多发性硬化患者糖皮质激素受体蛋白和mRNA表达与激素疗效的相关性

目的 检测多发性硬化(MS)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中糖皮质激素受体(GR)蛋白与mRNA亚型:GRα mRNA、GRβ mRNA的表达,探讨GR蛋白和GRα mRNA、GRβ mRNA的表达与甲泼尼龙静脉冲击治疗(IVMP)疗效间的关系.方法 采用放射配体结合法测定20例缓解复发型MS(RRMS)、6例继发进展型MS(SPMS)及26名健康对照GR蛋白数量;采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应法测定GRα mRNA、GRβ mRNA的表达,使用扩展残疾状态量表(EDSS)评价IVMP疗效.结果 (1)IVMP前RRMS和SPMS患者GR蛋白数量分别为(3.8±0.2)×103位点/细胞和(1.6±0.2)×103位点/细胞,均显著低于健康对照组[(4.2±0.8)×103位点/细胞,P＜0.05].RRMS患者IVMP前GR蛋白数量与EDSS呈线性负相关(r=-0.441,P=0.015).(2)以磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的表达作为内参照,RRMS患者GRα mRNA的表达水平(0.792±0.177)与健康对照组(0.805±0.158)差异无统计学意义,而SPMS患者的表达水平(0.315±0.129)明显低于健康对照(P＜0.05).(3)RRMS和SPMS患者PBMC中均有GRβ mRNA的表达,健康对照组未检出GRβ mRNA表达.(4)RRMS、SPMS患者GRβ mRNA的表达分别占各自GRα mRNA的43.98%±2.40%和140.01%±78.75%.结论 RRMS患者GRβ mRNA的低水平表达不影响IVMP疗效.SPMS患者GRα mRNA表达水平显著降低和(或)GRβ mRNA表达水平显著升高导致GC抵抗.     

新发病重症肌无力患者外周血单个核细胞糖皮质激素受体水平与糖皮质激素疗效的研究

目的探讨外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)糖皮质激素受体(GR)水平对预测糖皮质激素(GC)治疗(但未经其他免疫治疗)新发病重症肌无力(新发病MG)患者疗效的价值。方法收集100例新发病MG患者,用3H-地塞米松放射配体法测定PBMC中的GR数量,用ELISA法检测血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChR-Ab)水平。肌无力严重程度和临床疗效判定采用临床绝对和相对记分法。结果(1)100例新发病MG患者,免疫治疗前PBMC GR数量[(3633±1711.2)位点/细胞]明显低于健康对照组[(5563±1232.6)位点/细胞],其血清AChR-Ab水平[(3.79±0.74)nmol/L]明显高于健康对照组(<2.996 nmol/L)(均P<0.01)。(2)20例新发病MG患者仅经GC治疗,治疗至少1个月后其PBMC GR水平和血清AChR-Ab水平均下调,分别为(1928.97±1025.47)位点/细胞和(3.05±0.78)nmol/L。(3)治疗前GR数量与临床相对评分呈正相关(r=0.41,P<0.05),GR数量下调与AChR-Ab下调呈正相关(r=0.478,P<0.05)。结论(1)新发病MG患者PBMC GR数量低于正常。(2)可用MG患者治疗前PBMC GR数量预测GC疗效,且治疗前PBMC GR数量高者疗效好。     

复发缓解型多发性硬化患者脑灰质弥散张量成像研究

目的利用弥散张量成像(DTI)直方图分析,明确复发缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者表现正常脑灰质(NAGM)是否存在隐匿性损伤,并研究脑灰质DTI直方图指标与扩展残疾功能状态量表(EDSS)评分的相关性。方法对24例RRMS患者和24名性别及年龄匹配的健康志愿者行常规磁共振成像(MRI)和DTI检查,分割提取NAGM后,绘制出NAGM的平均弥散率直方图并对其进行分析。结果RRMS患者NAGM的平均弥散率[(1·134±0·086)×10-3mm2/s]明显高于健康志愿者[(0·993±0·042)×10-3mm2/s,t=7·198,P<0·01],平均弥散率直方图峰位置[(0·880±0·089)×10-3mm2/s]也明显高于健康志愿者[(0·812±0·017)×10-3mm2/s,t=3·685,P=0·001],而平均弥散率直方图峰高(6·138‰±1·371‰)明显低于健康志愿者(8·889‰±1·339‰,t=7·032,P<0·01)。RRMS患者NAGM的平均弥散率直方图各指标间的相关性明显高于健康志愿者。在RRMS患者,所有NAGM的平均弥散率直方图指标与EDSS评分均无相关性。结论RRMS患者的NAGM内存在隐匿性损伤。     

重症肌无力患者外周血单个核细胞凋亡调控基因Bcl-2 mRNA的表达及意义

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)凋亡调控基因Bcl-2mRNA表达水平与MG的关系。方法应用RT-PCR半定量方法检测45例MG患者(MG组)和30名健康对照组(NC组)PBMCBcl-2mRNA表达的相对含量,对MG患者病情按许贤豪绝对及相对评分法进行量化,激素治疗4周后测定Bcl-2mRNA表达水平。结果(1)MG患者PBMCBcl-2mRNA表达相对含量[(0.513±0.038)%]明显高于NC组[(0.371±0.045)%](P<0.05)。(2)病情以许贤豪绝对及相对标准评分为:轻、中、重及极重组,其PBMCBcl-2mRNA的相对含量分别为(0.466±0.047)%、(0.557±0.029)%、(0.561±0.052)%和(0.637±0.041)%,后3者明显高于轻度组患者(均P<0.05);Bcl-2mRNA的相对含量与其MG患者病情绝对评分呈明显正相关(r=0.767),且具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)激素治疗后各组Bcl-2mRNA表达相对含量分别为(0.256±0.033)%、(0.475±0.045)%、(0.487±0.027)%和(0.481±0.051)%,与治疗前比较均明显降低(P<0.01);治疗后各组病情评分分别为4.29±1.70、20.12±10.79、27.29±11.50和32.20±16.80,均明显下降(P<0.01)。结论肾上腺皮质激素治疗后,MG患者随病情好转,伴PBMC的Bcl-2mRNA升高,提示:检测PBMC的Bcl-2mRNA有可能作为反映MG患者病情及免疫疗效的参数。     

糖皮质激素受体α对预测多发性硬化患者激素反应性的价值

目的探讨糖皮质激素受体α(glucocorticoid receptorα,GRα)对预测多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)患者激素反应性的价值。方法使用ELISA法检测19例MS患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中平均GRα浓度;于治疗前、治疗后28d对患者行扩展残疾状况评分量表(expanded disability status scale,EDSS)评分;测定7例患者的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration of a substance,IC50)并与19名健康对照进行比较。结果治疗有效组MS患者平均GRα浓度显著高于治疗无效组〔(131.94±76.28)ng/106细胞vs.(56.98±25.28)ng/106细胞,P0.05〕。MS患者治疗前平均GRα浓度与IC50间呈负相关(r=-0.826,P0.05)。结论 GRα对MS患者的激素反应性存在一定预测价值,可能成为预测MS患者激素反应性的新指标。     

Th17/Treg细胞及相关细胞因子在复发缓解型多发性硬化中的作用及机制

目的探讨辅助性T细胞(Th17)、调节性T细胞(Treg)和相关细胞因子在复发缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者发病机制中的作用与机制。方法收集急性期RRMS患者(RRMS组)31例,以神经系统非炎性疾病29例为对照组。RRMS患者入院后给予静脉滴注甲泼尼龙1000 mg/d冲击治疗,后续每3 d剂量减半。对RRMS组患者治疗前和甲泼尼龙治疗2周后(治疗后)分别进行残疾状况拓展性量表(EDSS)评分;采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测RRMS组患者治疗前后及对照组患者外周血Th17(CD4~+IL-17~+)细胞和Treg(CD4~+FOXP3~+)细胞百分率;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测RRMS组患者治疗前后及对照组患者外周血血浆中白细胞介素(IL)-17A、IL-23、IL-6、IL-10、IL-35和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)水平;采用Spearman相关分析对RRMS组患者治疗前外周血Th17细胞数量与IL-17A、IL-23、IL-35、IL-6、IL-10及TGF-β水平进行相关性分析。结果 (1)RRMS组治疗前EDSS评分高于治疗后[分别(6.31±1.54)分vs.(4.02±0.68)分,t=0.75,P0.05];(2)FCM分析结果显示,与对照组[(3.12±1.27)%]比较,RRMS组患者治疗前Th17细胞百分率[(15.24±2.54)%]明显升高(P0.05),而对照组Treg细胞百分率[(35.04±4.21)%]明显高于RRMS组治疗前[(11.12±3.13)%,P0.05];与对照组(0.10±0.02)相比,RRMS组治疗前Th17/Treg(1.51±0.62)也明显升高(P0.01);与RRMS组治疗前[(11.12±3.13)%]比较,甲泼尼龙治疗后Treg细胞比例[(23.14±2.86)%]明显升高(P0.01);与RRMS组治疗前Th17细胞百分率[(15.24±2.54)%]相比,甲泼尼龙治疗后Th17细胞百分率[(4.24±1.14)%]明显降低(t=0.88,P0.05);与RRMS组治疗前(1.51±0.62)相比,甲泼尼龙治疗后Th17/Treg比值(0.19±0.07)降低(t=0.95,P0.01);(3)ELISA法检测结果显示,RRMS组治疗前IL-17A[分别(17.26±1.21)pg/mL vs.(3.23±0.81)pg/mL,t=0.72,P0.05]、IL-23[(分别(64.38±7.51)pg/mL vs.(21.14±1.82)pg/mL,t=0.75,P0.05]、IL-6[分别(70.14±8.17)pg/mL vs.(7.28±0.75)pg/mL,t=0.95,P0.01]和IL-10水平[分别(21.12±2.74)pg/mL vs(2.39±0.34)pg/mL,t=0.91,P0.01]均明显高于对照组,而IL-35[分别(0.31±0.06)pg/mL vs.(1.55±0.16)pg/mL,t=-0.89,P0.01]和TGF-β水平[分别(5.13±0.34)pg vs.(18.25±0.74)pg/mL,t=-0.83,P0.05]显著低于对照组;与RRMS组治疗前比较,治疗后IL-17A[分别(17.26±1.21)pg/mL vs.(4.23±0.90)pg/mL,t=0.82,P0.05]、IL-23[分别(64.38±7.51)pg/mL vs.(29.73±2.51)pg/mL,t=0.77,P0.05]和IL-6[分别(70.14±8.17)vs.(15.23±1.86),t=0.89,P0.01]水平明显降低,IL-35(分别(0.31±0.06)pg vs.(1.41±0.18)pg,t=-0.88,P0.01)和TGF-β水平[分别(5.13±0.34)pg vs.(16.91±0.59)pg,t=-0.72,P0.05]明显升高;(4)RRMS组患者Th17细胞与IL-17A(r=0.89,P0.01)、IL-23(r=0.71,P0.05)和IL-6(r=0.83,P0.05)水平呈正相关,与IL-35和TGF-β水平呈负相关[分别r=-0.82,P0.01;r=-0.74,P0.05]。结论 RRMS的发生可能与Th17细胞上调,Treg细胞下调,Th17/Treg表达失衡,相关细胞因子IL-17A、 IL-23、IL-6水平升高,IL-35和TGF-β水平降低有着密切关系。     

血清和脑脊液CXCL13水平与临床孤立综合征、多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎的关系

目的探讨临床孤立综合征(CIS)、复发缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)、视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者血清和脑脊液内B淋巴细胞趋化因子-1(BLC-1/CXCL13)的水平与疾病进展、扩展残障状态量表(EDSS)评分及MRI表现的关系。方法选择CIS患者18例、RRMS患者22例、NMO患者21例,以及神经系统非炎性疾病(neurological non-inflammatory disease,NND)患者(作为对照组)17例,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测4组患者血清和脑脊液CXCL13水平并进行比较;对4组患者进行发病期EDSS评分及MRI检查,比较EDSS评分≥3.5分和EDSS评分<3.5分患者血清和脑脊液CXCL13水平,分析CXCL13水平与EDSS评分的相关性,比较头颅和脊髓增强扫描阳性与阴性患者血清及脑脊液CXCL13水平;随访18例CIS患者2年,比较脑脊液CXCL13水平>10pg/mL患者与脑脊液CXCL13水平<10pg/mL的患者转化为MS的病例数。结果 CIS组、RRMS组及NMO组与NND组患者相比,血清和脑脊液中CXCL13的水平高(均P<0.01),其中RRMS组患者脑脊液中CXCL13的水平较CIS组和NMO组高(均P<0.01);EDSS评分≥3.5分患者血清和脑脊液CXCL13水平比EDSS评分<3.5分患者高(均P<0.01),4组患者血清和脑脊液中CXCL13水平与患者EDSS评分值呈正相关(r=0.881,P<0.01;r=0.753,P<0.01);行头颅和脊髓MRI增强扫描的48例患者中,有增强病灶者脑脊液中CXCL13水平比无增强病灶者高(P<0.01);脑脊液CXCL13水平>15pg/mL的患者转化为MS的比例(37.5%)与脑脊液CXCL13水平<10pg/mL的患者(10.0%)比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论脑脊液CXCL13水平高的CIS患者可能较早地转化为MS,CXCL13可能是预测CIS转化的标记物。     

复发—缓解型多发性硬化患者血清中CRP及Hcy水平分析

目的探讨复发—缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者血清中C反应蛋白(CRP)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、维生素B_(12)及叶酸水平,并探讨上述因子与RRMS发病的关系。方法选取21例急性期的RRMS患者作为RRMS组,21例同期住院的神经性头痛患者作为对照组,测定其血清中CRP、Hcy、叶酸及维生素B_(12)水平,并比较两组之间的水平差异;并比较RRMS组中不同性别、不同残疾程度组之间的血清CRP、Hcy、叶酸及维生素B_(12)水平。结果 RRMS组患者血清中CRP及Hcy水平高于对照组,而叶酸及维生素B_(12)水平低于对照组,(P0.05)。而扩展残疾状况评分量表评分(EDSS)4分的RRMS患者血清中Hcy及CRP水平高于EDSS评分≤4分的RRMS患者,(P0.05)。结论血清中高CRP、Hcy水平可能与RRMS发病及残疾程度有关。     

大剂量免疫球蛋白治疗多发性硬化急性期的疗效观察

目的比较大剂量丙种球蛋白和甲基泼尼松龙静脉治疗多发性硬化(MS)患者急性期的临床疗效。方法将临床确诊的40例复发-缓解型MS(relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,RRMS)急性期患者随机分为丙种球蛋白治疗组(n=20)和甲基泼尼松龙治疗组(n=20),观察两组治疗前后EDSS评分、平均住院时间及复发情况。结果丙种球蛋白治疗组治疗第7天的残疾状态扩展评分(extended disability status scale,EDSS)评分、平均住院天数、复发率分别为(3.1±1.1)分、(20.1±9.6)d、10.0%,均明显优于甲基泼尼松龙治疗组[分别为(4.4±1.9)分、(31.6±17.2)d、30%](均P<0.05)。结论急性期MS患者静脉点滴大剂量免疫球蛋白和甲基泼尼松龙均可明显改善临床症状,减少住院时间,降低复发率。其中丙种球蛋白的疗效更明显,可作为急性发作期MS患者的首选免疫治疗方法。     

多发性硬化患者血清维生素D水平变化及与临床相关性研究

目的观察多发性硬化(MS)患者体内维生素D水平,探讨维生素D水平与MS临床表型的关系。方法收集MS患者72例,包括复发缓解型MS(RRMS)62例、继发进展型MS(SPMS)7例及原发进展型MS(PPMS)3例;视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者24例;以32名健康体检者为健康对照组(NC组)。采用电化学发光法对血清25-羟维生素D_3[25-hydroxyvitamin D_3,25(OH)D_3]进行检测,所有MS患者在留取血标本的同时进行扩展残疾状态量表(EDSS)评分,对其中15例急性复发期RRMS患者在缓解期再次行血清25(OH)D_3检测和EDSS评分。结果 MS组、NC组及NMO组间血清25(OH)D_3水平比较差异有统计学意义(F=10.55,P0.01),MS组及NMO组均低于NC组(分别P0.01,P0.05),但MS组与NMO组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);SPMS患者血清25(OH)D_3水平低于NC组(P0.01),但与RRMS患者比较无统计学差异(P0.05);RRMS患者血清25(OH)D_3水平缓解期高于急性复发期(t=2.92,P0.05),但仍低于NC组(P0.01)。结论 MS及NMO患者体内维生素D不足,且维生素D不足贯穿于MS的不同病程阶段,RRMS患者急性复发期维生素D不足更为明显。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.