于接触并压迫展神经,临床上不明原因的展神经麻痹应考虑存在此类血管压迫的可能。     

脑动脉DSA形态分析及其意义

目的：探讨脑血管造影各主要动脉的投影规律及其分支的显示率，为脑血管疾病的影像诊断和介入治疗提供重要参考。方法：随机抽取140例全脑血管DSA系列图像，选择其中无脑血管疾病的51例进行观察。分别统计颈内动脉和椎动脉造影时正常脑血管各主要分支的显示率；归纳大脑前动脉A1段、大脑中动脉M1段及大脑后动脉P1段在平面上的投影规律并分析总结了脑动脉的正常解剖学特征及其变异。结果：①脑底动脉变异较大；②颈内动脉照影时OA、AChA、ACoA、PCoA、ACA和MCA的显示率分别为96.1％、92．2％、52．9％、69．6％、100％和100％；③椎动脉造影时PICA、AICA、BA、SCA、PCA和PCoA的显示率分别为66．7％、62．7％、100％、70．6％、80．4％和41．2％。结论：①尽管脑底血管实际解剖关系较为复杂，但造影时反映到平面上可简捷的用“水平、上升、下降”等来描述血管的形态和走行；②虽然是平面图像，通过调整投照体位仍可非常逼真的反映血流的动态变化。     

三叉神经脑池段在微血管减压术中的应用解剖

目的 :对三叉神经脑池段及其周围重要血管、神经、骨性标志进行解剖学研究,为确保微血管减压术治疗三叉神经痛的疗效、降低手术并发症提供解剖学依据。方法 :将三叉神经脑池段分为5区,对周围重要血管、神经、骨性标志进行解剖学研究。结果 :三叉神经脑池段长度为(10.90±1.90)mm,宽度为(4.58±0.85)mm。血管与三叉神经脑池段接触的有50%,接触区域位于Ⅰ区有33.33%、Ⅲ区13.33%、Ⅳ区60%,主要责任血管分别为小脑上动脉86.67%、小脑下前动脉13.33%、椎动脉6.67%,其中6.67%同一侧存在小脑上动脉和椎动脉分别与Ⅳ区、Ⅲ区接触;三叉神经根部至动眼神经、展神经、前庭蜗神经、舌咽神经、舌下神经根部最近点距离分别为:(20.79±2.15)mm、(14.55±2.82)mm、(8.45±2.05)mm、(14.34±1.88)mm、(18.37±3.03)mm;至内耳道、舌下神经管、颈静脉孔距离分别为:(9.61±2.17)mm、(22.62±2.70)mm、(15.43±1.85)mm。结论 :多支责任血管的压迫,基底动脉、岩静脉等的压迫、岩静脉遮挡手术视野等是导致手术效果欠佳的重要因素,了解和谨慎处理这些血管是确保微血管减压术疗效及减少并发症的关键。     

视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉的应用解剖

目的：为视神经鞘减压术和视神经周围区手术提供视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉的解剖学资料。方法：采用显微解剖学技术对60例成人视网膜中央动脉和睫状后动脉进行观察。结果：（1）视网膜中央动脉多发自眼动脉角（21．7％）,内侧睫状后动脉（20．0％）,眼动脉第一段（19．3）。（2）视网膜中央动脉发起后在视神经下方弯曲前行,其起始部在眶内视神经后1／3段与眼外直肌之间者占85．0％。（3）入鞘点在视神经的正下方者68．3％,内下方者占21．7％,外下方者占10．0％。结论：视网膜中央动脉及睫状后动脉的起点、走行变化较大,视神经鞘减压术和视神经周围区手术时应保护好这些动脉,以免引起视神经等结构缺血。     

骨盆骨折血管损伤的解剖学基础

目的：探讨骨盆骨折血管损伤的机制。方法：20具新鲜成年国人骨盆标本，采用前后双侧入路解剖，观察髂内外血管的走行特点、分型与骨盆韧带、骶丛神经的关系，观察血管在骨盆壁上的投影位置，测量每一根血管到骨壁的垂直距离，观察各动脉间的侧支吻合情况。结果：骨盆动脉血管根据口径可分为3类：(1)小口径动脉，直径小于3．0mm。(2)中等口径动脉，直径3．0～5．0mm。(3)大口径动脉，直径大于5．0mm。据血管距骨壁的距离可分为靠近骨壁的血管(平均距离小于10．0mm)及远离骨壁的血管(平均距离大于10．0mm)。阴部内动脉与骨壁关系不明显。骨盆动脉分支间有广泛的吻合支。结论：骨盆动脉解剖学特点决定了在骨盆骨折中损伤的机率，骨盆动脉有广泛吻合支是骨盆动脉出血止血困难的原因。     

小脑幕切迹的应用解剖

目的：为小脑幕切迹区病变的影像学诊断和外科治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：16个颅脑湿标本，采用中线位幕下和小脑上外科手术入路暴露开小脑幕切迹区，进行显微解剖观测。结合10例沿眦耳线获取的颅脑横断层标本和5例成人健康自愿者MR图像，研究了小脑幕切迹区的神经和血管走行以及和周围结构的毗邻关系。结果：幕切迹上份内有大脑大静脉、基底静脉和大脑后动脉走行，幕切迹的两侧与海马旁回相毗邻。幕切迹中份内有滑车神经、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、脉络丛前动脉、小脑中央前静脉的属支和基底静脉走行。滑车神经和小脑上动脉走在幕切迹游离缘的内下方，大脑后动脉沿幕切迹游离缘的内上方后行。该段幕切迹的两侧和海马旁回及钩相毗邻。幕切迹下份内有动眼神经、基底动脉、小脑上动脉及其分支，其两侧和海马旁回、钩及其深面的杏仁体相毗邻。结论：小脑幕切迹与动眼神经、滑车神经、大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉密切毗邻。在暴露小脑幕切迹的过程中，滑车神经是最易受到损伤的结构。小脑上动脉的小脑中脑段是识别幕切迹中份内滑车神经的理想标志。小脑幕切迹疝时易于挤压大脑后动脉、中脑和动眼神经。     

滑车神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨滑车神经在MRI图像上的识别,为滑车神经相关疾病的影像学诊断和临床治疗提供形态学依据。方法：选取国人成年尸体头部标本51例,以冷冻切片法分别制成连续横断层标本36例和连续冠状断层标本15例;采用3D—CISS序列,结合3D—TOF序列,对20名正常体检者及23例眼运动神经麻痹患者行1．5T磁共振扫描;应用3．0TMRI扫描仪,获取10例志愿者头部的SE序列T2WI图像;在上述连续断层标本和MRI图像上,观察分析滑车神经的位置、走行、毗邻及识别标志等。结果：在横断面上,滑车神经起始段走行在上髓帆后部的四叠体池内,其外侧为小脑幕切迹,后方为小脑上动脉;其环池段绕中脑大脑脚两侧的环池走行,由背侧转至腹侧。在冠状断面上,滑车神经环池段位于小脑幕下方,其外上方有大脑后动脉;其海绵窦段走行在蝶骨体两侧的海绵窦外侧壁,动眼神经的外下方。结论：横断面能较好地显示滑车神经的起始段和环池段,而冠状断面则能清晰地显示其海绵窦段。     

股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的应用解剖

目的：为股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：在５０侧成人尸体上观察了股深动脉的类型，测量了各分支的长度和外径。结果：股深动脉主要从股动脉后方（６０％）和后外侧（２６％）发出，分为深全干型（６０％）、深外干型（２０％）、深内干型（１４％）和深孤独干型（６％）。各主要血管外径为：股深动脉５．７±１．６ｍｍ；旋股内侧动脉３．６±１．０ｍｍ，其升支２．０±０．９ｍｍ；旋股外侧动脉３．７±１．１ｍｍ，其升支２．５±０．８ｍｍ。结论：该项研究为提高股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的成功率提供了详尽的解剖学依据。     

A study on the sectional anatomy of the oculomotor nerve and its related blood vessels with plastination and MRI

To obtain normal images and sectional anatomical data of the oculomotor nerve and its related arteries, the optimal angles and the length of intracisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve were measured on MPR images. Meanwhile, the relationships between the nerve and the basilar, posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar and posterior communicating arteries were observed from plastination slices, original images, MPR and MIP images. MRI revealed similar results to the plastination sections. The intracisternal segment of oculomotor nerve formed an angle with the posterior plane of the brainstem. The angle was significantly smaller in individuals under 10 and over 50 years old ( P<0.05), and there was no marked difference in the angle between the oculomotor nerve and the median sagittal plane among the different groups ( P>0.05). Shift of the basilar artery was more likely to be found in aged individuals. Most of the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries were close to the nerve, and a few of them seemed to compress it; for the posterior communicating artery, only the embryonic type was close to or seemed to compress the nerve. MRI is an accurate imaging technique for determination of the relationship of the oculomotor nerve to its related arteries.     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

筛动脉的临床应用解剖

对60侧成人尸体眼眶内侧壁解剖,观察到筛后动脉距视神经较近,最小者仅5.1mm,额筛缝可做为寻找筛动脉的标志,大部分筛动脉(94%)都经该缝入筛房。筛前动脉一般较筛后动脉粗,但有时筛后动脉会与筛前动脉等粗(7%)或大于筛前动脉(5%)。38%的眼眶筛前、后动脉之间有一至二枝副筛动脉,其外径为0.4mm,距筛前动脉5.5mm。     

The medial malleolar network a constant vascular base of the distally based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap

Based on 30 fresh cadaver dissections a detailed anatomic study of the medial malleolar network is presented with particular attention to the anastomoses between the latter and the vascular axis that follows the saphenous nerve. The medial malleolar network is formed by the anterior medial malleolar artery, branches from the medial tarsal arteries, the posterior medial malleolar artery and branches from the medial plantar artery. A distinct anterior medial malleolar artery and posterior medial malleolar artery could be identified in 80 and 20%, respectively, as well as constant additional small branches arising from the anterior tibial or posterior tibial artery. A constant anastomosis was found between the arcade formed by the medial tarsal arteries and the medial plantar a. in 60%, and the medial branch of the medial plantar artery in 40%, respectively. This anastomosis always gave rise to branches to the medial malleolar network. In the perimalleolar area and with regard to the great saphenous v. a larger anterior and a smaller posterior branch of the saphenous nerve was found in 100 and 90%, respectively. In all dissections, for both branches of the saphenous nerve two to four small, but distinct anastomoses between the medial malleolar network and the perineural vascular axis were identified. These constant anastomoses represent a new and reliable vascular base for the distally-based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap. Thus, the pivotal point of the flap can be chosen in the area of the medial malleolus without respecting the most distal septocutaneous anastomosis between the perineural vascular axis and the posterior tibial artery. Additionally, an illustrative clinical case is presented.     

内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路的解剖学研究

目的 探索内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路暴露颅底中线区域的解剖结构,为临床该术式切除颅底中线区域肿瘤提供解剖学基础。 方法 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察该入路暴露的颅底中线区域脑组织、血管及神经。 结果 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路可充分暴露前床突及其内侧前颅底硬脑膜、嗅沟及嗅神经;蝶鞍区可显露视神经、视交叉、视交叉前间隙、垂体上动脉、眼动脉、颈内动脉及其周围间隙;上斜坡区域可显露鞍背硬脑膜、乳头体、基底动脉末端、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、后交通动脉、动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经及脑桥腹侧。 结论 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路切除颅底中线区域肿瘤在解剖学上可行,临床上可作为常规显微镜手术及经鼻内镜入路手术的有效补充。     

The neurovascular relationships of the oculomotor nerve

In this study, the arterial supply of the cisternal (initial) and the subcavernous parts of the oculomotor nerve (ON) and the relation between the nerve and adjacent vascular structures like posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and superior cerebellar artery (SCA) were investigated. A total of 140 formalin fixed hemispheres from 70 human cadaveric brains were examined. The nutrient branches reaching the cisternal and subcavernous parts of the ON were investigated, along with branches of adjacent vascular structures penetrating the nerve and passing through it. In the material examined, the ON, after arising from the midbrain, mostly continues laterally between PCA and SCA or between PCA and the rostral SCA trunk. However, in three hemispheres of our specimens, the ON run between the rostral and caudal SCA trunks. We observed that the branches of PCA-P1 segment supplied the cisternal part of the ON in all specimens. In one specimen, the cisternal part of the ON was supplied by a branch arising from the rostral SCA trunk which was also originating from PCA. Differently, in four hemispheres, branches arising from PCA or SCA perforated the cisternal part of the ON and passed through it. We also observed a tortuous caudal trunk of duplicated SCA in one of our specimens and considered it as a rare variation. The anatomy of the ON and its vascular relations is significant in terms of not only understanding the compression syndromes and its vascular dysfunctions, but the exact diagnosis and treatment as well.     

A new look at the blood supply of the retro-ocular space. Three-dimensional analysis of the arterial pattern of the posterior ciliary artery.

A study of the arterial architecture of the orbit, especially the ophthalmic artery and the course of the posterior ciliary artery in the retroocular space, was carried out in 198 cadavers by three-dimensional arteriographic analysis. The posterior ciliary arteries were classified into three types: lateral posterior ciliary, medial posterior ciliary, and accessory posterior ciliary arteries. Both the lateral and medial posterior ciliary arteries reach the eyeball in three ways: (1) they run antero-inferiorly in a winding course to the posterior margin of the eyeball, then shift upward vertically at a 60-90 degree angle and reach the eyeball, where they divide into several ciliary branches (69%); (2) after a similar course, others branch to the eyeball from the superior side (29.3%); or (3) they reach the eyeball in an almost straight course along the optic nerve (1.7%). The fundamental characteristics of these three types of posterior ciliary artery pattern also exist in subhuman primates.     

A new look at the blood supply of the retro-ocular space three-dimensional analysis of the arterial pattern of the posterior ciliary artery

A study of the arterial architecture of the orbit, especially the ophthalmic artery and the course of the posterior ciliary artery in the retroocular space, was carried out in 198 cadavers by three-dimensional arteriographic analysis. The posterior ciliary arteries were classified into three types: lateral posterior ciliary, medial posterior ciliary, and accessory posterior ciliary arteries. Both the lateral and medial posterior ciliary arteries reach the eyeball in three ways: (1) they run antero-inferiorly in a winding course to the posterior margin of the eyeball, then shift upward vertically at a 60–90 degree angle and reach the eyeball, where they divide into several ciliary branches (69%); (2) after a similar course, others branch to the eyeball from the superior side (29.3%); or (3) they reach the eyeball in an almost straight course along the optic nerve (1.7%). The fundamental characteristics of these three types of posterior ciliary artery pattern also exist in subhuman primates. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Similarities and dissimilarities of the blood supplies of the human sciatic,tibial, and common peroneal nerves

The aim was to investigate the arterial supply of the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves. Thirty‐six lower limbs of 18 human fetuses were studied. The fetuses had been fixed in buffered formalin and the blood vessels injected with barium sulfate. Fetal age ranged from 12 to 28 weeks of gestation. Microdissection of the fetal lower extremities was done under ×5 magnifying lenses. The sciatic nerves of 10 lower extremities were dissected and excised and radiographs taken. The extraneural arterial chain of the sciatic nerve was composed of 2–6 arterial branches of the inferior gluteal artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery, the perforating arteries, and the popliteal artery. The extraneural arterial chain of tibial nerve was composed of 2–5 arteries, which were branches of the popliteal, the peroneal, and the posterior tibial arteries. Radiographs showed the presence of complete intraneural arterial chains in the sciatic and tibial nerves, formed from anastomosing vessels. Dissection showed that, in 97.2% of the specimens, the common peroneal nerve was supplied only by one popliteal artery branch, the presence of which was confirmed radiologically. The sciatic and tibial nerves are supplied by numerous arterial branches of different origins, which provide for collateral circulation. In contrast, the common peroneal nerve is most frequently supplied only by one elongated longitudinal blood vessel, a branch of the popliteal artery. Such a vascular arrangement may make the common peroneal nerve less resistant to stretching and compression. Clin. Anat. 26:875–882, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.