Incidence and outcome of radial artery occlusion following transradial artery coronary angioplasty

Coronary angioplasty with 6F guiding catheters via the radial artery is associated with a minimal risk for major entry site-related complications. Although the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in the literature is approximately 30% after prolonged cannulations, little is known about the incidence and its clinical consequences of RAO following transradial percutaneous coronary angioplasty. In a prospective study, 563 patients with a normal Allen test were evaluated on patency and function of the radial artery after transradial angioplasty, by physical and ultrasound examination at discharge, and at 1 month follow-up. At discharge, 30 patients (5.3%) had clinical evidence of RAO. At follow-up, persistent RAO was found in 16 patients (2.8%). In this study we found a low incidence of RAO after transradial percutaneous coronary angioplasty. None of the patients with temporary or persistent RAO had any major clinical symptoms. Therefore, the occurrence of RAO can be considered a minor complication in patients with a previously good double blood supply to the hand. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 40:156–158, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

New technique for treatment of postcatheterization radial artery pseudoaneurysm

We report a new technique for treatment of radial artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) caused by transradial access (TRA) for coronary angiography. Traditional extrinsic compression with radial flow cessation leads to a local milieu likely associated with an increase in probability of radial artery occlusion (RAO). Our technique involves obtaining ipsilateral radial artery access distal to the neck of the RAP followed by a prolonged sheath dwell time covering the neck of the RAP which allows the RAP sac to thrombose and maintains radial artery lumen patency. © 2016 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

TRI术后桡动脉闭塞的相关危险因素Meta分析

【摘要】目的:系统评价经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术（TRI）后桡动脉闭塞（RAO）危险因素,为冠状动脉介入术治疗以及术后桡动脉闭塞的预防提供临床指导。方法 检索外文数据库PubMed、Embase、Cochrance Library、及中国学术期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库已公开发表的的关于国内外TRI术后RAO的相关危险因素的研究文献,检索时间为建库至今。根据纳入标准与排除标准选出符合要求的文献,采用stata14.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入8篇研究,3395例研究对象,TRI术后RAO的总发生率为6.65%（226/3395）,Meta分析结果显示:年龄[MD=0.06,95%CI（-0.258,0.378）,P=0.712]、女性[OR=1.737,95%CI（1.302,2.319）,P<0.05]、体重指数[MD= 0.008,95%CI（-0.174,0.190）,P=0.749]、高血压史[OR=0.722,95%CI（0.353,1.477）,P=0.373]、高血脂史[OR=0.793,95%CI（0.629,1.505）,P=0.901]、糖尿病史[OR=1.210,95%CI（0.883,1.659）,P=0.236]、吸烟史[OR=1.405,95%CI（0.987,2.000）,P=0.059]、既往CABG[OR=3.735,95%CI（0.035,402.984）,P=0.581]、既往TRI[OR=1.213,95%CI（0.328,4.494）,P=0.772]、冠状动脉疾病[OR=1.692,95%CI（1.056,2.713）,P=0.029]、肌酐[MD=-0.033,95%CI（-0.208,0.143）,P=0.714]、桡动脉平均直径[MD=-0.938,95%CI（-1.357,-0.520）,P<0.05]、6F鞘管[OR=0.904,95%CI（0.549,1.488）P=0.691]、5F鞘管[OR=1.107,95%CI（0.672,1.822）P=0.689]、右侧路径[OR=0.874,95%CI（0.589,1.297）,P=0.504]、阿司匹林[OR=1.005,95%CI（0.687,1.470）,P=0.980]、氯吡格雷[OR=1.206, 95%CI（0.768,1.893）,P=0.416]、β阻滞剂[OR=0.925,95%CI（0.228,3.755）,P=0.913]、鞘管/桡动脉直径[MD=1.526,95%CI（0.743,2.308）,P<0.05]、桡动脉痉挛[OR=2.973,95%CI(1.117,7.914）,P=0.029]、手术时间[MD=0.277,95%CI（-0.259,0.813）,P=0.312]、肝素用量[MD=-0.088,95%CI（-0.305,0.128）,P=0.424]结论 TRI术后RAO的发生率与女性、冠状动脉疾病史、桡动脉平均直径、鞘管/桡动脉直径比值、桡动脉痉挛有关.     

应用利多卡因外擦导管减少桡动脉痉挛的临床观察

目的:桡动脉痉挛是经桡动脉路径冠状动脉造影(CAG)和(或)介入治疗(PCI)的常见并发症之一。本研究旨在观察应用利多卡因外擦动脉鞘和造影导管,减少桡动脉痉挛的临床疗效。方法:将连续237例接受经桡动脉路径CAG/PCI的患者随机分为两组,分别于动脉鞘和造影/导引导管插入前应用2%利多卡因溶液(118例,利多卡因组)或0.9%氯化钠溶液(119例,对照组)外擦其表面。主要观察终点:严重桡动脉痉挛(导管推进或操作困难并伴前臂疼痛、桡动脉造影示管腔内径狭窄>70%)发生率。次要终点:前臂出血或血肿、患者不适程度以及操作成功率。结果:利多卡因组5例(4.2%)和对照组16例(13.4%)发生严重桡动脉痉挛(P=0.013);利多卡因组中无一例发生前臂出血或血肿,但对照组中3例前臂轻度出血(表现为造影剂外渗)和1例局部血肿形成,均经局部加压包扎后好转;利多卡因组因疼痛引起的重度不适减少;两组CAG/PCI均成功。结论:CAG/PCI时,应用2%利多卡因溶液外擦动脉鞘和造影/导引导管可能是一种减少严重桡动脉痉挛及其相关并发症的简易方法。     

Recanalization and reuse of early occluded radial artery within 6 days after previous transradial diagnostic procedure

Late radial artery (RA) thrombosis occurs in 3–9% after transradial interventions. RA occlusion has made this approach unsuitable for repeat interventions and obviated the need for alternative vascular access for catheterization, e.g., left RA (with certain risk of bilateral RA occlusion) or femoral artery with its shortcomings and, sometimes, life‐threatening complications requiring surgical treatment (large groin hematoma, arterio‐venous fistula or false aneurysm, retroperitoneal hemorrhage). We demonstrate the possibility of retrograde RA recanalization, dilatation, and restoration of the RA patency within 6 days after first transradial coronary diagnostic catheterization complicated with acute RA occlusion. Thus we were able to recanalize previously occluded RA and reuse it for repeat transradial coronary interventions. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

老年女性患者经鼻烟壶桡动脉与经典桡动脉行冠状动脉诊疗的对比性研究

目的探讨老年女性患者经鼻烟壶处桡动脉行冠状动脉造影和PCI的可行性和安全性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影和(或)PCI的老年女性患者100例,根据穿刺部位不同随机分为鼻烟壶组50例(穿刺鼻烟壶部位)及经典组50例(穿刺常规桡动脉)。观察2组穿刺时间、穿刺成功率、手术时间、手术成功率、置入支架、穿刺部位出血、血肿、动脉瘤及桡动脉闭塞率等情况。结果 2组血管内径、穿刺时间、穿刺成功、手术成功、手术时间、置入支架、术后血肿、动脉瘤和动静脉瘘发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。鼻烟壶组桡动脉痉挛、闭塞和总并发症发生率较经典组明显降低(2%vs 8%,2%vs 10%,6%vs 20%,P<0.05)。结论老年女性患者经鼻烟壶桡动脉途径的桡动脉痉挛发生率及闭塞率更低,安全性好,可以作为常规桡动脉的替代途径应用于冠状动脉诊疗。     

Recanalization of calcified left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusion with rotational atherectomy via bilateral radial approach

A 79‐year‐old female was admitted to the hospital complaining of frequent chest pain. She was diagnosed with a non‐ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A thallium scan, echocardiogram, and angiography showed a left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusion. Externalization of retrograde wire was performed and replaced with a rota‐floppy wire. Rotational atherectomy using a bilateral radial artery approach recanalized the lesion. The patient was discharged uneventfully 7 days post‐PCI and remained asymptomatic at follow up 8 months postprocedure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Stumpless chronic total occlusion with no retrograde option

When dealing with flush ostial chronic total occlusion (CTO) and no viable retrograde option, the only way to perform recanalization is through an antegrade approach. Such a procedure can be extremely difficult considering the ambiguity of the proximal cap. We demonstrate how we solved ambiguity of the proximal cap of an ostial obtuse marginal CTO with the help of cardiac multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). We also discuss several techniques including bilateral radial approach with home‐made sheathless large‐bore catheters, IVUS‐guided cap puncture, ping‐pong guide catheters engagement in the left main, and bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) for an ostial left circumflex disease that we all used in our CTO case. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

How to limit radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions: The spasmolytic agents to avoid spasm during transradial percutaneous coronary interventions (SPASM3) study

Aims : To compare the efficacy of three vasodilators in preventing radial artery spasm (RAS) in patients undergoing transradial percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Methods and Results : 731 patients were randomized to receive diltiazem 5 mg, verapamil 2.5 mg, or isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 1 mg before coronary intervention. RAS occurred in 20.1% in the whole population and was significantly reduced by verapamil and ISDN compared to diltiazem (16.2, 17.2, and 26.6%, respectively; P < 0.006). There was also a trend towards less severe pain (more than 8 on a numerical scale from 0 [no pain] to 10 [maximal pain]), and less severe RAS (complete catheter blockage or severe pain), among patients treated by verapamil compared to ISDN and diltiazem (1.3% vs. 2.8% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.43 and 5.1% vs. 6.2% vs. 9.5%, respectively, P = 0.13). No difference was found between the three vasodilators in terms of crossover or safety events. Female gender, failure at first attempt to access the radial artery, emergency procedures, and the use of diltiazem were independent predictors of RAS. Conclusion : Verapamil and ISDN considerably reduce the incidence of RAS compared to diltiazem during transradial PCI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

经远端桡动脉路径行冠状动脉介入诊疗的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析评价经远端桡动脉路径行冠状动脉介入诊疗的安全性与有效性.方法 计算机检索 Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学服务系统(Sinomed)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台(Wanfang Data)、维普(VIP)等数据...     

老年患者经桡动脉介入治疗术后急性桡动脉闭塞危险因素分析

目的:观察老年患者(≥60岁)接受桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗(TRI)术后桡动脉急性闭塞(RAO)的发生率,并探讨影响老年患者TRI术后发生RAO的相关因素。方法:选择2006年8月至2009年2月,于北京安贞医院12病房择期TRI≥60岁的老年患者1 256例,根据术后是否发生RAO分为正常组和RAO组,通过多因素Logistic回归分析与RAO有关的危险因素。记录手术相关参数,包括桡动脉穿刺次数、鞘管型号、手术时间、术中肝素用量及术后桡动脉压迫止血时间。疑有桡动脉闭塞的患者通过多普勒超声确诊。结果:1.1 256例TRI患者急性RAO发生率2.2%(28/1256例)。与正常组相比,RAO组患者中女性、糖尿病和既往行TRI患者的比例较高,RAO组术中平均肝素用量明显低于正常组〔(3 826±523)IU vs.(7 425±980)IU,P=0.008〕,术后压迫时间长于正常组〔(378.9±35.4)min vs.264.7±43.2)min,P=0.003〕,且RAO组患者应用7F动脉鞘的比例较高(10.7%vs.1.9%,P=0.029);Logistic回归分析显示,7F动脉鞘管、肝素用量偏低及术后桡动脉压迫时间过长,是影响RAO发生的独立危险因素。结论:老年患者TRI术中选择尺寸合适的动脉鞘管、足够强度的抗凝治疗、避免术后过长时间的压迫止血等均有利于减少RAO的发生。     

Interruption of blood flow during compression and radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the possible relationship between compression after transradial catheterization and radial artery occlusion. Background: Radial artery occlusion is an important concern of transradial catheterization. Interruption of radial artery flow during compression might influence the rate of radial artery occlusion at follow-up. METHODS: A prospective study including 275 consecutive patients undergoing transradial catheterization was conducted. Arterial sheaths were removed immediately after procedures and conventional compressive dressings were left in place for 2 hr. The pulse oximeter signal in the index finger during ipsilateral ulnar compression was used for the assessment of radial artery flow. RESULTS: Radial artery flow was absent in 174 cases (62%) immediately after entry-site compression. After 2 hr of conventional hemostasis, radial artery flow was absent in 162 cases (58%) before bandage removal. At 7-day follow-up, 12 patients (4.4%) had absent pulsations and radial artery flow was absent in 29 cases (10.5%). Patients with an occluded radial artery at follow-up had significantly smaller arterial diameters at baseline (2.23+/-0.4 mm vs. 2.40+/-0.5 mm; P=0.032) and more frequently had absent flow during hemostasis (90% vs. 54%, P<0.001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that absent flow before compressive bandages removal was the only independent predictor of radial artery occlusion at follow-up (OR=6.7; IC 95%: 1.95-22.9; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Flow-limiting compression is a frequent finding during conventional hemostasis after transradial catheterization. Absence of radial artery flow during compression represents a strong predictor of radial artery occlusion.     

经桡动脉行无保护左主干病变介入治疗

目的:回顾性总结29例冠状动脉造影发现为无保护左主干开口及体部狭窄病例的冠脉介入治疗(PCI)资料,以探讨手术的安全性和可行性。方法:术前给予常规药物治疗,经桡动脉途径行PCI,观察桡动脉穿刺成功率、PCI即刻成功率、手术时间、支架扩张时间和扩张压力、住院期间严重并发症发生率、出院前心绞痛发作情况评估及术前心电图(ECG)特点分析。结果:29例患者桡动脉穿刺成功率和PCI即刻成功率均为100%,手术时间25～50(38±8)min,支架扩张时间3～7(5±1.3)s,支架扩张压力14～20(16.0±1.9)atm(1atm=101.325kPa),住院期间无严重并发症发生,前臂肿胀3例,术后心绞痛显著缓解。术前胸痛发作时ECG特点:典型"左主干"心电图17例,胸前导联ST-T改变者10例,间歇性左束支阻滞2例。结论:经桡动脉途径对无保护左主干开口和体部病变行PCI治疗,成功率高,安全有效。     

Assessment and comparison of distal radial artery diameter in anatomical snuff box with conventional radial artery before coronary catheterization

BackgroundThe distal radial artery (dRA) approach at anatomical snuff box has gained attention of the interventional cardiologist in last few years. The procedural success rate by this novel approach depends on size of the radial artery and therefore the study was planned to study the size of distal radial artery.MethodsTotal of 1004 patients of >18 years of age undergoing coronary catheterization were included in the study. The vessel diameter was measured from media to media in the anatomical snuff box a day prior to coronary catheterization.ResultsThe mean diameter of right radial artery at conventional access site was 2.56 ± 0.35 mm and at distal access site 2.23 ± 0.39 mm (p < 0.001). Females had significantly smaller radial artery diameter as compared to males at right conventional access site (2.42 ± 0.36 mm vs 2.60 ± 0.34 mm; p < 0.001) and distal access site (2.09 ± 0.38 mm vs 2.27 ± 0.39 mm; p < 0.001). The diameter of the right dRA was not significantly correlated with age (r² linear = 0.002, p = 0.0475) but was positively correlated with height and weight (r² linear = 0.076, p = <0.001 and r² linear = 0.005, p = <0.001) and negatively correlated with BMI (r² linear = 0.076, p = 0.519).ConclusionsThis study has shown the size of right dRA 2.27 + 0.39 mm in males and 2.09 + 0.38 mm in females. Diabetes, hypertension, height and weight are important predictors of dRA diameter.     

Measurement of radial artery spasm using an automatic pullback device.

Current evaluation of radial artery spasm (RAS), a frequent finding during the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty (TRA), is subjective. A quantitative measure of RAS will help in evaluation and comparison of management strategies. The objectives of the study were to assess the feasibility and safety of using an automatic pullback device (APD) for removal of transradial introducer sheaths and to establish a parameter to quantify RAS. In 50 consecutive transradial procedures, the APD was used to measure the force required for sheath removal. The mean maximal pullback force (MPF) was 0.53 +/- 0.52 kg (range, 0.1-3.0 kg). In 48 (96%) cases, the MPF was reached within the first 5 sec of pullback. All patients with clinical RAS (n = 4) had an MPF greater than 1.0 kg, while the remaining had an MPF less than 1.0 kg. All patients with severe pain during sheath removal (n = 3) had an MPF greater than 1.0 kg, while no patient with an MPF less than 1.0 kg had severe pain. It is feasible and safe to remove transradial introducer sheaths using the APD. The MPF is achieved within the first 5 sec of pullback and is a reliable parameter to quantify RAS. An MPF more than 1.0 kg correlates with clinical RAS and is associated with severe pain during sheath removal.