外阴肉瘤10例临床分析

为了解外阴肉瘤的发病特点及治疗方法与预后的关系，本研究回顾性分析了１９５８年初至１９９３年初经我院治疗的１０例外阴肉瘤的临床资料。结果表明：外阴肉瘤极其少见，占外阴恶性肿瘤总数的２．７％。其发病年龄平均为３３．３岁，较外阴癌明显为小。治疗应以手术为主，适当辅以化疗或放疗，单纯化疗或放疗的疗效不能肯定。其预后与病变范围、组织学分化程度及首次治疗是否彻底有关。     

Lymphatic ascites following pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy procedures for gynecologic malignancies

Objective

Lymphatic ascites is an unusual complication in patients with cancer. In the gynecologic oncology patient population, the most common etiology is operative lymph node dissection. The purpose of this study was to explore the incidence, presenting symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment modalities utilized for lymphatic ascites in patients undergoing lymph node dissection for gynecologic cancers.

Methods

This observational study retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent lymphadenectomy as part of the surgical management for a gynecologic cancer. Patients that developed postoperative lymphatic ascites between January 2000 and December 2010 were included for analysis. Data extracted from the medical records included tumor pathology, number of harvested lymph nodes, postoperative course, method of diagnosis and treatment.

Results

From a total of 300 surgical staging procedures, 12 patients with lymphatic ascites were identified (4%). The most common reported symptom was leakage of clear fluid per vagina (7, 58%), followed by abdominal distension (4, 33%). The median interval from surgery to development of symptoms was 12.5 days (range 0-22 days). 5 patients had complete resolution of symptoms with dietary modifications alone while 7 patients required paracentesis. The median time from surgery to resolution of symptoms was 44 days (range 9-99).

Conclusion

Lymphatic ascites is an under recognized and infrequently reported postoperative complication. Although it usually resolves spontaneously or with conservative management without sequelae, this condition can significantly prolong postoperative recovery and cause patient discomfort. To our knowledge this is the largest group of patients undergoing gynecologic surgical staging procedures to be reviewed for the occurrence of lymphatic ascites.     

Postoperative lymphocysts after lymphadenectomy for gynaecological malignancies: preventive techniques and prospects

Postoperative lymphocyst formation is an insufficiently recognised complication of lymphadenectomy for gynaecological malignancies. Lymphocysts are collections of lymph organised into cysts that develop in contact with lymphadenectomy compartments. There has been considerable debate about the relevance of lymphocyst prevention using surgical or pharmacotherapeutic methods. Here, we review the available studies about the impact of these methods on the incidence of lymphocysts. This review suggests that several techniques may decrease the incidence of lymphocysts when used in combination. On a literature basis, the peritoneum should be left open over the lymphadenectomy sites at the end of the procedure and drains should not be placed at the end of the procedure. Omentoplasty should be encouraged and further studies are needed to assess the potential benefits of new energies. Postoperative octreotide therapy seems beneficial but the role of this drug in pelvic oncological surgery remains to be determined.     

腹腔镜广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤安全性分析

目的探讨子宫恶性肿瘤腹腔镜广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术的安全性及并发症的防治。方法对中山大学附属佛山医院1998年8月至2006年1月行腹腔镜广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗95例子宫颈癌和85例子宫内膜癌的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数目、术中及术后并发症临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果中转开腹率1.67%(3/180),手术时间(255±69)min,术中出血量(347±247)mL,淋巴结切除(20±8)个。术中膀胱损伤7例(3.89%),大血管损伤6例(3.33%)。术后并发尿潴留41例(22.78%),淋巴囊肿7例,输尿管瘘2例,膀胱阴道瘘、尿失禁、肠梗阻各1例。结论随着腹腔镜技术的不断熟练和并发症防治技巧的掌握,子宫恶性肿瘤腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除有望成为一种极具潜力的手术方式。     

腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤85例临床分析

目的　分析腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除术加盆腔淋巴结切除术治疗子宫恶性肿瘤的实用价值。方法　回顾分析 1999年 8月至 2 0 0 3年 12月 5 1例子宫颈癌和 34例子宫内膜癌的手术情况 ,总结其手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数目及预后情况。结果　盆腔淋巴结切除术成功率 10 0 % ,广泛全子宫切除术成功率 98 82 % ,手术时间 (2 86 4 3± 75 6 7)min ,术中出血量 (331 0 8± 2 94 32 )mL ,淋巴结切除 (2 2 73± 5 79)个 ,术中重要脏器损伤发生率 8 2 4 % ,术后并发症发生率 30 5 9% ,子宫颈癌术后复发率 7 80 % ,子宫内膜癌术后复发率 2 94 %。结论　腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结切除术可以作为早期子宫恶性肿瘤手术治疗的方法之一 ,短期效果良好 ,远期疗效有待观察     

妇科恶性肿瘤盆腔淋巴清扫后淋巴囊肿处理

淋巴囊肿是妇科恶性肿瘤盆腔淋巴清扫术后常见的并发症。为了预防淋巴囊肿形成可采用开放盆腔腹膜、大网膜成型术、使用奥曲肽等方法,但是,术后放置盆腔引流管并不会降低淋巴囊肿发生率。如果淋巴囊肿压迫周围脏器,影响患者生活质量或者发生感染,则需要治疗。超声或CT引导下经皮穿刺引流可能是一种简单有效的治疗方法,有时还会加用无水乙醇或碘伏等硬化剂治疗。腹腔镜手术在淋巴囊肿治疗中也显示了较好的应用前景。但是,具体手术方式应结合临床情况、治疗经过和手术医生的经验综合分析、个体化治疗。     

腹腔镜在妇科恶性肿瘤诊治中的应用与规范化问题

腹腔镜在妇科恶性肿瘤诊治中的应用日益广泛,除肿瘤细胞减灭术外,几乎所有妇科恶性肿瘤开腹手术都有相对应的腹腔镜手术。腹腔镜技术与经阴道手术等其他的手术技术相结合,产生了一些新的手术方式。严格遵循妇科恶性肿瘤手术治疗原则的腹腔镜手术效果与相应的开腹手术相当或者更佳。机器人腹腔镜手术可能是妇科恶性肿瘤手术未来的发展方向。     

Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴清扫术的意义

目的:探讨Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者预后的相关因素及盆腔淋巴清扫术对其预后可能的影响。方法:收集1997年8月至2005年3月浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院临床Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者202例,分析影响预后的各项临床病理指标,寿命表法计算生存率,比较盆腔淋巴清扫组与平行淋巴结清扫组的复发率,并发症。结果:Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴转移率1·53%。病理类型、腹腔细胞学、盆腔淋巴转移、手术-病理分期、肌层浸润及CA125值是影响预后的独立因素。Ⅰ期低危患者,盆腔淋巴清扫术无助于提高生存率(P>0.05),其复发率也无明显差异(P>0.05),手术并发症率明显增高(P<0.05);Ⅰ期高危患者,盆腔淋巴清扫术未能延长其生存期(P>0·05),但可减少复发的例数,并发症率无明显增多(P>0.05)。结论:特殊病理类型,腹腔细胞学阳性,手术-病理分期高,盆腔淋巴转移,深肌层浸润及CA125>100U/ml的患者预后较差(P<0.05)。Ⅰ期高危子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴清扫术具有一定的临床意义。     

I期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴清扫术的意义

目的：探讨I期子宫内膜癌患者预后的相关因素及盆腔淋巴清扫术对其预后可能的影响。方法：收集1997年8月至2005年3月浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院临床I期子宫内膜癌患者202例，分析影响预后的各项临床病理指标，寿命表法计算生存率，比较盆腔淋巴清扫组与平行淋巴结清扫组的复发率，并发症。结果：I期子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴转移率1．53％。病理类型、腹腔细胞学、盆腔淋巴转移、手术-病理分期、肌层浸润及CA125，值是影响预后的独立因素。I期低危患者，盆腔淋巴清扫术无助于提高生存率（P〉0．05），其复发率也无明显差异（P〉0．05），手术并发症率明显增高（P〈0．05）；I期高危患者，盆腔淋巴清扫术未能延长其生存期（P〉0．05），但可减少复发的例数。并发症率无明显增多（P〉0．05）。结论：特殊病理类型，腹腔细胞学阳性，手术-病理分期高，盆腔淋巴转移，深肌层浸润及CA125〉100U／ml的患者预后较差（P〈0．05）。I期高危子宫内膜癌患者盆腔淋巴清扫术具有一定的临床意义。     

Risk factors for early and late postoperative complications of patients with endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE: We have routinely performed staging with pelvic and/or paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with endometrial cancer having moderate to high risk for lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for the occurrence of early and late postoperative complications in patients managed primarily by surgery in our institution. STUDY DESIGN: Two-hundred and fifty-nine consecutive cases of endometrial cancer were enrolled in the study. Past history, body mass index, type of surgery, intraoperative findings, and follow-up information were collected from patient charts. Of these, 200, 127, and 30 patients underwent systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy, systematic paraaortic lymphadenectomy, and radical hysterectomy, respectively. The median numbers of dissected pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes were 32 and 14, respectively. RESULTS: None of the complications resulted in death. Of the study population, 36 early complications and 34 late complications occurred. Overall 65 patients (25.1%) had at least one complication. Multivariate analysis revealed that a longer operative time and paraaortic lymphadenectomy were independent predictors for the occurrence of early and late postoperative complications, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Since the therapeutic value of lymphadenectomy is still under evaluation, the indications for systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy should be carefully considered.     

妊娠期子宫及宫旁静脉破裂出血6例诊治分析

目的 探讨妊娠期子宫及宫旁静脉破裂出血的诊断,治疗及孕妇、胎儿预后。方法 回顾性分析台州市中心医院2001年1月至2012年8月收治的6例子宫及宫旁静脉破裂出血的诊治过程。结果 6例孕妇均以无明显诱因的剧烈腹痛症状就诊,超声检查腹腔中均见游离液体,其中3例见血肿形成,腹腔穿刺均抽出不凝血,均行开腹探查,1例中孕单胎行缝扎和明胶海绵填塞止血,保守治疗至足月后剖宫分娩,胎儿存活,4例晚孕单胎立即行剖宫产,胎儿存活,1例中孕双胎行剖宫产,胎儿死亡。结论 超声提示腹腔积液,腹穿抽出不凝血并排除其他可能病因,术前可以做出子宫及宫旁静脉破裂出血的诊断,及时治疗能提高围产儿生存率。     

宫腔镜手术治疗子宫肌瘤158例效果分析

目的：应用宫腔镜手术治疗子宫肌瘤，并研究其预后与肌瘤切除程度的关系。方法：１９９０年５月～１９９４年１２月因子宫肌瘤导致异常子宫出血而行经宫颈子宫肌瘤切除术（ＴＣＲＭ）和（或）经宫颈子宫内膜切除术（ＴＣＲＥ）１７７例，失访１９例，随访１５８例，平均随访时间２９．３月（５个月至５年）。根据经宫颈切除肌瘤多少将１５８例手术方法分为４类；根据术后随访结果，包括出血控制程度、残余肌瘤生长速度、是否再次手术，分为完全满意、满意和不满意。结果：应用宫腔镜手术治疗子宫肌瘤，术后完全满意率达９４．９％（１５０／１５８），远远高于子宫肌瘤剔除术。粘膜下肌瘤完全切除治愈率可达１００．０％，宽蒂粘膜下肌瘤及壁间肌瘤只要切除≥５０％或单纯内膜切除后，虽残留小的壁间肌瘤及浆膜下肌瘤均可获得满意疗效，且所剩肌瘤经远期随访多数不再生长。结论：治疗因子宫肌瘤引起的异常子宫出血，经宫颈电切术是一种有效的手段。术前对手术切除肌瘤多少的正确估计，有助于对手术预后的准确判断，提高手术治愈率。     

Technique and feasibility of radical para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy for gynecologic malignancies: a prospective study

Abstract. Of 284 patients evaluated for entry into the study between January 1986 and June 1990, systematic para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 208 cases (108 cervical cancer, 43 and 57 ovarian and endometrial cancer, respectively). The median number of nodes removed was 58, 49 and 54 for cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancer, respectively. The operating data are divided into 2 groups according to the consecutive number of the cases. The median operating time and the median estimated blood loss of lymphadenectomy was 230 minutes (range 120–270) and 390 ml (range 200–3300) in the first 95 cases. These operating data decreased to 150 minutes (range 100–240) and 250 ml (range 100–2800) in the second 113 cases. No surgery-related deaths occurred. Severe hemor-rages (blood loss exceeding 1000 ml) occurred in 6 patients. The obturator nerve was dissected in 1 patient and in 1 case the left ureter was cut. Formation of lymphoceles occurred in 20.4% of patients. Eighteen patients (8.8%) developed deep venous thrombosis. Nine of these patients experienced pulmonary microembolism. In 3 patients a retroperitoneal abscess was diagnosed. One patient developed a fistula of the most proximal part of the right ureter during the third postoperative week. The resection or coagulation of branches of the genito-femoral and obturator nerves determined mild paresthesis localized at the supero-anterior and internal side of thigh in 11 cases (5.4%). No statistically significant differences were found between the clinical (age, weight and previous chemotherapy) and pathological (type of cancer and lymph node status) parameters considered on one hand and postoperative complications on the other.     

妇科恶性肿瘤腹膜后淋巴结切除术路径、要点及并发症防治

腹膜后(包括盆腔和腹主动脉旁)淋巴结切除在妇科恶性肿瘤的治疗中有重要的作用,常见的手术路径包括经腹腔路径和腹膜外路径。手术路径的选择取决于疾病治疗的整体方式、患者的特点和手术医师的技术特点。手术需要由有经验的妇科肿瘤医师实施。术中及术后近期并发症包括血管损伤、输尿管损伤、肠管损伤、神经损伤、围手术期感染,远期并发症最常见的是术后淋巴囊肿和下肢淋巴水肿。在淋巴囊肿和下肢淋巴水肿的预防中,应注意术后开放后腹膜,尽量避免使用引流管及合理使用能量器械等。     

宫颈癌术后放射治疗97例分析

目的观察具有高危因素或手术范围不够的宫颈癌病人术后放疗的疗效和并发症。方法对北京妇产医院1990-01—2004—12的97例FIGOⅠA～ⅡB手术后行放疗的宫颈癌患者，计算其5年存活率，观察治疗并发症。并对我院同期ⅠA～ⅡA单独手术治疗、ⅡA单独放疗的宫颈癌患者进行统计学分析，以比较观察各组术后放疗的效果。结果97例术后放疗的患者5年存活率为71．1％，其中ⅠA期为87．5％，ⅠB期为73．7％，ⅡA期为63，6％，ⅡA期为60，0％。总的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期5年存活率分别为75．4％、62．5％。单独手术和单独放疗的病例，Ⅰ期5年存活率为87，8％，Ⅱ期为80．4％。单独手术的宫颈癌患者，ⅠA期5年存活率为97．2％，ⅠB期84．5％，ⅡA期77．8％；单独放疗的ⅡA期宫颈癌患者5年存活率为80．8％。总的单独手术和单独放疗的病例的5年存活率，Ⅰ期为87．8％，Ⅱ期为80．4％。结论具有高危因素的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期宫颈癌术后放疗疗效差，尤其在诸如手术范围不够、多个或多组淋巴结转移、脉管瘤栓、不良病理类型、癌细胞分化不良者，对于这些病例的治疗方案尚待进一步的研究。     

Extended pelvic resections for recurrent or persistent uterine and cervical malignancies: an update on out of the box surgery

Objective

To update our report on the outcome of patients who underwent extended pelvic resection (EPR) for recurrent or persistent uterine and cervical malignancies.

Methods

We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent EPR between 6/2000 and 07/2011. EPR was defined as an en-bloc resection of a pelvic tumor with sidewall muscle, bone, major nerve, and/or major vascular structure. Complications up to 180 days post surgery were analyzed. Survivals were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

We identified 22 patients. Median age at the time of EPR was 58 years (range, 36-74). Median tumor diameter was 5.4 cm (range, 1.5-11.2). Primary tumor sites included: uterus, 13; cervix, 7; synchronous uterus/cervix, 1; and synchronous uterus/ovary, 1. The EPR structures were: muscle, 13; nerve, 10; bone, 8; vessel, 5. Complete gross resection with microscopically negative margins (R0 resection) was achieved in 17 patients (77%). There were no perioperative mortalities. Major postoperative complications occurred in 14 patients (64%). The two most common morbidities were pelvic abscesses and peripheral neuropathies. Median follow-up time was 28 months (range, 6-99). The 5-year overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 34% (95% CI, 13-57). For the 17 patients who had an R0 resection, the 5-year OS was 48% (95% CI, 19-73). In patients with positive pathologic margins (n = 5), the 5-year OS was 0%.

Conclusion

EPR was associated with prolonged survival when an R0 resection was achieved. The high rate of postoperative complications remains a hallmark of these procedures and properly selected patients should be extensively counseled preoperatively.     

Anterior pelvic exenteration with total vaginectomy for recurrent or persistent genitourinary malignancies: review of surgical technique, complications, and outcome

Objective

To describe the surgical technique, complications, and outcomes after anterior pelvic exenteration with total vaginectomy (AETV) for recurrent or persistent genitourinary malignancies.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent AETV between 12/2002 and 07/2011. Relevant demographic, clinical, and pathological information was collected. Postoperative complications and rates of readmission and reoperation (up to 180 days after surgery) were examined, and preliminary survival data were obtained.

Results

We identified 11 patients who underwent AETV. The median age at the time of the surgery was 55 years (range, 36-71). The median tumor size was 0.9 cm (range, microscopic — 4). Primary tumor sites included: cervix, 6; uterus, 3; vagina, 1; and urethra, 1. Complete surgical resection with negative pathologic margins was achieved in all 11 patients. Major postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (36%). Six patients (55%) required readmission to the hospital. No operative mortalities were observed, and none of the patients required a re-operation. With a median follow-up after the procedure of 25 months (range, 6-95), none of the patients developed a pelvic recurrence. Ten patients (91%) were alive without evidence of disease and one patient (9%) developed a pancreatic recurrence.

Conclusion

AETV sparing the rectosigmoid and anus is feasible in highly selected patients with central pelvic recurrences. Compared to previously reported studies on total pelvic exenteration, data from this case series suggest that AETV may be associated with a lower rate of complications without compromising the oncologic outcome, while also preserving rectal function.