高血压患者糖代谢状况调查及筛查结果分析

目的:获得原发性高血压患者伴有糖代谢异常的流行病学数据,为全面干预危险因素提供科学的分析依据.方法:采用流行病学横断面调查方法,对全国5个中心的心内科门诊就诊不知晓自患糖尿病的高血压患者进行糖代谢状况的问卷调查和现场血糖测定.结果:同时对1 421例患者进行空腹血糖(fasting blood sugar, FBS)和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)2小时血糖的测定,其中326人(22.9%)达到了糖尿病诊断标准.符合血糖调节异常者915人(64.4%).原发性高血压合并糖尿病患者与无糖尿病患者相比,收缩压水平、腰围、腰臀比和血浆甘油三酯水平更高.结论:原发性高血压患者合并糖耐量异常的比例非常高,而日常诊断率却很低.对于合并代谢综合征的高血压患者,更应关注糖代谢情况,积极进行OGTT,早期发现和治疗糖代谢紊乱.     

颈动脉IMT、血清IL-18、MMP-9及血浆Fib与急性冠脉综合征合并2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征( ACS)合并2型糖尿病(DM )患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血清白介素-18(IL-18)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的变化规律以及与院内主要心脏不良事件( MACE)的相关性,并且评估上述指标在ACS合并DM早期预测及预后判断中的价值. 方法 选择行冠状动脉造影( CAG)的ACS患者120例,分为ACS合并DM组、非DM的ACS组. 选择 DM患者为DM组,体检健康人员为健康对照组. 采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测患者的颈动脉IMT,采用凝固法检测患者血浆Fib含量,采用ELISA法测定患者血清IL-18、MMP-9浓度,并分析ACS患者CAG特点及住院期间MACE的发生情况. 结果 两组ACS患者颈动脉IMT、血浆Fib、血清IL-18、MMP-9较健康对照组明显增高( P<0. 01 ) ,其中 ACS合并DM组较非DM的ACS组颈动脉IMT、血浆Fib、血清IL-18、MMP-9明显增高,差异有统计学意义( P<0. 01 ). 两组ACS患者颈动脉IMT、血浆Fib、血清IL-18、MMP-9、Gensini积分五项指标之间呈正相关性. ACS合并DM组冠状动脉以多支病变为主( 61. 7%) ,而非DM的ACS组以单支和双支病变为主( 61. 7%);Gensini积分ACS合并DM组高于非 DM的ACS组(P<0. 01),其中ACS合并DM组血管病变以重度和极重度为主( 73. 3%) ,非DM的ACS组血管病变以轻中度为主( 56. 7%). 两组院内发生 MACE 的 ACS 患者血清IL-18、MMP-9、血浆Fib水平显著高于未发生MACE的ACS患者. ACS合并DM经标准化治疗后,随时间延长,血清IL-18、MMP-9、血浆Fib呈下降趋势,具有时间-效应关系. 结论颈动脉IMT、血浆Fib、血清IL-18、MMP-9的检测可作为定量检测冠状动脉粥样硬化进而判断ACS合并2型DM危险程度及近期预后的良好指标.     

1型糖尿病合并甲状腺自身免疫紊乱临床特征分析

目的探讨1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者合并甲状腺自身免疫紊乱的发生情况。方法对98例（T1DM）、98例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者、98例健康对照者进行甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPO-Ab）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TG-Ab）、促甲状腺激素受体抗体（TR-Ab）检测,糖尿病患者同时加测谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GAD-Ab）及超敏TSH（uTSH）,uTSH异常者加测游离T3（FT3）、游离T（4FT4）。测定数据经统计学处理、比较。结果 T1DM任一甲状腺抗体（TAA）的检出率为36.7%,明显高于T2DM（10.2%）和对照组（9.2%）,差别有统计学意义。GAD-Ab阳性的T1DM患者任一TAA的检出率为43.5%,明显高于GAD-Ab阴性者（27.6%）,差别有统计学意义。TAA阳性及GAD-Ab阳性的患者中,女性比例明显增加。结论 GAD-Ab阳性和女性T1DM患者易合并甲状腺自身免疫紊乱。     

心理行为疗法和西地那非治疗前列腺近距离放疗后勃起功能障碍的治疗体会

目的探讨采用心理行为疗法和西地那非治疗前列腺近距离放疗(PB)后患者勃起功能障碍(ED)的疗效。方法研究总共纳入22例单一的125I粒子置入前列腺近距离放疗后ED的患者,主要采用心理行为疗法进行治疗,在治疗开始时和以后每3个月完成国际勃起功能评分-5(IIEF-5)问卷调查,共随访12个月。在第3个月及后续随访期间时,如IIEF-5分数≤17分,则建议患者服用西地那非片。结果 22例患者的治愈率为86.4%,其中有15例患者仅采用心理行为疗法进行治疗,治愈率为93.3%;7例患者加用了西地那非片治疗(均在第3个月时),治愈率为71.4%。治疗开始时、第3个月和第12个月患者平均IIEF-5分数分别为:13.3、19.2和22.9(P<0.05)。结论心理行为疗法和西地那非治疗PB后ED能取得显著的疗效。     

不对称二甲基精氨酸在先天性心脏病相关性肺动脉高压中的临床价值

目的：研究血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸(asymmetrical dimethyl-L-arginine,ADMA)作为先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)相关肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)患者诊断、分层与随访指标的应用价值。 方法：收集湘雅二医院心血管内科2013年10月至2014年10月经超声心动图证实的CHD患者(n=100),将其分为3组： 无PAH组、轻中度PAH组、重度PAH组;重度PAH组又分为动力型亚组、艾森曼格综合征前期亚组、艾森曼格综合征 亚组;同时收集健康成人作为对照组(n=25);对20例阻力型患者使用西地那非治疗后随访6个月。采集入选病例所有 临床一般情况、心脏彩色超声检查和心导管检查结果,检测血浆ADMA浓度。结果：轻中度PAH组血浆ADMA水平 显著高于无PAH组及对照组(均P<0.001);重度PAH组血浆ADMA水平显著高于无PAH组及对照组(均P<0.001);无PAH 组血浆ADMA水平与对照组无统计学差异(P=0.209);在重度PAH组中,艾森曼格综合征亚组患者血浆ADMA水平显著 高于动力型亚组(P<0.001);ADMA水平与平均肺动脉压(mPAP),全肺阻力(PVR)呈显著正相关(r分别为0.61,0.417, P<0.001);血浆ADMA浓度0.485 μmol/L时诊断CHD合并重度PAH敏感度为92.0%,特异性为82.7%(P<0.001);20例阻力 型PAH患者使用西地那非治疗6个月后,肺动脉压力得到改善(P=0.001),血浆ADMA水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论： 血浆ADMA水平可作为早期识别CHD-PAH的无创性筛查指标,在一定程度上反映西地那非治疗效果,有望成为CHDPAH 患者重要的随访指标。     

α-硫辛酸治疗伴腹型肥胖的2型糖尿病勃起功能障碍临床研究

目的观察α-硫辛酸对伴腹型肥胖的2型糖尿病勃起功能障碍患者的疗效。方法选择伴腹型肥胖(腹型肥胖组)和不伴腹型肥胖(非腹型肥胖组)的2型糖尿病勃起功能障碍患者各30例。2组患者均予基础糖尿病治疗并加用α-硫辛酸,治疗3周后进行效果比较。结果治疗前,腹型肥胖组AUC、ISI、SOD、GSH-Px、NO、IIEF-5评分及内皮依赖性血管舒张功能均低于非腹型肥胖组(P<0.05),MDA、ET-1均高于非肥胖组(P<0.05),内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能2组无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗后,2组AUC、ISI、SOD、GSH-Px、NO、IIEF-5评分及内皮依赖性血管舒张功能均升高(p<0.05),MDA、ET-I均下降(P<0.05),且腹型肥胖组的改善幅度大于非腹型肥胖组(P<0.05),2组内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能均无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论α-硫辛酸能改善腹型肥胖2型糖尿病患者勃起功能障碍的胰岛β细胞功能、氧化应激状态和内皮功能,治疗糖尿病勃起功能障碍有良好效果。     

西地那非与左旋肉碱联合用药对改善糖尿病大鼠精子质量的研究

以糖尿病大鼠为研究模型,分别用左旋肉碱与西地那非单独或联合用药,研究二者对于糖尿病大鼠精子质量的影响。单独使用西地那非、左旋肉碱或联合用药时,大鼠睾丸精子计数分别为29.02±3.12,32.24±2.81,36.06±2.03(×10⁶/100 mg);3个给药组别的生精细胞的凋亡率分别是(39.52±4.22)%、(34.61±3.82)%和(12.74±2.88)%。从实验数据可以得出联合用药对于糖尿病大鼠的精子质量的改善作用明显优于单独用药。通过机制研究发现,该联合用药主要是从调节性腺激素分泌及增强抗氧化能力两方面达到治疗效果。     

Erectile dysfunction: comparison of efficacy and side effects of the PDE-5 inhibitors sildenafil,vardenafil and tadalafil--review of the literature

Since introduction of the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil 4 years ago, there has been a fundamental change in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Intracavernosal or intraurethral injections of vasoactive substances or penile implants as mechanical aids now play hardly any part in it. - The development of the PDE-5 inhibitors vardenafil and tadalafil prompts the question of whether and how these three substances differ in terms of their efficacy and adverse effects. - Sildenafil has proven to be a very effective medicinal product. Studies with a follow-up period of up to 6 years have been conducted. The success rate of sildenafil varies in the group of ED patients with an organic underlying disease from 43% in patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy to 85% in patients with a neurological underlying disease, and amounts to an average 82% (range 43-85%, 100mg). - In an evaluation of spontaneous reports of deaths associated with sildenafil, the FDA concluded that there was no deducible evidence of an increase in the mortality rate among sildenafil users compared to the general population. In fact, fewer deaths associated in time with the ingestion of sildenafil were reported than might have been expected purely statistically on the basis of the normal mortality rate for men in this age group. - According to the initial studies conducted, vardenafil and tadalafil demonstrate efficacy data approximately comparable to those of sildenafil. As yet, insufficient data are available to evaluate the adverse effects of vardenafil and tadalafil, particularly their long-term use and use in high-risk groups. - Sildenafil has already been used by over 20 million men in over 110 countries and is one of the best-studied pharmacological substances available. This adventage in terms of knowledge and safety data makes sildenafil a safe and reliable treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction.     

糖尿病外伤性骨折的营养及临床特点

目的 探讨糖尿病(DM)外伤性骨折情况下,患者手术前后营养状况的变化及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析96例接受手术的糖尿病外伤性骨折病例,作为DM组,选择同期入院,骨折手术无糖尿病96例,作为对照组,对临床生化指标,住院时间、费用以及并发症等进行统计学分析.结果 骨折并存糖尿病患者,致伤原因以不慎摔倒为主,骨折多发于髋部(56%).DM组与对照组比较,DM组术前血红蛋白和血浆蛋白高于对照组,差别有显著性(P＜0.05),术后血浆蛋白下降幅度DM组明显大于对照组.与对照组比较,DM组的术前准备时间和总住院时间较长,差别具有显著性(P《0.01);药费及并发症的发生率也比对照组高,差别具有显著性(P《0.05).结论 糖尿病患者易发生髋部骨折,糖尿病骨折手术所引起的营养代谢消耗高于无糖尿病患者,故应重视糖尿病患者骨折术后营养,兼顾饮食控制与营养以改善预后减少并发症.     

冠心病患者伴有糖代谢紊乱的临床特征

目的　探讨冠心病患者伴有或不伴糖代谢紊乱的临床特点。方法　分析 2 70例冠心病患者 ,其中合并糖尿病占 19.6 % ,合并应激性高血糖状态占 17%。结果　冠心病合并糖尿病患者中伴高血压、脑卒中、高脂血症及阳性家族史较非糖尿病冠心病患者明显升高。该组患者无胸痛型较多 (占 5 7.9% )。结论　冠心病合并糖尿病患者病情较重 ,病死率是非糖尿病冠心病患者的 3- 4倍。合并应激性高血糖代谢状态的患者年龄较大 ,病情重 ,病死率高 ,需予以重视     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病(CHD)患者的冠状动脉造影特点.方法 对冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病的446例2型糖尿病患者和512例非糖尿病患者的冠脉造影结果进行对比分析.结果 糖尿病组高血压286例(64.1%),心肌梗死160例(35.9%),血清甘油三酯[(2.10±1.48)mmol/L]和体质指数[(25.28±13.41)kg/m2]均高于非糖尿病组(P＜0.05).2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者较多发生多支病变、弥漫性病变(P＜0.05),行冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)、药物治疗的概率高于非糖尿病组(P＜0.05).结论 2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变复杂严重.     

Brain metastases in small cell carcinoma of the lung.

The records of 177 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were reviewed to determine parameters associated with brain metastases. Complete autopsy, including examination of the brain, was done in each case. Of the 70 cases of brain metastases, only two patients (3%) were aged 70 years or more as compared with 19 (18%) aged 70 years or more who did not have brain metastases. Patients with brain metastases had a longer median survival as compared with those without brain metastases. Patients with brain metastases had involvement of the thyroid and kidney more frequently (23% and 34%, respectively) compared with patients without brain metastases (8% and 13%). Thus, patients who have brain metastases tend to (1) be less than 70 years of age; (2) have a longer survival; and (3) have a higher incidence of metastases to the thyroid and kidney.     

山西地区2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝与同型半胱氨酸及亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性的关系

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平及亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因C677T多态性与2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者合并非酒精性脂肪肝的关系。方法对伴和不伴非酒精性脂肪肝的159例T2DM患者行血浆Hcy、叶酸、VitB12、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、血糖水平测定,以PCR-限制性片段长度多态性分析技术检测MTHFR基因C677T多态性,并与52例正常者（对照组）比较。结果单纯糖尿病组（96例）和非酒精性脂肪肝组（63例）高Hcy血症发生率分别为21％（20／96）和49％（31／63）,高于对照组（8％,4／52）,非酒精性脂肪肝组又高于单纯糖尿病组（均P〈0．05）;T2DM患者血浆Hcy水平与MTHFR基因型、HbAlc、血糖水平呈正相关（r值分别为0．248,0．423和0．242,均P〈0．05）;logistic回归分析显示,病程、体重指数、空腹血糖、Hcy均为T2DM非酒精性脂肪肝的独立危险因素。结论高Hcy血症是T2DM非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素;MTHFR基因型、叶酸、VitB12以及代谢紊乱程度影响血浆Hcy水平。     

新确诊2型糖尿病患者85例临床特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨新确诊2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者临床特点,并分析该患者群中非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)、高尿酸血症、颈围、颈动脉内中膜厚度(carotid intima-media thicknesCIMT)间的相关性。方法收集并分析85例病程1年以内、新确诊即住院治疗的T2DM患者的临床资料,包括颈围、腰围、腰臀比和体质指数,空腹胰岛素、空腹C-肽、糖化血红蛋白、肝肾功能、血脂分型及尿微量白蛋白水平,肝脏和颈动脉超声等。结果 85例患者中,合并NAFLD、高尿酸血症和CIMT增厚者分别占57.6%(49/85)、16.5%(14/85)和29.4%(25/85)。88.2%(75/85)的患者合并2种及以上代谢异常,T2DM合并NAFLD组、高尿酸血症组及颈围增大组代谢异常数量均多于其他无相应病变组(P<0.05);各组间体质指数、颈围、腰围,丙氨酸转氨酶、三酰甘油水平的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,颈围、腰围、体质指数、丙氨酸转氨酶、空腹C-肽及血尿酸是NAFLD及CIMT增厚的共同危险因素。结论 T2DM确诊时绝大多数患者已有多种代谢异常;NAFLD、高尿酸血症、颈围增大及CIMT增厚不仅互为危险因素,而且颈围和血尿酸水平等是NAFLD和CIMT增厚的共同危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者社区获得性下呼吸道感染调查及危险因素分析

目的了解2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者社区获得性下呼吸道感染(CARTI)的病原体分布情况、临床特点、肺部基础疾病、药物敏感性、危险因素等,为临床预防和治疗提供依据。方法选取165例T2DM伴CARTI患者及170例非糖尿病CARTI患者(对照组)。病原体鉴定采用常规方法,药敏试验采用K-B扩散法。结果 T2DM伴CARTI患者临床表现较重,36.4%的患者表现不典型;致病菌多为革兰阴性(G-)菌(占45.4%),如铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌等。头孢哌酮舒巴坦、美罗培南对G-菌的敏感性最高,敏感率均为100.0%。糖尿病病史长且控制不佳>10年,有肺部基础疾病、病程长且反复发作,高龄(>65岁),均是T2DM并发CARTI的独立危险因素(OR值分别为3.442、2.561和1.735,均P<0.01)。结论 T2DM并发CARTI的危险因素较多,长期稳定地控制血糖及肺部基础疾病对预防T2DM患者并发CARTI尤为重要。     

Screening for diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in tertiary care hospital in India

Background:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common and under diagnosed medical conditions in India. Prevalence of these chronic diseases are high both in rural and urban areas. However, exact prevalence of DM in Indian COPD patients in unclear. Co-morbid conditions like DM have great impact on the outcome of COPD in the form of severity, exacerbations, morbidity and mortality. Hence the present study objective was to screen COPD patients for DM.

Results:

A total of 1662 patients with COPD (Males = 1264, Female = 398) with mean age 58 ± 9.6 were screened for DM. Patients with known history of DM were 353 (21.24%) and were enrolled as Known DM cases. Remaining 1309 (78.76%) patients whose DM status was unclear were screened by random blood sugar (RBS). One-hundred and seventy-one subjects had RBS > 110 mg/dl. About 73 (4.39%) subjects had fasting blood sugar (FBS) > 126 mg/dl. They were considered as Newly Diagnosed DM cases. Total number of DM cases in the study including new and known was 426 (25.63%). Number of patients with deranged FBS (FBS between 110 mg/dl to126 mg/dl) was 84 (5.05%). Among the DM patients with COPD 168 (10.11%) had poor glycemic control with HbA1c > 8. Prevalence of DM in present study was 25.63%.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of DM in COPD patients in the present study is 25.63% when actively screened in tertiary care hospital. It is feasible and imperative to screen all COPD patients for DM in all health care facilities routinely.     

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition and can usually be managed pharmacologically, with drugs delivered by intracavernosal injection (ICI), transurethrally or orally. The cardiovascular status of the patient and his overall fitness for renewed sexual activity must be assessed before treatment for ED is initiated. The efficacy of sildenafil is related to the extent and severity of ED, and is significantly reduced in patients with severe vasculogenic ED, ED associated with diabetes and after radical prostatectomy. Alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) is the drug of first choice in patients treated with ICI; it is effective in 72.6% of men with ED and is associated with a low risk of priapism and cavernosal fibrosis. Transurethral alprostadil is significantly less effective than alprostadil ICI, producing improved erections in 30%-40%, but rigid erections in only 10%, of men with ED. There is Level II evidence that: alprostadil ICI is an effective treatment for ED papaverine ICI is associated with a high risk of cavernosal fibrosis and priapism papaverine ICI should be restricted to informed patients refractory to treatment with alprostadil ICI transurethral alprostadil is less effective than alprostadil ICI sildenafil is an effective treatment for ED.     

糖尿病患者不同 HbA1c控制水平的肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿临床和超声特征

目的：比较糖尿病（DM）患者不同血糖控制水平下肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿（KPLA）的临床和超声特征。方法146例糖尿病肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿（KPLA‐DM ）患者根据糖化产物血红蛋白A1c（HbA1c）水平分为3组（控制好,HbA1c≤7％;控制良好,7％＜ HbA1c≤9％;控制差,HbA1c＞9％）。分别比较3组的一般情况、临床特点、超声特征及并发症情况。结果与血糖控制好和良好的患者相比,血糖控制差的患者发病年龄低、住院时间更长（P＜0．05）;更易合并高脂血症、慢性肾功能不全等基础疾病（P＜0．05）;并发症及需积极抢救的临床危象多见;转移性感染多发（P＜0．05）。KPLA‐DM可呈特征性的片状、团块状增强回声超声图像,血糖控制差的患者胆道系统积气、肝静脉血栓形成发生率较其他两组明显增高（P＜0．05）。结论 KPLA‐DM 超声图像具有特征性,超声观察到的胆道系统积气及肝静脉血栓形成与KPLA‐DM 患者血糖控制差相关,提示可能存在转移性感染等并发症。     

甘糖酯,胰岛素对糖尿病患者体外红细胞变形能力的影响

将１２例糖尿病病人的红细胞分别与胰岛素、甘糖酯体外共同孵育２４小时，观察孵育前后红细胞滤过指数的变化及药物对其影响。结果显示单纯孵育后红细胞滤过指数明显升高（ｐ＜０．０１）；与胰岛素共同孵育者红细胞滤过指数亦增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但较前者低（ｐ＜０．０１）；与甘糖酯共同孵育者，红细胞滤过指数较孵育前降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明胰岛素及甘糖酯对红细胞变形能力有保护作用，特别是后者对于治疗糖尿病患者并发的血管病变具有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病足相关危险因素研究

目的调查2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖尿病足(DF)患病情况并研究其发生相关危险因素。方法将627例诊断为T2DM的患者按有无糖尿病足分为糖尿病组和糖尿病足组,比较两组在血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血脂、吸烟史等方面的差异。结果糖尿病足组的年龄、病程、吸烟史、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白水平均显著高于糖尿病组(P<0.05),吸烟比例明显高于糖尿病组(P<0.05)。结论本报告显示糖尿病足发病率达23.6%,糖尿病足与年龄、病程、吸烟史密切相关且糖尿病足患者有更严重的血脂代谢紊乱及高收缩压存在。