2004年汕头市城区部分中学生营养状况调查

[目的]了解汕头市中学生的营养状况。[方法]2004年5月，对汕头市省、市直属中学在校初、高中学生进行身高、体重测量，根据身高标准体重值进行营养评价。[结果]调查9014名学生，营养正常者占45．8％，营养不良者占46．3％，超重、肥胖者占7．9％。营养不良者轻、中度占99．3％。营养不良率高中生高于初中生，超重率、肥胖率初中生高于高中生（P〈0．01）；营养不良率与超重肥胖率均为女生高于男生（P〈0．01）；营养不良率与超重肥胖率均为走读学生高于寄宿学生（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。[结论]汕头市城区中学生营养状况处于广东省的一般水平。     

2005年漯河市部分中小学生营养状况调查

[目的]了解漯河市城乡中小学生营养状况。[方法32005年9～11月。对漯河市6369名中小学生的身高、体重进行调查，评价其营养状况。[结果]调查中小学生6271人，营养正常者占55．97％；营养不良率为28．34％，营养过剩率为15．69％，超重率为9．14％，肥胖率为6．55％。营养不良率，中学生和小学生分别为30．83％、25．74％，男生和女生分别为20．14％、30．92％，城区和乡村学生分别为24．97％、32．99％（P〈0．01）。肥胖率与营养过剩率，中学生分别为5．75％、14．45％，小学生分别为7．39％、16．99％（P〈0．05）。超重率城区学生为9．79％，农村学生为8．24％（P〈0．05）。[结论]漯河市城乡中小学生营养不良率较高。     

简易营养评价法在评价老年糖尿病患者营养状况中的应用

目的探讨简易营养评价法（MNA）在评价老年糖尿病患者营养状况时的敏感性和特异性。方法对116例住院老年糖尿病患者进行MNA问卷调查、人体测量、生化检测和24小时膳食回顾调查。分析MNA用于评价老年糖尿病患者营养状况的敏感性和特异性。结果MNA问卷调查显示住院老年糖尿病患者28．4％营养不良，32．8％具有营养不良危险，38．8％营养良好。当以MNA〈17为界点时，MNA的敏感性分别为75．0％、64．7％和65．8％，特异性分别为76．9％、77．8％和79．5％；当以MNA≤23．5为界点时，MNA的敏感性分别增加为100％、100％和97．4％，特异性下降至43．2％、45．5％和50．0％。MNA与体质指数（r=0．474，P〈0．01）、三头肌皮褶厚度（r=0．369，P〈0．01）、上臂肌围（r=0．479，P〈0．01）、血清白蛋白（r=0．613，P〈0．01）、血红蛋白（r=0．335，P〈0．01）和总淋巴细胞计数（r=0．433，P〈0．01）均呈显著正相关。结论老年糖尿病患者营养不良的发生率高。MNA是一种用于老年糖尿病患者营养状况评价的可靠、灵敏方法。     

1996～2005年招远市城区部分中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解招远市城区学生的营养状况，探讨其影响因素。[方法]对招远市健康监测点学校1996～2005年的学生营养状况监测资料进行分析，采用身高标准体重法进行评价。[结果]营养不良率呈下降趋势，2005年为5．65％；超重率呈逐年上升趋势，2005年为15．68％；肥胖率呈上升趋势，2005年为12．57％。营养不良率、超重率、肥胖率中学生高于小学生，营养不良率女生高于男生，超重率、肥胖率男生高于女生。[结论]营养不良率较低，肥胖率较高。     

莆田市荔城区中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解莆田市荔城区中小学生营养状况，探讨其防治对策。[方法]采用身高标准体重法对2所监测校学生进行营养状况评价。[结果]本区学生营养不良率为38．5％，超重率为5．2％，肥胖率为3．3％。同1996和1999年相比，学生营养不良率明显下降，超重与肥胖率呈上升趋势；农村学生营养不良率高于城市，超重与肥胖率低于城市；女生营养不良率高于男生，男生超重与肥胖率高于女生；初中阶段营养不良率最高，小学阶段最低；重点校学生营养不良率、超重与肥胖率均高于普通校。[结论]不良饮食方式和缺乏运动是影响中小学生营养不良的主要原因。     

福建省1996～2002年中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解福建省中小学生的营养状况。[方法]对福建省监测点学校1996～2002年的学生营养状况资料进行分析。[结果]2002年营养不良率为24．46％、肥胖率为5．16％，均较1996年有所上升；各年度营养不良率均为中学生高于小学生，肥胖率均为小学生高于中学生；农村学生营养状况好于城市。[结论]福建省中小学生的营养不良率仍然处于较高水平，肥胖率呈逐年上升趋势，城市学生尤其是小学生是肥胖防治的重点人群。     

2010年大理州中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解大理州中小学生营养状况,为进一步开展学生营养工作提供科学依据。[方法]按照《全国学生体质健康调研工作手册》的规定,测量身高、体重,采用1985年WHO推荐的“身高标准体重法”,2010年11月对大理州7～18岁白族、汉族学生按比例抽样进行营养状况评价。[结果]调查2623人,营养不良163人,营养不良率为6．21％。营养不良率女生白族以17岁为高发,男生各年龄组间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,超重率的高发年龄白族、汉族女生均是13岁,肥胖率的高发年龄白族女生是13岁,汉族女生各年龄组差异无统计学意义,白族、汉族男生超重、肥胖各年龄组间差异均无统计学意义。营养不良率白族、汉族均是女生高于男生（P〈0．05）;汉族超重、肥胖率均是男生高于女生（P〈0．01）;汉族男生的肥胖率高于白族男生。营养不良、超重、肥胖率均是城市高于乡村（P〈0．05）。不同组别营养不良率均以轻度为主。[结论]大理州中小学生营养状况不容忽视,今后的学生营养工作应做到防治营养不良和超重、肥胖并举,采取必要措施,使学生能得到平衡膳食与合理营养,全面推行以学校为中心的全民营养保健教育。     

仪陇县中小学生现时营养状况分析

[目的]了解仪陇县中小学生的现时营养状况。[方法]2001年上半年，选择仪陇县部分中小学生，测量身高、体重，采用营养评价参考标准(身高标准体重)进行营养评价。[结果]26928名学生，营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为18.76％、6．56％、1．64％。营养不良检出率，女生高于男生，城郊学校学生＞城区学校学生＞乡镇学校学生。[结论]仪陇县中小学生的营养状况不容乐观。应大力提倡平衡膳食、合理营养，推行“学生饮用能计划”，增进学生体质健康。     

上海某社区居民叶黄素膳食摄入量与血清含量的相关性分析

[目的]了解某社区40岁～居民叶黄素营养水平,分析膳食叶黄素摄入量和血清叶黄素含量之间有无相关性。[方法]将341名调查对象分为40岁-、50岁～和60岁～年龄组。采用24h和食物定量频率法问卷法进行膳食调查,计算出平均每人每日膳食叶黄素摄入量。采用高效液相色谱法检测血清叶黄素含量。并对膳食叶黄素摄入量和血清叶黄素含量进行相关性分析。[结果]血清叶黄素在0．08～1．6μ／mL范围内线性良好,相关系数为r=0．9973,回收率为97．85％～103．67％,日内和日间变异系数分别为2．32％和3．08％,最低检测限为0．0250edmL。蔬菜是调查对象膳食叶黄素的主要来源,尤其是菠菜、韭菜、西兰花;膳食叶黄素摄入量和血清叶黄素含量分别为（7．77±2．10）mg／d和（0．370±0．183）μmol／L,且60岁～组均明显低于50岁一组（P〈0．05）;膳食叶黄素摄入量与血清三酰甘油呈负相关（r=-0．108,P〈0．05）,与血清胆固醇呈正相关（r=0．231,P〈0．001）,与血清叶黄素含量呈正相关（r=0．681,P〈0．001）.[结论]膳食和血清叶黄素明显相关,后者可以作为反映叶黄素营养状况的指标。老年人更应注重叶黄素的摄入和补充。     

利用简易营养评价法调查住院老年人的营养状况

目的 利用简易营养评价法(MNA)评价住院老年人的营养状况，了解MNA与传统营养指标的相关性。方法 利用MNA量表对144名住院老年人进行调查，同时收集人体测量指标、生化指标和其他资料。结果 住院老年人营养不良的患病率为36．1％，潜在营养不良为46．5％，营养正常占17．4％；年龄、牙齿状况和疾病状态是影响老年人营养的重要因素；MNA与多数传统营养指标之间有良好相关性。结论 住院老年人营养不良的患病率高，MNA是一种可靠、快捷、简便的老年人营养状况评价方法。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.