大鱼际肌爆炸伤的分型及治疗

目的评估大鱼际肌爆炸伤的分型及疗效。方法１９８０年以来，共收治１６２例大鱼际肌爆炸伤，按其损伤程度分为三型，Ⅰ型：损伤限于肌肉表面，仅作清创缝合即可。Ⅱ型：损伤深达肌肉内，软组织缺损较大时，用皮瓣或游离皮片植皮并修复虎口。Ⅲ型：损伤累及深层的掌骨与关节，常伴有拇指血供丧失和肌肉坏死，以往拇指均作截指术。１９８９年起采用掌浅、深弓转移重建拇指血供。掌长肌腱移位重建拇外展功能，创面用皮瓣覆盖。结果Ⅰ型９７例手功能恢复基本正常。Ⅱ型３９例大鱼际肌肌力４级，拇指对掌功能尚满意。Ⅲ型２６例中，２１例行拇指截指术，重建血供的５例随访２～８年，拇指指腹两点辨别觉为６～１０ｍｍ，拇对掌功能恢复较为满意。结论大鱼际肌爆炸伤根据其分型采取合理的治疗措施，是可以取得手功能恢复较好的疗效的     

桡侧腕长伸肌腱重建先天性第一腕掌关节发育不良

目的介绍一种修复ⅢB型拇指发育不良腕掌关节不稳的方法, 采用桡侧腕长伸肌腱的一半重建第一腕掌关节, 评价该手术修复ⅢB型拇指发育不良的疗效。方法对4例患儿的单侧拇指发育不良进行回顾性临床研究。均为ⅢB型拇指发育不良, 且X线片示第一掌骨长度接近正常。手术采用桡侧腕长伸肌腱的一半重建第一腕掌关节韧带。后期行拇对掌和伸拇功能重建。术后通过测量拇指桡侧外展、掌侧外展、伸拇和改良Kapandji量表评估临床疗效。结果术后随访1.5～3.0年, 平均2.1年。术后拇指桡侧外展和掌侧外展的平均角度分别为78°和41°, 患儿拇指主动桡侧外展和掌侧外展功能获得改善。术后平均拇指伸直度为-5°, 接近正常拇指。4例患儿术后的第一腕掌关节均稳定。Kapandji评分显示术后所有儿童的拇对掌功能均有所改善。结论对于第一掌骨长度接近正常的ⅢB型拇指发育不良患儿, 使用桡侧腕长伸肌腱的一半重建第一腕掌关节韧带结合肌腱移位的分期手术可能是一种有效的治疗策略。     

拇指对掌功能重建的临床应用

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术的临床疗效。方法 通过对20侧新鲜成人尸体上肢标本的应用解剖学研究，建立以尺侧腕伸肌为动力肌，拇短伸肌腱移位术的解剖模型，并观察到该肌腱移位后的走行和拇短展肌的走行基本一致，并有旋前功能。2004年2月-2005年1月，对6例拇指对掌功能丧失者，实施肌腱移位术重建拇指对掌功能。结果 术后随访3～12个月，拇指对掌功能满意。6例中优5例，良1例，优良率为100％。结论 尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术，手术方式简单，重建拇指对掌功能效果满意。     

改良拇指旋转撕脱离断伤的再植

我院自2002年5月至2004年11月，采用示指神经血管移位和环指指浅屈肌腱和桡侧腕长伸肌的移位方法，行拇指旋转性撕脱性离断再植9例，失败1例，成活的拇指功能恢复较为满意，保留了示指固有伸肌腱的功能。     

改良拇对掌功能重建术

手部正中神经不可逆损伤或拇短展肌、大鱼际肌毁损,造成拇指对掌功能丧失,需要重建拇指对掌功能,手术治疗的方法很多。2000年5月—2006年5月,我们将环指指浅屈肌腱转位或尺侧伸腕肌腱移位加掌长肌移植,将肌腱止点前     

特殊WasselⅥ型复拇指畸形的治疗

[目的]探讨一种特殊的WasselⅥ型复拇指畸形的治疗方法及疗效。[方法]1990年以来,本院共治疗9例(12侧)特殊的WasselⅥ型先天性复拇指畸形的患者,均在掌骨截骨拇指移位的同时,重建大鱼际肌止点或拇收肌止点的手术方法。手术平均年龄9.5岁。[结果]本组病例随访7例(9侧),随访时间为2～12年,平均5年6个月。参照Kawabata评分方法,优5例(7侧),良1例(1侧),差1例(1侧)为手指瘢痕挛缩。[结论]对特殊的WasselⅥ型复拇指畸形的患者采用掌骨截骨拇指移位的同时,重建大鱼际肌止点或拇收肌止点的手术方法设计合理,疗效满意。     

先天性风吹手畸形的治疗

目的探讨先天性风吹手畸形的治疗方法。方法对27例先天性风吹手畸形的患者采用分次手术的方法，一期改善拇指功能，作拇收肌切断、第一指蹼开大、拇指外展功能重建术；二期作中、小指指浅屈肌腱移位，纠正手指尺偏畸形；三期手术解决手掌、指屈曲、掌侧皮肤缺损。每次手术间隔3—6个月，期间配合系统的康复治疗。结果术后随访时间为6-72个月，5例失访。22例中有17例拇指外展、对掌、对指功能恢复，效果满意；12例手指尺偏畸形得到矫正，6例部分矫正，4例复发，其中7例再次行紧缩尺侧关节囊、调整肌张力手术，术后应用外展支具，系统康复训练后5例畸形矫正，2例部分矫正。术后8例再发手掌、指皮肤挛缩，再次行植皮术。3例发生不全并指，经指蹼成形后纠正。结论对复杂先天性风吹手畸形的治疗应分次手术为佳，每次解决一个主要问题，配合系统的康复治疗才能获得较满意的效果。     

先天性拇指发育不良伴大鱼际肌缺如一例

先天性拇指发育不良伴大鱼际肌缺如一例李宝林，许忠凤患者男，８岁。生后不久发现左手掌大鱼际肌区扁平，随着年龄增大更加明显，并出现左拇指细小，捏、握无力。局部检查：左手掌大鱼际区肌肉缺如，皮下即可触及掌骨．左拇指明显较右拇指细小，拇指内收虎口挛缩，左拇指...     

外科手术治疗风吹手畸形

目的应用外科手术方法治疗风吹手畸形。方法对26例风吹手患者采用外科手术方法治疗，一期手术应对拇指的屈曲及内收畸形，使用Z字成形或皮瓣移植的方法开放指蹼，切断拇收肌，重建拇指外展功能。二期手术解决2—5指在掌指关节处的尺偏畸形，使用中小指的指浅屈肌腱移位方法；三期手术治疗解决手掌及手指屈曲的问题，以及屈曲纠正后造成的手掌侧皮肤软组织缺损。结果术后随访6～48月。26例患者中有15例拇指指蹼开大效果满意，外展及对掌功能恢复比较满意；12例患者2—5指的尺偏畸形得到良好的纠正；7例术后效果不满意；术后手掌及手指挛缩屈曲者有5例。结论分期手术治疗以及系统的术后康复治疗才会获得良好的效果。     

掌长肌腱移位一期治疗严重腕管综合征

目的评价采用正中神经松解结合掌长肌腱移位拇对掌功能重建术治疗重症腕管综合征的手术效果。方法2004--2008年，选择拇指对掌功能障碍的严重腕管综合征患者24例，分组治疗。14例采用传统手术，10例采用神经松解一期肌腱移位手术，观察术后疗效。结果神经松解肌腱移位手术组术后疗效明显优于传统手术组。结论重症腕管综合征患者在行正中神经松解的同时应用掌长肌腱移位重建拇指对掌功能，能够早期恢复拇指功能，免除二次手术。     

Congenital anomaly of the thumb: absent intrinsics and flexor pollicis longus.

Congenital absence of the median-innervated intrinsic muscles and flexor pollicis longus was seen in varying degrees of severity in eleven hands of eight patients. Three members were involved in one family in which the anomaly was probably an autosomal dominant. There were no chromosomal abnormalities. Surgical treatment of seven hands, including release of the adduction contracture and transfer of the ring-finger superficialis tendon to provide opposition and to reinforce the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint, resulted in significant improvement in pinch and grasp.     

Opponensplasty by abductor digiti minimi for hypoplastic thumb

Surgical Principles Improvement of pinching ability and opposition motion in cases of absence or marked hypoplasia of the thenar muscles. Transposition of the abductor digiti minimi muscle to the thumb in an own modification: lengthening by shifting its origin under careful preservation of blood and nerve supply to the palmaris longus tendon to give better appearance and enough to reach the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and the extensor pollicis longus tendon.     

Cerebral palsy of the upper extremity

The care of patients with spastic cerebral palsy requires the dedicated attention of a surgeon who is interested in the upper extremity, in association with therapists and other medical personnel who have a similar interest. The difficult problems of the upper extremity have often been overlooked by concerns related to the other skeletal manifestations in the spine and lower extremities. However, a pessimistic view of surgical results in the upper extremity is unwarranted, as even small gains in severely affected patients often result in an improved life. The surgical concepts related to this complex neurologic problem must be kept rather simple, and include principally the release of spastic deforming muscles, and, secondly, the use of augmentation tendon transfers to maintain an improved functional position. In order to allow the augmentation tendon transfers to function with minimal postoperative muscle re-education, tendon transfers that use muscles that contribute to the deformity are preferred; in the transferred position, these will function to correct the deformity and fire in phase without extensive postoperative training. Such muscle transfers are usually available to correct the more common pattern of spastic deformities. The most important aspect of surgical planning is to determine whether or not the individual is attempting to voluntarily use the upper extremity. In such cases, surgical procedures can reposition the deformed limb and enable the individual to function more effectively. On the other hand, it is most important to realize that an operative procedure will not stimulate an individual to begin to use a previously functionless limb.     

Gaining uniform active muscle function by "in situ tendon transplant" in surgical rehabilitation of the upper extremity of tetraplegic patients. A case report]

The results of tendon transfers in the tetraplegic upper limb are encouraging. In contrast to the cases with peripheral nerve injury or polio, the availability of active muscles for transfers is very limited in tetraplegics. In both hands of a tetraplegic patient with Group 4 according to the international classification the brachioradialis was transferred to FPL and ECRL to FDP 2-5. The Zancolli-Lasso-procedure was performed in both hands as well as tenodesis of EPL proximally to the wrist. On the right side stabilisation of the thumb was achieved by CMS-1-fusion and on the left side the thumb got control by an abductor transfer using pronator teres and an interpositional tendon graft of the paralysed FDS 2. The result is described. Grip strength and Sollerman test were measured. Advantages and disadvantages of the two different procedures for thumb control are discussed, and the different abilities of gripping are shown.     

Opposition of the thumb: an anatomic and biomechanical study of tendon transfers

Tendon transfers for opposition of the thumb were anatomically and biomechanically studied to help determine the optimal criteria for selecting the best motor unit for a transfer. Forearm and hand muscle volume, mean fiber length, and cross-sectional area were measured in eight fresh specimens of the upper extremity to determine which muscles best replace lost thenar muscle strength. In a separate group of 18 specimens, the effective moment arms for abduction and flexion of the first metacarpal were calculated in vitro and from biplanar radiographic techniques to determine the effect of eight different opposition transfers on thumb abduction, rotation, and strength. Results of these studies demonstrate that the transfers of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) of the long finger and extensor carpi ulnaris best replaced lost thenar muscle strength and provided maximal abduction and near full thumb rotation. The transfers of the extensor carpi radialis longus and the FDS of the ring finger replaced 60% and 40% of required thenar muscle strength, respectively. The palmaris longus was the least effective transfer, having good abduction but weak flexion and opposition. Motion, balance, and strength of tendon transfers must be considered for effective thumb opposition.     

Restoring hand function in patients with severe polyneuropathy: the role of electromyography before tendon transfer surgery.

Electromyography (EMG) was evaluated as a supplement to clinical examination and biomechanical considerations to optimize forearm donor muscle selection before tendon transfers to 4 functionless hands in 3 patients with slowly progressive polyneuropathies. Two patients had unusually severe Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; the third patient had idiopathic mononeuropathy multiplex. Standard EMG parameters were used to devise an intuitive muscle grading system, including most importantly interference patterns and motor control, plus motor unit morphology and stability. Given our objective of restoring survivable function despite ongoing polyneuropathy, we found that EMG reveals prognostically important differences among partially denervated candidate muscles that cannot be detected by experienced clinical examiners. Opposition transfer was performed on one hand of each patient. After 39-, 39-, and 51-month follow-up durations, restored opposition was graded as good in these 3 hands. We conclude that EMG provides meaningful guidance in selecting optimal forearm muscles for tendon transfers to hands in the setting of slowly progressive polyneuropathies.     

Results of internal neurolysis of the median nerve for severe carpal-tunnel syndrome

Thirty-six hands in thirty-two patients had internal neurolysis of the median nerve and carpal tunnel release for severe carpal-tunnel syndrome. Median-nerve function was evaluated in all hands using Weber two-point discrimination and electromyography. Thenar-muscle strength or bulk, or both, were recorded in thirty hands. Ten hands also had Semmes-Weinstein monofilament pressure-testing. The indication for neurolysis in these selected patients was the presence of any one of the following: an increase in two-point-discrimination values, thenar-muscle atrophy, or denervation potentials in the thenar muscles. Twenty-two (76 per cent) of the twenty-nine hands that had had diminished two-point discrimination preoperatively regained normal sensibility. Seven (70 per cent) of ten hands that had had thenar-muscle weakness (grade 3 or less) preoperatively regained grade-4 or 5 strength. Nine (50 per cent) of eighteen hands that had had thenar-muscle atrophy regained normal muscle bulk. Seventy-six per cent of the patients in this series recovered sensation and 70 per cent recovered muscle strength, and the procedure was well tolerated. Although no studies comparing the results of treatment of severe carpal-tunnel syndrome with and without internal neurolysis have been reported, we think that neurolysis, if it is done by a surgeon who is skilled in microsurgery, is a safe and effective procedure for severe carpal-tunnel syndrome.     

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release in the elderly.

The present study is aimed to clarify the postoperative outcome of endoscopic carpal tunnel release in elderly patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release was performed on 37 hands of 27 patients (2 men, 25 women) who were aged 70 years or older and clinically and electrophysiologically diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. Mean age at the time of surgery was 74.5 years (range: 70-85 years). Mean postoperative follow-up was 35.5 months (range: 12-114 months). Pain was present preoperatively in 20 hands, but quickly resolved postoperatively in all cases. Numbness completely disappeared in 13 of 37 hands (35.1%), but some degree of numbness remained in the remaining cases. Preoperative severity of thenar muscle atrophy was none in 4 hands, mild in 7 hands, moderate in 12 hands and severe in 14 hands. Postoperative severity of thenar muscle atrophy at final follow-up was none in 13 hands, mild in 16 hands, moderate in 2 hands and severe in 6 hands, confirming that thenar muscle atrophy improves even in elderly patients. However, moderate or severe thenar muscle atrophy remained in 8 hands (21.6%). Endoscopic carpal tunnel release should be considered in the elderly, even though clinical symptoms may not improve substantially in advanced cases.     

Redirection of extensor pollicis longus in the treatment of spastic thumb-in-palm deformity

Twenty patients with the thumb-in-palm deformity associated with cerebral palsy were treated surgically by redirecting the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon through the first dorsal retinacular compartment in association with releasing the spastic intrinsic thenar muscles at their origin. The redirected EPL tendon augmented extension-abduction of the thumb in all patients; 18 patients were able to grasp with the thumb outside the clenched fist and noted improvement in functional activities. Augmentation tendon transfer that uses the EPL is an ideal surgical treatment for patients with cerebral palsy who have a thumb-in-palm deformity, since the procedure relieves an adduction deforming force and augments the weak extension-abduction by means of a musculotendon transfer that is known to function during digital extension. Consequently, postoperative reeducation of the transfer is minimal.     

Dominance of the hand does not change the phonomyographic measurement of neuromuscular block at the adductor pollicis muscle

Phonomyography (PMG) is a novel method to determine neuromuscular blockade (NMB) with high sensitivity and applicability at all muscles. The adductor pollicis muscle has long been used in research and clinical practice as reference for neuromuscular monitoring. The goal of our study was to compare PMG signals (train-of-four [TOF] ratios and T(1)/T(0) values) from both hands of the same patient to investigate the influence of hand dominance on neuromuscular monitoring. In 14 patients, PMG was recorded via small piezoelectric microphones taped over the thenar mass of both hands. After induction of anesthesia, both ulnar nerves were stimulated supramaximally using TOF stimulation every 12 s. Mivacurium 0.2 mg/kg was administered within 5 s. Onset, maximum effect, and offset of NMB were compared between both adductor pollicis muscles. Twelve patients were right-handed and two patients were left-handed. No statistical difference was found between the signals from the dominant or nondominant hand. Correlation was very good (r = 0.95). Agreement was excellent with a bias of -0.57% and limits of agreement of -17.9% to 16.7% (dominant - nondominant hand). This study shows minimal bias, good correlation and no statistical difference when NMB is monitored at both the dominant and nondominant adductor pollicis muscles. Both hands could be used interchangeably to assess NMB at the adductor pollicis muscle.