颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形联合颈后路板用钉固定治疗颈椎管狭窄症的临床研究

<正>治疗颈椎管狭窄症的颈后路椎管扩大成形术的术式有多种。传统手术方式虽能解决脊髓压迫,改善患者生活质量,但并发椎管成形后不稳定性的发生率较高[1],严重影响患者远期生活质量。确保颈椎结构稳定性[2]对于术后颈椎功能改善至关重要。我科于2015年12月至2016年6月采用颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形联合颈后路板、用钉固定技术治疗颈椎管狭窄症40例,与传统颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术     

颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术的围手术期护理

目的 探讨发育性椎管狭窄围手术期的护理措施。方法 对56例发育性椎管狭窄病人采用颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术,重点加强术前术中体位和耐受力的训练,术后体位翻身的方法,指导肢体的功能锻炼,出院的康复指导护理。结果表明科学的围手术期护理有利于该病的恢复,提高患者生活质量,未发生护理并发症。56例病人随访中按JOA评分法,术后疗效优良率达80%以上。结论 科学的围手术期护理是提高手术成功率,减少并发症的重要保证。     

颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症的疗效评价

目的分析颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法对我院2006年1月至2011年1月行后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗的32例颈椎管狭窄患者进行随访,平均随访2.4年。从手术时间、出血量、并发症的数量和类型以及手术前和手术后的JOA评分方面分析手术疗效。结果所有患者的JOA评分较术前均有不同程度的提高,JOA平均改善率:(55.8±22.3)%。平均手术出血量205 mL,手术时间75 min,轴性症状1例、椎板骨折1例、硬膜外血肿1例。结论颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术操作相对安全、简单、治疗颈椎管狭窄症疗效确切。     

双开门颈椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的 观察颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效.方法 36例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈后路椎管扩大成形术治疗,术后通过复诊方式随访32例,并按殷华符等提出的标准进行疗效评定.结果 32例术前术后比较临床症状有明显改善.术后优良率达87.5%.结论 "双开门"颈椎管扩大成形术对脊髓型颈椎病的治疗是一种安全、效果好的治疗方法.     

单开门椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗颈椎管狭窄症(附27例临床研究)

目的 :进一步探讨单开门椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗颈椎管狭窄症的方法和疗效。方法 :应用单开门术式在 3年内共治疗发育性颈椎管狭窄症 7例、脊髓型颈椎病合并椎管狭窄 15例、连续性后纵韧带骨化症3例、多节段脊髓型颈椎病 (3个节段以上 ) 2例。结果 :2 7例患者均获随访 ,随访时间平均 10个月 ,综合评价优良率 88.9%。结论 :该术式治疗多种因素引起的颈椎管狭窄症具有操作简单、安全性高、疗效确切的优点 ,并且只有严谨操作和围手术期处理 ,才能有效避免各种并发症的发生。     

颈椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病(附36例报告)

目的 观察颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法 36例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈后路椎管扩大成形术治疗,术后通过复诊方式随访32例,并按殷华符等提出的标准进行疗效评定。结果 32例术前术后比较临床症状有明显改善。术后优良率达87．5％。结论 “单开门”颈椎管扩大成形术对脊髓型颈椎病的治疗是一种安全、效果好的治疗方法。     

单开门椎管扩大成形并拱桥式植骨术治疗严重颈椎管狭窄症

单开门椎管扩大成形并拱桥式植骨术治疗严重颈椎管狭窄症马如龙＊李世和＊邹云鹏＊李盛林＊柏跃光为预防单开门椎管扩大成形术后椎管塌陷再关门并发症的发生，对１６例不同原因所致颈椎管狭窄症，在单开门手术基础上作一改进，在开门侧上下两端取Ｃ６·７棘突植入，支撑起...     

单开门椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗颈椎管狭窄症（附27例临床研究）

目的：进一步探讨单开门椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗颈椎管狭窄症的方法和疗效。方法：应用单开门术式在3年内共治疗发育性颈椎管狭窄症7例,脊髓型颈椎病合并椎管狭窄15例,连续性后纵韧带骨化症3例,多节段脊髓型颈椎病（3个节段以上）2例,结果：27例患者均获随访,随访时间平均10个月,综合评价优良率88．9％,结论：该术式治疗多种因素引起的颈椎管狭窄症具有操作简单,安全性高,疗效确切的优点。并且只有严谨操作和围手术期处理,才能有效避免各种并发症的发生。     

高位颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的治疗

目的高位颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的治疗需慎重选择手术范围。方法观察分析应用颈后路椎板扩大术治疗1例经常规颈后路单开门椎板成型术治疗后症状复发的高位OPLL患者的疗效。结果高位OPLL的手术治疗范围应彻底，才能取得良好疗效。讨论颈后路椎板单开门手术适合大部分OPLL，但对高位OPLL手术应以能彻底减压为原则。     

单开门颈椎板扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症36例疗效观察

目的观察单开门颈椎板扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症的效果。方法36例颈椎管狭窄症患者,全部行单开门颈椎板扩大成形术。随访观察疗效和JOA17分评分。结果36例患者均获随访,手术优良率为85％。术前JOA17评分平均为5．23,术后JOA17评分平均10．25。结论单开门颈椎板扩大成形术是一种安全、有效治疗颈椎管狭窄症的手术方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.