银杏达莫联合甲钴铵治疗糖尿病痛性神经病变临床疗效观察

目的观察银杏达莫联合甲钴铵对糖尿病痛性神经病变的治疗作用。方法将40例确诊为糖尿病痛性神经病变的2型糖尿病患者随机分为银杏达莫联合甲钴铵组(观察组)和甲钴铵组(对照组),比较治疗前后自发性神经痛、运动神经传导速度(MNCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)的改变。结果治疗2周,2组患者的自发性神经痛有明显改善,观察组和对照组治疗有效率分别为95%(19/20)和60%(12/20),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组神经传导速度的改善较对照组明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论银杏达莫联合甲钴铵对2型糖尿病神经损害的自发性神经痛有较好的疗效。     

度洛西汀联合甲钴胺治疗痛性糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效观察

目的观察度洛西汀联合甲钴胺治疗痛性糖尿病时对周围神经病变的治疗效果。方法将200例糖尿病伴周围神经病变患者随机分为研究组和对照组各100例。研究组患者使用度洛西汀联合甲钴胺治疗,比较2组临床疗效,以及2组患者治疗前后神经传导速度、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及睡眠时间变化。结果观察组总有效率为85.0%高于对照组的70.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,2组正中神经和腓总神经MCV、SCV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,2组正中神经和腓总神经MCV、SCV速度均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前2组VAS评分和睡眠时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组VAS评分均低于治疗前,睡眠时间长于治疗前,且观察组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论度洛西汀联合甲钴胺治疗痛性糖尿病周围神经病变较单纯使用甲钴胺具有更好的治疗效果,明显改善患者的生活质量,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

联合应用甲钴铵与灯盏细辛治疗2型糖尿病神经病变的临床观察

目的观察联合应用甲钴铵与灯盏细辛治疗2型糖尿病神经病变的临床疗效。方法入选2型糖尿病患者68例,随机分为两组:治疗组(38例)和对照组(30例),对照组予以甲钴铵治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用灯盏细辛,疗程均为4周。结果与对照组比较,治疗组对各种临床症状、肌肉与关节神经反射的有效率和神经传导速度(MNC和sCV)的改善均明显提高.明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论联合应用甲钴胺及灯盏细辛治疗2型糖尿病神经病变,临床疗效较好,无不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

丹参注射液联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床分析

目的探讨丹参注射液联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的应用效果。方法选取100例糖尿病周围神经病变患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各组50例。对照组给予糖尿病周围神经病变常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予丹参注射液联合甲钴胺治疗。治疗结束后,观察比较两组患者的治疗效果及运动神经的传导速度。结果观察组治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的总有效率为90.0%,显著高于对照组的68.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后运动神经如正中神经、尺神经、胫神经传导速度均得到改善,但是观察组患者运动神经传导速度改善情况要明显好于对照组,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丹参注射液联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的应用效果较好,值得进一步在临床上推广应用。     

疏血通与甲钴胺联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变

目的观察疏血通针与甲钴胺联合治疗糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的疗效。方法将128例患者随机分为治疗组(66例)和对照组(62例),均以糖尿病教育,控制饮食,胰岛素严格控制血糖稳定基础上,治疗组给予疏血通针与甲钴胺针,对照组给予丹参与甲钴胺治疗,连用2周。结果治疗组DPN症状体征,神经传导速度改善明显高于对照组。结论疏血通针与甲钴胺针联用可明显改善DPN的治疗效果。     

α硫辛酸及沙格雷酯治疗痛性糖尿病神经病变的临床观察

目的探讨痛性糖尿病神经病变采用α硫辛酸及沙格雷酯治疗的临床疗效。方法选取我院80例痛性糖尿病神经病变患者,分为治疗组40例,对照组40例,治疗组采用α-硫辛酸联合沙格雷酯治疗,对照组甲钴胺治疗,通过肌电图机测定运动神经传导速度(MNCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)、自发性神经痛、踝肱指数(ABI)进行疗效判定。结果治疗2周,两组患者的自发性神经痛有明显改善治疗组疗效85.5%优于对照组45.5%,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相比对照组,治疗组治疗后神经传导速度改善明显(P<0.05);治疗组的踝肱指数(ABI)较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05),对照组治疗后ABI无明显改善(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗中均未见明显不良反应。结论α-联合沙格雷酯2型糖尿病神经损害的自发性神经痛有较好的疗效。     

α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床观察

目的探讨α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效。方法将2012年8月至2014年8月本院收治的糖尿病周围神经病变患者,72例随机分为观察组和治疗组,每组36例。观察组给予α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗3周,对照组给予甲钴胺治疗3周。对两组患者感觉症状及治疗前后神经传导速度进行比较分析。结果观察组总有效率(94.44%),明显高于对照组(66.67%,P<0.05);观察组神经传导速度改善程度明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变,疗效确定,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

依帕司他联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变

目的观察依帕司他与甲钴胺联合治疗对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的临床疗效。方法将68例DPN患者随机分为治疗组36例,采用依帕司他联合甲钴胺片治疗;对照组32例,单用甲钴胺片治疗。两组均以4周为1疗程,连续治疗2疗程。观察临床疗效及治疗前后神经传导速度(NCV)的变化。结果总有效率,治疗组为88.9%,明显高于对照组65.6%,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。NCV改善情况,治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依帕司他与甲钴胺片联合应用可明显改善糖尿病周围神经病变的治疗效果,依帕司他联合甲钴胺片治疗糖尿病周围神经病变疗效优于单药治疗组。     

疏血通联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变45例疗效观察

目的 观察分析疏血通联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床疗效.方法 选择糖尿病周围神经病变患者80例,随机分为治疗组40例和对照组40例.治疗组患者给予疏血通联合甲钴胺进行治疗,对照组患者给予单纯甲钴胺治疗,2个疗程后观察疗效及比较神经传导速度情况.结果 治疗组总有效率显著高于对照组,神经传导速度也明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 疏血通联合甲钴胺治疗糖尿病周围神经病变具有较好疗效,值得临床推广使用.     

α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗2型糖尿病周围神经病变的临床研究

目的观察α-硫辛酸(LA)联合甲钴胺对2型糖尿病周围神经病变的治疗效果。方法选择2008年4月—2012年12月在该科住院的2型糖尿病伴有周围神经病变患者82例,随机分成两组。A组40例给予LA和甲钴胺联合治疗,B组42例给予单用甲钴胺治疗,疗程均为15 d。观察两组治疗前后的临床症状及神经传导速度(NCV)。结果 A组治疗总有效率(85.0%)高于B组(69.0%)(P0.05);两组治疗后临床症状及神经传导速度均有明显改善(均P0.05),但A组的疗效优于B组(P0.05);两组均未见明显药物不良反应。结论α-硫辛酸联合甲钴胺治疗能有效改善2型糖尿病周围神经病变的症状和神经传导速度,可以推广应用临床治疗。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.