颌下腺结石症腺体功能与病理的关系

为探讨颌下腺结石时腺体功能改变的病理学基础，作者对２４例颌下腺导管结石的腺体病理组织观察显示，颌下腺结石的发生可能与腺体炎症、涎液性质改变有关，阳性结石形成可能来自于阴性结石的钙化；通过腺体病理与腺体功能对照研究显示，腺体功能降低与病理破坏程度有一定的对应关系，当功能指数正常时，多数腺体炎症处在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期；功能低下或丧失时，腺体炎症多数在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期；根据功能指标可初步判断腺体炎症分期     

颌下腺造影在颌下腺功能评价中的作用和地位

为探讨颌下造影在凳下腺功能评价中的作用和地位，作者对１６例颌下腺结石的凳下腺造影按３期标准进行分析。通过与发射型计算机断层（ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｄ ｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＥＣＴ）动态显像的腺体功能结果和腺体病理对照研究发现，颌下腺午宴一定程度上反映腺体的功能状态和腺体的炎症破坏程度，能够提示引起腺体功能降低的病因因素，造影在Ｉ期时，腺体炎症分期为Ｉ期和Ⅱ期，腺体功能正常；造影在ＩＩ期时     

颌下腺导管内涎石取出术的疗效分析

目的研究颌下腺导管内涎石取出术的远期疗效和腺体功能的恢复情况。方法对颌下腺导管内涎石取出术的患者进行术后随访2~15年,观察患者手术的远期疗效和腺体分泌功能的恢复情况。结果单纯取石术后,患者的近期疗效和腺体分泌功能恢复情况较好,而远期疗效和分泌功能呈下降趋势;腺体感染和结石的复发是影响的关键因素,患者的年龄也有一定影响。结论在颌下腺导管内结石的治疗中,早期取出结石术后,合理使用抗生素,辅助使用催涎剂,有效阻断结石形成前的一系列病理过程,控制炎症的发生、发展,以及采用颌下腺区域的局部按摩,对颌下腺导管内涎石的治疗能取得较好的疗效。     

涎腺内镜辅助颌下腺腺门结石取出术疗效分析

目的 分析涎腺内镜辅助颌下腺导管腺门段结石取出术的疗效.方法 2005年12月至2011年3月在北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院经影像检查发现的颌下腺腺门结石患者80例,采用涎腺内镜探查颌下腺导管,观察结石及导管炎症情况,并在内镜辅助下取石.术后随访3～6个月,分析内镜辅助下取石的效果及术后并发症.结果 80例颌下腺腺门结石患者中,71例结石被完全取出,5例结石大部分取出,4例结石未取出,取石成功率为95％ (76/80).76例结石成功取出者中 8例由网篮套索取出;59例采用了涎腺内镜辅助下口内切开取石术;9例经网篮套索及口内切开法取出结石.术后并发症主要为暂时性舌神经麻痹(1例)及舌下腺囊肿(2例).结论 涎腺内镜技术对于颌下腺腺门结石是一种安全有效的诊疗手段,可减少并发症的发生,并可避免结石残留.     

CBCT定位结合涎腺镜指导颌下腺后段导管结石的处理策略

目的:探讨CBCT定位结合涎腺镜指导颌下腺后段导管结石的处理策略。方法:回顾分析颌下腺后段导管结石初治的患者共77例的CBCT和临床资料,以CBCT矢状位三维成像,磨牙后纵线为解剖标志线,并根据结石横径和位置将患者分为4组,Ⅰ组：线后结石(n=22);Ⅱ组：线前直径>4 mm结石(n=33);Ⅲ组：线前直径<3 mm结石(n=17);Ⅳ组：线前直径3～4 mm结石(n=5)。对Ⅰ组患者手术从口外入路摘除腺体同时去除结石,对Ⅱ组30例在内镜辅助下口内旁路切口取出结石保留腺体(预定方案), 3例切除腺体(改行方案)。Ⅲ组16例均通过涎腺内镜从导管内直接取出(预定方案), 1例通过口内旁路取出(改行方案)。Ⅳ组3例通过涎腺内镜从导管内直接取出(预定方案), 2例改为口内旁路方案。结果:预定方案手术成功率Ⅰ组100%,Ⅱ组90.9%,Ⅲ组94.1%,Ⅳ组60%。并发面神经损Ⅰ组2例(9.0%),舌神经损伤Ⅰ组4例(18.1%),Ⅱ组12例(40.0%)。术后结石复发Ⅱ组2例(6.7%),Ⅲ组1例(6.7%)。结论:CBCT定位结合涎腺镜指导颌下腺后段导管结石清除术能够在尽量保留腺体...     

颌下腺部分切除术后腺体外分泌功能的临床研究

目的研究颌下腺部分切除术后颌下腺外分泌功能的改变。方法 52例颌下腺良性肿瘤患者,随机分为A、B两组,A组患者行颌下腺肿瘤和瘤周腺体区域性切除术,即颌下腺部分切除术;B组患者行肿瘤和颌下腺腺体全切除术,即常规颌下腺良性肿瘤手术。术前及术后1周、2周、1个月及半年,分别检测2组患者5 min内舌下区平均静息唾液分泌量,并进行对照分析。结果术前2组患者5 min内舌下区平均静息唾液分泌量基本相等;术后1周、2周、1个月及半年,5 min内舌下区平均静息唾液分泌量A组明显高于B组,A组患者5 min内舌下区平均静息唾液分泌量于术后1周、2周、1个月及半年的顺序递增,术后半年唾液分泌量比术前稍有减少,而B组患者术后唾液分泌量约为术前一半。结论颌下腺部分切除术充分保留了颌下腺的外分泌功能,保留的颌下腺组织外分泌功能随时间的推移逐步恢复。     

口内取石后留置人工导管治疗下颌下腺导管结石

目的：探讨下颌下腺导管结石的治疗方法。方法：对38例下颌下腺导管结石病例经口底黏膜切口,导管切开取石,术后导管内留置人工导管10 d,随访术后腺体恢复和导管分泌情况。结果：38例患者均局麻下成功取石,术后导管内留置人工导管10 d。术后6 w～12 w没有再出现进食后下颌下区肿胀症状,下颌下腺质地逐渐变软,舌下肉阜处导管口有清亮液体分泌。结论：口内取石配合导管内留置人工导管有助于下颌下腺导管通畅,有利于取石后恢复和保存下颌下腺腺体功能。     

下颌下腺腺门区扩张与导管结石存在的相关性研究

目的:研究下颌下腺导管解剖形态的改变与涎石形成的关系。方法 :回顾性分析372例下颌下腺导管结石患者,在接受内镜治疗过程中镜下观察到的导管解剖形态资料,并用自凝塑料复制10例离体下颌下腺导管解剖形态铸型,分析导管解剖形态的改变与涎石形成的关系。结果:372例涎腺镜术中有326例在镜下发现涎石,在所发现的426颗结石中约67%的涎石位于导管腺门端1/3或腺门区。在发现涎石的病例中,内镜探查导管系统发现87.4%的病例存在腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。10例下颌下腺导管铸型均直观地表现出导管系统树形结构及腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。结论:下颌下腺导管结石患者普遍存在腺门区壶腹状扩张现象。大部分下颌下腺导管结石位于近导管腺门端1/3或腺门区。     

口内取石后内镜导管探查治疗下颌下腺导管后部结石

目的:探讨下颌下腺导管后部结石的治疗方法。方法:对40例下颌下腺导管后部结石口底黏膜切口,导管切开取石,应用涎腺内镜探查导管,使其通畅,随访术后腺体恢复和导管分泌情况。结果:36例局麻下取石,4例因肥胖手术视野较差和局麻下手术患者配合困难而采用全身麻醉,40例患者均成功取石。随访35例术后6月～1年没有再出现进食后下颌下肿胀,下颌下腺质地逐渐变软,舌下肉阜处导管口有清亮液分泌28例。结论:口内取石简便了取石方法,联合内镜导管探查有助于下颌下腺导管通畅,有利于取石后恢复和保存腺体功能。     

Submandibular gland function following transoral sialolithectomy

Conflicting views exist with regard to surgical treatment of a salivary stone in the knee of the submandibular duct, the options being excision of the submandibular gland and transoral removal of the stone. The key question in this dispute is whether or not a gland with a stone in this position has suffered irreparable functional damage. To determine the extent of glandular recovery after transoral sialolithectomy, a clinical and scintigraphic study has been carried out in a consecutive series of twenty-one patients. The results show a return to normal function in the vast majority of these patients, which indicates that transoral removal of the stone is the treatment of choice.     

Increased calcium and decreased magnesium and citrate concentrations of submandibular/sublingual saliva in sialolithiasis

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the electrolyte alterations of submandibular/sublingual saliva in submandibular sialolithiasis patients compared with saliva from healthy controls.

Design

Submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected from 10 submandibular sialolithiasis patients and from 10 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Ion chromatography was performed to determine the concentrations of inorganic cations (potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium), inorganic anions (chloride, phosphate, nitrate, and sulphate) and organic anions (thiocyanate, lactate, acetate, and citrate).

Results

The calcium concentration was significantly higher in sialolithiasis patients than in controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of magnesium and citrate in the saliva of sialolithiasis patients were significantly reduced compared to the values obtained in controls (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected among other ions.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that saliva electrolyte composition of sialolithiasis patients is substantially altered with respect to crystallisation mechanisms. Increased calcium ion as a crystallisation substance and decreased magnesium and citrate ions as crystallisation inhibitors may be involved in the etiopathology of calculi formation.     

Gland-preserving surgery can effectively preserve gland function without increased recurrence in treatment of benign submandibular gland tumour

The most widely accepted treatment for neoplasms of the submandibular gland usually involves excision of the entire gland. Our aim was to establish a gland-preserving operation for benign tumours of the submandibular gland and evaluate its efficacy. We treated 40 patients from January 2007 to December 2008 with benign submandibular gland tumours who were listed to have an operation that either preserved the gland or sacrificed it. Duration of operation, extent of injury to the nerve, postoperative function of the gland, aesthetic appearance, and recurrence were assessed. We found no significant difference in baseline characteristics among the 20 patients in each group (19 men; 21 women, mean (SD) age of 34 (33.8 ± 5.72) years. The extent of injury to the lingual nerve and submandibular branch, together with deformities of the facial contour, were significantly less in the group in which the gland was preserved. Postoperative salivary production and overall patients’ satisfaction were also better in that group. There was no recurrence in either group during the follow up period of 38 months–5 years. The gland-preserving procedure has advantages over the typical approach in which the gland is sacrificed. There is less risk of injury to the nerve, less deformity of the facial contour, better preservation of function, and patients are more satisfied. The gland-preserving technique should therefore be the first choice for management of benign submandibular tumours.     

Evaluation of submandibular gland function by sialo-scintigraphy following sialolithectomy

Submandibular gland function following transoral sialolithectomy was examined by 99mTc-pertechnetate sialo-scintigraphy in 10 cases. An intraindividual comparison between the function of the treated gland and that of the contralateral normal gland was made using a time-activity curve. Although glandular recovery was not affected by the duration of symptoms or the existence of the symptom at mealtimes, it was inversely proportional to the size of the calculus. Furthermore, the prognosis was more favorable in patients when the anatomically normal orifice of the submandibular duct was preserved.     

15例下颌下腺复发性多形性腺瘤临床病理分析

目的：观察下颌下腺复发性多形性腺瘤的临床和组织病理学特征,探讨其病因与治疗。方法：回顾分析2005 年6 月—2017 年6月我院诊治的15 例下颌下腺复发性多形性腺瘤患者的临床和病理资料。结果：15例患者中,男4例（26.67%）,女11例（73.33%）;年龄25~73岁,平均年龄39.33岁;3例（20%）复发2次,其余12例（80%）复发1次,平均复发间期是16.3 a。所有患者均采用肿物及下颌下腺切除术（除2例前次手术已切除下颌下腺者外）,术后病理均证实为复发性多形性腺瘤,多结节生长且大多包膜不完整。随访1~13 a,中位随访时间6 a,仅1例（6.67%）患者可疑复发,因其年龄较大,无手术意愿而未行再次手术治疗。结论：下颌下腺复发性多形性腺瘤尚不多见,其临床病理特征与原发性多形性腺瘤类似,手术是有效的治疗方式。     

Vascular clinical anatomy of the submandibular gland

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe in depth the precise anatomy of the vascular supply of the submandibular gland, trying to determine the existence of patterns of glandular vascularization. Knowledge of these patterns could facilitate surgical management of the gland and the submandibular gland flap.Material and methodsNeck dissections of formaldehyde preserved human cadavers were performed. Submandibular and transmandibular approaches were used during the dissections. All the vascular branches found were registered and classified into 2groups: main or accessory branches. The anatomical data analyzed was: The diameter and length of the main and accessory branches, as well as the most important measurements of the submandibular gland flap pedicle.Results33 glands were dissected to study the arterial supply of the submandibular gland (17 right, 16 left; 17 males, 16 females) and 29 were dissected to study the venous supply (15 left, 14 right; 15 males,14 females). A total of 123 arterial branches were found reaching the 33 submandibular glands (47 main and 76 accessories) and 116 venous branches were found draining the 29 submandibular glands (47 main branches and 69 accessory branches). A constant main venous branch that ran parallel to the Wharton duct and drained in the sublingual vein was found in all of cases (Concomitant Wharton Duct Vein or CWDV).ConclusionThe CWDV is a constant venous branch for the drainage of the gland and should be considered as venous pedicle during the dissection of submandibular gland flaps.     

Innervation and myoepithelial arrangements in the submandibular salivary gland of ferret investigated by enzyme, catecholamine and filament histochemistry

Although the submandibular gland of ferret is useful for studying salivary secretory processes which are regulated by nerves and involve myoepithelial activity, little attention has been paid to its parenchymal innervation and myoepithelial arrangements. Therefore, glands obtained postmortem from mature ferrets of both sexes were here examined with the use of light-microscopic histochemical techniques for cholinesterases, phosphatases and phosphorylase, histofluorescence for catecholamines, and milling dyes. Acetylcholinesterase staining was associated with nerve trunks in the interlobular stroma and an extensive intralobular network of nerve fibres, presumably of a cholinergic type, embracing acini and ducts. There were fewer fibres containing fluorescing catecholamines, presumably adrenergic. They were largely associated with acini. Numerous stellate cells with fine branching processes embracing acini, presumably myoepithelial cells, and a few spindle-shaped basal cells, investing striated ducts, were demonstrated on frozen tissue by alkaline phosphatase, but not by adenosine triphosphatase, inosine diphosphatase and phosphorylase. Cells of similar shape and distribution were also demonstrated by staining with milling dyes on fixed tissues, indicating possibly a filamentous constituent conferring mechanical stability and/or contractile ability. Together, these results suggest, firstly, that a cholinergic-type parenchymal innervation is prominent in the submandibular gland of ferret, although many adrenergic nerves are also present, and, secondly that the gland has a very extensive myoepithelial network which is possibly involved in membrane transport, and the support and/or contraction of the secretory parenchyma.     

Sialolith crystals localized intraglandularly and in the Wharton's duct of the human submandibular gland: an X-ray diffraction analysis

The exact cause of the formation of sialoliths is unknown. Detailed knowledge of pathogenesis of sialolithiasis and composition of sialoliths is necessary to define new therapeutic procedures. The crystalline components of 23 sialoliths of human submandibular gland were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. All of the sialoliths localized in the ducts in the submandibular gland consisted of hydroxylapatite. However, in the sialoliths in the Wharton's duct, hydroxylapatite as well as whitlockite and brushite could be found in all except one case. Whitlockite was observed more often in the nucleus of the sialoliths and it was a common co-phase along with hydroxylapatite. The nucleus in one sialolith consisted of brushite and the cortex showed a co-phase of hydroxylapatite and brushite. The occurrence of whitlockite in the sialoliths in Wharton's duct may be due to a higher concentration of calcium and phosphate in saliva in this duct.