腹内高压对门静脉压、中心静脉压影响的实验研究

目的研究腹内压升高对大鼠中心静脉压和门静脉压的影响。方法将20只成年雄性SD大鼠分别通过颈静脉插管、穿刺门静脉主干法来测定中心静脉压和门静脉压，运用氮气气腹法制作大鼠腹内高压动物模型。建立气腹后分别在0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45mmHg压力值下测得中心静脉压和门静脉压。结果中心静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=2．824＋0．045X，相关系数r=0．984（P〈0．01）；门静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=8．887＋0．939X，相关系数r=0．998（P〈0．01）。结论腹内压与中心静脉压和门静脉压有很好的相关性，可以根据腹内压监测中心静脉压和门静脉压的变化。     

腹内高压对门静脉压、中心静脉压影响的实验研究

目的研究腹内压升高对大鼠中心静脉压和门静脉压的影响。方法将20只成年雄性SD大鼠分别通过颈静脉插管、穿刺门静脉主干法来测定中心静脉压和门静脉压,运用氮气气腹法制作大鼠腹内高压动物模型。建立气腹后分别在0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45mmHg压力值下测得中心静脉压和门静脉压。结果中心静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=2.824+0.045X,相关系数r=0.984(P<0.01);门静脉压和腹内压之间的直线回归方程为Y=8.887+0.939X,相关系数r=0.998(P<0.01)。结论腹内压与中心静脉压和门静脉压有很好的相关性,可以根据腹内压监测中心静脉压和门静脉压的变化。     

Peripheral venous pressure is an alternative to central venous pressure in paediatric surgery patients

BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous pressure (PVP) is easily and safely measured. In adults, PVP correlates closely with central venous pressure (CVP) during major non-cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement between CVP and PVP in children during major surgery and during recovery. METHODS: Fifty patients aged 3-9 years, scheduled for major elective surgery, each underwent simultaneous measurements of CVP and PVP at random points during controlled ventilation intraoperatively (six readings) and during spontaneous ventilation in the post-anaesthesia care unit (three readings). In a subset of four patients, measurements were taken during periods of hypotension and subsequent fluid resuscitation (15 readings from each patient). RESULTS: Peripheral venous pressure was closely correlated to CVP intraoperatively, during controlled ventilation (r=0.93), with a bias of 1.92 (0.47) mmHg (95% confidence interval = 2.16-1.68). In the post-anaesthesia care unit, during spontaneous ventilation, PVP correlated strongly with CVP (r = 0.89), with a bias of 2.45 (0.57) mmHg (95% confidence interval = 2.73-2.17). During periods of intraoperative hypotension and fluid resuscitation, within-patient changes in PVP mirrored changes in CVP (r = 0.92). CONCLUSION: In children undergoing major surgery, PVP showed good agreement with CVP in the perioperative period. As changes in PVP parallel, in direction, changes in CVP, PVP monitoring may offer an alternative to direct CVP measurement for perioperative estimation of volume status and guiding fluid therapy.     

The introduction of a simple maneuver to reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding after major hepatectomies

Background/Purpose  In major hepatectomies, postoperative increases in central venous pressure (CVP) may cause suture failure and massive bleeding. The aim of our study is to test the application of an intraoperative maneuver to reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding. Methods  Our study included 172 consecutive patients who had major liver resection with selective hepatic vascular exclusion and sharp transection of the liver parenchyma. An intraoperative maneuver (5 s occlusion of the hepatic vein) was applied in an alternating way, and the patients were assigned to two groups: Cohort A (n = 86), that was granted the maneuver, and Cohort B (n = 86), that was used as a control group. Results  In Cohort A, application of the maneuver was successful in demonstrating bleeders under low CVP levels. Cohort A had lower rate of massive bleeding requiring emergency reoperation (2.3 vs 5.8%, P = 0.049), less postoperative blood transfusions (13 vs 24%, P = 0.042), lower morbidity (20 vs 35%, P < 0.045) and shorter hospital stay compared to Cohort B. Conclusions  Hepatectomies conducted under low CVP are prone to postoperative hemorrhage which can be prevented if the final bleeding control is performed under high pressure in the hepatic veins. Application of our testing maneuver effectively unmasked previously undetectable bleeding veins.     

低中心静脉压减少肝切除术中出血的临床研究

目的探讨低中心静脉压对减少肝癌(HCC)切除手术出血的影响。方法将2003年12月以前中山大学附属第一医院同一手术组医生施行肝切除术的HCC病人50例,按随机数字采用信封法分为低中心静脉压(LCVP)组和常规手术组(对照组),各为25例。LCVP组切肝时经体位、药物处理使CVP在2~4mmHg(1mmHg=0·133kPa)、收缩压>90mmHg,对照组则按常规处理,比较两组的术前一般情况、术中和切肝时的出血量及输血量、术后恢复情况和肝肾功能变化。结果两组病人术前一般情况差异无显著性。病人的肿瘤最大直径、手术方式、入肝血流阻断时间、手术时间、切除肝组织的重量、术后并发症发生、术后肝肾功能的恢复两组差异均无显著性。LCVP组手术出血量、切肝时出血量分别为(903·9±180·8)mL、(672·4±429·9)mL,均明显低于对照组(W值分别为495·5、543·5,P<0·01),而切肝前和切肝后的出血量两组差异无显著性意义。LCVP组术后留院时间为(16·3±6·8)d,对照组为(21·5±8·6)d,两组差异有显著性意义(W=532·5,P<0·05)。结论LCVP技术在操作上简便易行,将中心静脉压控制在≤4mmHg,能够减少切肝过程的出血量、缩短术后留院时间、对病人肝肾功能无损害。     

Estimation of central venous pressure by measurement of proximal axillary venous pressure using a "half-way" catheter

The pressure in the proximal axillary vein (AVP) was compared with central venous pressure (CVP) in eight patients during and after elective abdominal surgery. Both pressures were recorded from soft, elastic, polyurethane catheters inserted in the basilic or cephalic veins ("half-way" catheters), punctured at the fossa cubiti (AVP), and via the right jugular vein (CVP). The AVP and CVP were recorded simultaneously using hydrostatic, conventional disposable venous pressure measurement sets. The measurements were performed during intermittent positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure from 0 to 7.5 cmH2O (0-0.74 kPa), as well as during spontaneous breathing. During both controlled and spontaneous respiration, small mean differences (0.2-1.0 cmH2O) (0.02-0.1 kPa), and a highly significant (P less than 0.001) positive correlation between CVP- and AVP-values were found. An increase of 1 cmH2O (0.10 kPa) in the CVP was associated with an increment of practically identical order (0.99-1.04 cmH2O) (0.10-0.11 kPa) in the AVP. The results suggest that monitoring of the AVP by a basilic "half-way" catheter produces diagnostic information similar to that from the measurement of the CVP from subclavian, external or internal jugular, as well as "long-way" brachial catheter, with no risk of the major mechanical complications which accompany the use of the latter catheters.     

Deep venous thrombosis caused by congenital absence of the inferior vena cava: Report of a case

Although anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are seen frequently in a clinical setting, congenital absence of the IVC (AIVC) is rare. However, anomalies of the IVC should be considered in young patients suffering from recurrent and idiopathic DVT. We report a case of DVT possibly caused by AIVC in a 27-year-old man, and discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this unusual entity.     

Hazards of central venous pressure monitoring

In shock syndromes, cannulation of the central veins has become standard practice. The procedure, although valuable, is not completely innocuous. Fatal complications as a result of perforation of the sinus coronarius with resultant cardiac tamponade, and a laceration of the subclavian artery are described, in addition to the previously reported complications encountered during such monitoring. It is of vital importance that the procedure be prescribed and supervised only by those who are thoroughly skilled in its use and that there be awareness of the early symptoms of cardiac tamponade when a venous catheter is in situ.     

下腔静脉滤器植入后导管接触性溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器置入后,经皮下肢深静脉置管局部溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的可行性及疗效。方法42例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,分为两组,介入治疗组15例,对照组27例。介入治疗组的15例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术,经溶栓导管泵入大剂量尿激酶溶栓;对照组30例患者经足背静脉泵入尿激酶。结果介入治疗组血栓完全消失8例（53.33%）,部分消失7例（46.67%）,无明显好转0例（0%）,治疗全过程所有患者均未出现肺动脉栓塞症状及出血现象;对照组血栓完全消失2例（7%）,部分消失25例（83.33%）,无明显好转3例（10%）。结论下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢深静脉置管大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成安全、疗效显著。     

Spurious central venous pressure

A patient is described in whom two different sites of cannulation of central veins produced markedly different pressures with potentially dangerous consequences. Falsely elevated pressures recorded from a catheter inserted via the subclavian vein were related to the patency in the arm of an arteriovenous shunt. The likely cause of this phenomenon is discussed.     

控制性低中心静脉压在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的探讨控制性低中心静脉压(controlled low central venous pressure,CLCVP)技术用于腹腔镜肝切除术的可行性。方法回顾性分析武汉市中心医院肝胆胰外科2013年1月至2016年5月间实施的51例腹腔镜肝切除术病人,其中采用控制性低中心静脉压(腔镜+CLCVP组)23例,正常中心静脉压(normal central venous pressure,NCVP)(腔镜+NCVP组)28例。观察切肝过程中出血量、手术时间、术中输血量等指标,并监测术前术后肝、肾功能的变化。结果腔镜+CLCVP组较腔镜+NCVP组切肝过程中出血量少[(574±107)ml比(979±379)ml],断肝时间少[(105±63)min比(143±85)min],术中输血量少[(425±238)ml比(946±738)ml],两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),两组病例间术前术后肝、肾功能比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组病人均未发生有临床意义的气体栓塞等并发症。所有病人均苏醒平顺。结论 CLCVP技术用于腹腔镜肝切除术有效可行,但必须加强术中麻醉管理和监测,以保证病人安全。     

Sequential inferior vena cava filter insertion and peripherally inserted central catheter placement through upper extremity veins

PurposeTo report the sequential placement of inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) and peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) using the same upper extremity venous access.Material and methodsThis is a retrospective study that reviewed the medical records of 379 consecutive patients who underwent IVCF insertion during a 39-month period at our center. Of these 379 patients, 28 patients had sequential insertion of an IVCF and a PICC through the same upper extremity venous access. The same vein entry site was used for placement of the IVCF followed by PICC insertion. Data collected included: indication and duration of IVCF and PICC placement, access site location, complications, and the type of IVCF.ResultsIVCFs were placed for prophylactic purposes in 15 patients (53.6%) and therapeutic purposes in 13 patients (46.4%). Right upper extremity veins were used for venous access in 27 patients (96.4%): brachial (n = 16), basilic (n = 9), and cephalic (n = 2). The left basilic vein was used in one patient (3.6%). IVCFs were temporary in 20 patients (71.4%) and permanent in 8 patients (28.6%). There were no procedural complications. The OptEase filter was used in 23 patients (82.1%) and the TrapEase filter was used in 5 patients (17.9%).ConclusionSimultaneous IVCF and PICC insertion using the same upper extremity venous access was feasible and safe in our series. This combined technique provides the patient with central venous access for repeated blood collections and intravenous therapy.     

控制性低中心静脉压对肝叶切除术患者血液流变学的影响

目的 探讨肝叶切除术中控制性低中心静脉压(LCVP)技术对患者血液流变学的影响.方法 24例择期全麻下行肝叶切除术患者,随机均分为LCVP组(L组)和对照组(C组).L组患者在肝脏实质完全离断前将CVP控制在0～5 cm H2O,随后通过输液将CVP升至6～12cmH2O.C组CVP维持在6～12 cmH2O.在麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后30 min(T1)、肝叶切除结束即刻(T2)、手术结束即刻(T3)抽取静脉血测定血液流变学各指标.结果 两组患者的血液粘度在T1～T3时均低于T0时(P<0.05或P<0.01).L组全血低切粘度在T1～T3时高于C组,全血高切粘度、血浆粘度在T2时高于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01).红细胞压积在C组T2、T3时、L组T3时明显下降,T2时L组高于C组.在T1、T2时L组红细胞聚集指数高于C组(P<0.01).在T1、T2时L组红细胞变形指数明显低于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 在肝叶切除术中应用LCVP技术患者血液粘度较麻醉前降低.在LCVP期间血液枯度、红细胞聚集指数均较正常输液患者高,红细胞变形指数较正常输液患者低.     

控制性低中心静脉压在腹腔镜肝切除术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中应用控制性低中心静脉压技术的可行性.方法:回顾分析2009年9月至2010年8月为58例患者施行肝切除术的临床资料,分别行腹腔镜肝切除术(23例)和开腹肝切除术(35例),术中应用控制性低中心静脉压技术,观察术中动脉氧分压、二氧化碳分压、氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压、出血量、总输液量等指标,及...     

肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中控制出血的临床应用

如何有效地控制肝切除术中出血一直是肝胆外科领域研究的热点。肝脏有流人道和流出道两套血管系统,对肝脏的血流控制包括对流人道和流出道血流的控制。控制流人道出血有许多简单而有效的方法,而如何有效地控制流出道出血一直是个难题。学者们创立了许多方法,包括全肝血流阻断、选择性全肝血流阻断等,但是这些方法都存在一定的弊端,只在特定的患者中被采用。有学者发现通过降低中心静脉压可减少肝切除术中肝静脉系统的出血,但是对其有效性仍存在争议。近年来,有文献报道在第一肝门阻断的同时,阻断肝下下腔静脉即可有效减少肝切除时来自肝静脉系统的出血。此方法相对于其他控制肝脏流出道出血的方法都简单易行,在肝切除术中有很高的应用价值。本文对肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中应用的现状进行讨论,对其减少肝切除术中出血的有效性及安全性进行总结和评价。     

控制性低中心静脉压对腹腔镜肝癌切除术患者中心静脉血氧饱和度和乳酸的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝癌切除术中硝酸甘油控制性低中心静脉压（CLCVP）对患者术中中心静脉血氧饱和度（ScvO₂）和动脉血乳酸（Lac）的影响。
方法 选择择期行腹腔镜肝癌切除术患者50例,男27例,女23例,年龄36～64岁,BMI 18~25 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表将患者随机分为两组：CLCVP组（L组）和对照组（C组）,每组25例。L组在切肝前5 min通过静脉泵注硝酸甘油0.2～0.5 μg·kg^-1·min^-1,维持CVP≤5 cmH₂O;C组常规输液并维持CVP 6～12 cmH₂O。记录术中出血量、输液量和苏醒时间,记录切肝前15 min、切肝中10、40 min、切肝后30 min的ScvO₂、Lac、HR和MAP。记录术后不良反应的发生情况。
结果 与C组比较,L组术中出血量和输液量明显降低（P＜0.05）。与切肝前15 min比较,切肝中10、40 min,L组ScvO₂和MAP明显降低（P＜0.05）;切肝中10 min,L组HR明显增快（P＜0.05）。与C组比较,切肝中10、40 min,L组ScvO₂和MAP明显降低（P＜0.05）。两组苏醒时间、术后不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论 腹腔镜肝切除术中硝酸甘油CLCVP可有效减少术中出血,使ScvO₂下降,对Lac值无明显影响,且不增加不良反应。     

布—加综合征的外科治疗

目的　探讨布 加综合征 (B CS)手术治疗原则。方法　对我院 1986年 5月～ 1998年12月 5 76例布 加综合征患者的手术治疗情况进行回顾性分析 ,并对其疗效进行评定。结果　效果优者 30 9例 (5 3.6 % ) ,良好者 195例 (33.9% ) ,无效者 5 6例 (9.7% )。术后发生并发症 12 4例(2 1.5 % ) ,死亡 16例 (2 .8% )。结论　根据布 加综合征的临床分型选择适当的手术方式是提高疗效的关键。加强围手术期监护可降低手术并发症和死亡率     

中心静脉压监测在重型颅脑损伤救治中的应用体会

目的探讨中心静脉压（CVP）在重型颅脑损伤患者的救治过程中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析109例重型颅脑损伤患者的CVP监测及临床资料。结果本组病例均未出现急性心衰、肺水肿,5例病人CVP值始终低于正常值,检查发现严重合并伤。根据出院时的GCS评分、意识情况和功能障碍程度,本组患者死亡19例（17．4％）,无改善11例（10．1％）,好转23（占21．1％）,明显好转35例（32．1％）,痊愈21例（19．3％）。结论CVP的监测。可了解有效循环血容量情况,科学可靠地指导输液及脱水降颅压治疗,有效提高重型颅脑损伤病人的抢救成功率。