凉山州HIV/AIDS流行特点与对策分析

[目的]了解凉山州艾滋病流行情况,为制定防治策略提供依据.[方法]分析凉山州1995～2007年6月艾滋病疫情、监测和流行病学资料.[结果]自1995年以来凉山州累计发现艾滋病病毒感染者5995例.近3年来艾滋病感染数量分剔以48.8%、12.4%、72.6%速度递增;2003～2007年6月共报告病例5275例,占总累计报告人数的87.99%;通过人口金字塔来描述感染人群的性别、年龄分布:感染者以20～30岁组为主,占总发现数的78%.感染者中彝族占40.95%;经静脉吸毒途径感染者占总数的46.34%,感染者中男性是女性的9.27倍.[结论]凉山州正面临防制艾滋病(AIDS)的关键时期,应立即采取有效的防制措施.     

自贡市注射吸毒人员艾滋病感染流行病学调查

[目的]了解自贡市吸毒人群HIV/AIDS流行病学特点,分析本市HIV流行状况,在中英性病艾滋病防治合作项目支持下,对高危人群进行行为干预,以预防和控制艾滋病的传播.[方法]与公安、司法部门合作,对注射吸毒者进行统一问卷现场调查,同时采集静脉血,进行HIV抗体检测.[结果]2004～2005年自贡市注射吸毒人群HIV/AIDS感染者184人,感染率13.8%.2004～2005年HIV感染人数占总感染人数的80.3%.此调查显示,自贡市HIV感染主要途径为注射吸毒.[结论]该市打击贩卖毒品,加强对青少年的教育,做好高危人群宣传,是干预工作的重点.     

德阳市艾滋病流行现状及综合防治策略研究

[目的]了解德阳市艾滋病的流行特点阶段、模式、分析传染来源和流行趋势,制定有效的艾滋病综合防治策略.[方法]对全市1995～2006年HIV/AIDS流行病学资料进行分析.[结果]1995～2006年我市共发现HIV感染者108人,35人已死亡(32.4%);男(64.8%)高于女(35.2%),21～45岁组(86.1%)感染数最高,经血液(50.9%,)、性传播(49.1%)是我市HIV传播的重要途径.[结论]虽然我市还处于HIV流行的早期阶段,但除母婴传播途径未发现外,其他传播途径都已在我市发现,随着女性感染者不段增多和性乱人群的增加,母婴传播和一般人群感染的危险性日渐增加.     

鲁甸县105例HIV／AIDS病例流行病学分析

[目的]掌握鲁甸县HIV/AIDS流行病学特征,为更好地制定控制策略与规划提供科学依据.[方法]对鲁甸县历年来发现的信息完整的105例HIV/AIDS疫情资料进行分析和描述.[结果]全县91.7%的乡镇有疫情分布,共发病105例,以21岁～40岁的青壮年人群为主,占90.49%,其中男性农民和待业青年的比率分别占67.63%和25.72%;男性中86.6%为静脉吸毒传播,女性以性传播和不详途径为主,占78.2%;外地人口比例占60%,本地占40%;发现时间主要集中在2004年以后,每年均以10例以上速度递增.[结论]鲁甸县艾滋病流行的重点地区是人口相对较为集中的乡镇,重点人群是21岁～40岁之间的男性青壮年农民和待业青年.必须有针对性地开展艾滋病防治工作;必要的经费投入是做好艾滋病防治工作的前提和保证;加强感染者管理是控制传播蔓延的重要环节;多部门协调与配合,全社会的广泛参与,是预防和控制艾滋病的关键.     

1995～2011年南阳市卧龙区艾滋病疫情分析

[目的]了解南阳市卧龙区艾滋病流行特征和趋势,为今后制定切实可行的艾滋病防治对策提供科学依据。[方法]对南阳市卧龙区1995～2011年艾滋病疫情资料进行分析。[结果]南阳市卧龙区1995～2011年共发现艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS病人882例,以30～49岁青壮年为主,占69.39%;男性占58.50%,女性占41.50%;农民占85.60%;初中以下文化的占89.91%;已婚者占60.09%;经血液传播感染占78.68%,性传播途径感染占19.50%,母婴传播占1.81%。[结论]卧龙区艾滋病疫情呈缓慢上升趋势,传播途径以性传播和血液传播为主。     

舟山市1997～2005年艾滋病疫情流行趋势分析

目的为了解舟山市1997～2005年艾滋病流行病学特征,制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法对1997～2005年艾滋病疫情报告和流行病学调查资料进行统计分析。结果舟山市艾滋病疫情呈明显上升趋势,病例分布20～39岁人群,占71·66%,男性占80%,已婚占70%,初中文化占56·66%,渔民占51·66%。传播途径以性传播为主51·66%,男、女比例4∶1,女性感染上升。结论应加强综合监测,采取积极有效干预控制措施,控制舟山市HIV/AIDS传播与流行。     

2005～2008年百色市右江区艾滋病疫情分析

目的 分析2005～2008年百色市右江区艾滋病(AIDS)流行现状及趋势,为制订预防控制策略和实施预防干预提供科学依据.方法 对2005～2008年右江区艾滋病疫情报告及监测资料进行流行病学统计分析.结果 2005～2008年右江区累计报告艾滋病毒(HIV)抗体阳性390例,确诊AIDS病人55例,死亡35例;HIV感染年龄最大74岁,最小3岁,20～40岁占70.51%;男女比例为1.98:1;职业以家务及无业人员为主,占45.90%;传播途径以注射吸毒为主,但近年性传播有上升趋势.结论 右江区AIDS流行呈低流行状态,3种传播途径并存,以注射吸毒人群最高,性途径传播有明显的快速上升趋势,应加以防治.     

四川省2005年HIV/AIDS流行病学分析

[目的]了解四川省2005年艾滋病的流行病学特征,为今后艾滋病的防治工作提供科学依据.[方法]应用描述性流行病学研究方法对四川省2005年HIV/AIDS疫情进行统计分析.[结果]四川省2005年各市、自治州均有病例报告,共2430例,发病率为2.77/10万;发病以男性为主,以20～39岁年龄段发病为主,占84.37%;职业分布以农民为主.[结论]该省应大力普及防治知识,提高社会对HIV/AIDS的正确认识,采取有效措施控制疫情的流行.     

临沂市2001～2005年伤寒、副伤寒资料分析

[目的]探讨临沂市伤寒、副伤寒流行特征,制定有效的控制措施.[方法]对临沂市2001～2005年伤寒疫情报告及流行病学调查资料进行分析.[结果]2001～2005年临沂市共报告伤寒、副伤寒病人2330例,无死亡病例,年平均发病率为4.61/10万.发病具有明显的季节性;年龄主要集中在15～40岁年龄段,占70.86%(1651/2330);农民和中、小学生是主要的发病人群,分别占33.05%(770/2330)、17.85%(416/2 330);平原伤寒、副伤寒发病率高于山区;临床特征不典型;近3年我市以甲型副伤寒发病为主.[结论]应采取以切断经水传播、免疫接种和敏感药物治疗为主的综合性防治措施以控制临沂市的伤寒、副伤寒疫情.     

1995—2008年信阳市HIV/AIDS流行特征分析

目的分析信阳市艾滋病病毒/艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)流行特征,探讨其防治对策。方法汇总分析信阳市1995年-2008年HIV/AIDS疫情资料和流行病学个案调查资料。结果在各类人群中共发现HIV/AIDS病例1 679例,其中1 472例已发展为AIDS病人,至2008年底已死亡576例。77.30%为经血传播,17.10%为性接触传播,2.40%为母婴传播。结论加强监测准确掌握疫情是信阳市控制HIV/AIDS传播的基础。要加大主动监测力度,早期发现病人并实施有效管理。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.