下肢长骨骨折并发同侧膝关节损伤

作者统计４２０例下肢长骨骨折，３１例经影像学检查或手术证实并发同侧膝关节损伤。在此类损伤中高能量伤占９３．５％，其中交通伤（包括井下）占５１．６％。长骨骨折多为不稳定型，而且骨折越靠近膝关节越易并发膝关节损伤。在并发的膝关节损伤中韧带伤明显多于其它伤，其中内侧副韧带伤占韧带伤的６３．６％。膝关节损伤极易漏诊，其中交叉韧带伤漏诊最多；而股骨、胫骨均有骨折者其膝关节损伤最易漏诊。为防止漏诊，对下肢长骨骨折并发膝关节肿胀、积液者应运用稳定试验、Ｘ线平片、麻醉下或手术固定长骨骨折后稳定试验、Ｂ超和关节镜等手段查明膝关节损伤的类型。我们对长骨骨折及有手术指征的膝关节损伤行早期手术治疗，效果较为满意。     

下肢 骨折并发同侧膝关节损伤

作者统计４２０例下肢长骨骨折，３１例经影学检查或手术证实并发同侧膝关节损伤。在此类损伤中高能量伤占９３．５％，其中交通伤（包括井下）占５１．６％。长骨骨折多为不稳定型，而且骨折越靠近膝关节越易并发膝关节损伤。在并发的膝关节损伤中韧带伤明显多于其它伤，其中内侧副韧带伤占韧带伤的６３．６％。关节有易漏诊，其中交叉韧带伤漏诊最我；而股骨、胫骨均有骨折者其最铁漏诊，为防止漏诊，对下肢长骨骨折并发关节肿胀，     

膝后十字韧带与后外侧角韧带结构损伤

后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)损伤是临床常见的膝关节韧带损伤。PCL损伤，特别是合并后外侧角韧带结构(posterolateral complex，PLC)损伤时，常造成明显的膝后向不稳定和外旋不稳定。PCL损伤保守治疗的远期效果并不理想，多会并发关节软骨和半月板损伤，骨关节炎的发生率也明显增加。随着对PCL和PLC的解剖结构、生物学特性、伤后自然转归及对膝关节功能继发影响的深入研究，以及关节镜技术、重建方法及器械的不断改进，对PCL和PLC损伤的诊断和治疗有了新的发展。     

近膝关节骨折并交叉韧带损伤的早期诊断与治疗

目的探讨近膝关节骨折合并交叉韧带损伤时，避免交叉韧带损伤漏诊的方法。方法２２例胫骨平台及股骨髁骨折患者，于麻醉后或内固定后行膝关节稳定试验，呈阳性者在内固定术同时行膝关节探查及交叉韧带修补术，结果２２例术中抽屉试验均为阳性，与探查结果完全符合。术后经７－４６个月随访：所有中层得膝关节稳定性良好，抽屉试验阴性，未见创伤性关节炎发生。结论对有内固定手术指征的近膝关节骨折，术中应检查交叉韧带是否损伤，避     

前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带复合损伤的处理

本文讨论了前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带复合损伤处理的不同意见,即急诊处理此类损伤时修复所有受损的结构和非手术治疗内侧副韧带损伤,对前交叉韧带做延期的重建手术。旨在提出一个治疗前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带复合损伤的方针,使病人能有最好的机会获得一个稳定的、功能良好的、无术后关节僵硬或内侧副韧带残余松弛的膝关节。 1 诊断 前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带复合损伤常发生于膝关节受到直接暴力时,也可发生于间接损伤(非接触性外伤),此时多造成内侧副韧带的     

后交叉韧带损伤的手术治疗

后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament，PCL）损伤的发病率比前交叉韧带低，约占所有膝关节韧带损伤的3．4％～20．0％。单纯PCL部分损伤或完全损伤常采取保守治疗，短期效果满意而长期效果则存在争议。如果PCL完全撕裂合并膝关节后外侧损伤，则非手术治疗的效果不可靠，渐进性骨关节炎和膝关节功能受限的发生率高，目前多主张手术重建。     

膝关节后交叉韧带损伤的诊断和治疗

随着对后交叉韧带损伤认识的不断深入，人们的治疗观点也有所改变，如利用先进检测手段磁共振和关节镜先明确诊断，然后选择早期修复或重建手术，随着重建材料的广泛应用和膝关节镜技术的发展，后交叉韧带损伤的治疗将日趋完善。     

两种方法治疗膝关节脱位韧带损伤

目的：观察关节镜下和切开关节两种方法治疗膝关节脱位韧带损伤的疗效。方法：1994—2003年共治疗13例膝关节脱位，其中7例切开关节修复和重建前、后交叉韧带，同时处理关节内合并伤（A组），6例应用关节镜技术修复和重建前、后交叉韧带，同时处理关节内合并伤（B组），观察两组的治疗效果。结果：按Lysholm膝关节评分标准，A组在术后3、6个月及1年的膝关节平均评分为47、70、76，而B组在术后同期的平均评分为61、86、91。结论：关节镜下治疗膝关节脱位韧带损伤有疗效好、关节功能恢复快的优点。     

同种异体肌腱移植修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤进展

膝关节交叉韧带损伤是膝关节常见损伤之一,膝关节交叉韧带损伤后会造成严重的膝关节不稳。对于膝关节交叉韧带损伤现在公认的治疗方法是关节镜下韧带的重建。自体移植物已广泛用于膝关节交叉韧带的重建。但采用自体移植物有很多潜在的问题。如取自体髌腱移植物后的髌骨前方疼痛     

膝关节内侧副韧带损伤所致关节伸直受限的康复治疗

[目的]探讨膝关节内侧副韧带损伤所致关节伸直受限原因及康复治疗方法。[方法]收集2013年7月~2014年6月于本院门诊治疗的35例膝关节内侧副韧带损伤所致关节伸直受限患者。通过康复治疗方法治疗,并对治疗前后效果进行评估。[结果]35例患者均获得一年随访,膝关节均达到屈伸正常。治疗后患者膝关节活动范围良好;膝关节力线正常;关节稳定性良好。股四头肌抗阻力测定为4级,部分患者股四头肌的抗阻力检测可达5级。MRI随访见内侧副韧带损伤部位均存在自愈现象。关节活动度治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]尽早使膝关节恢复伸直状态是治疗成功的关键,通过康复治疗,可以使单纯膝关节内侧副韧带Ⅱ~Ⅲ度损伤患者的膝关节活动度达到正常水平,避免手术治疗,也可以为单纯内侧副韧带后角Ⅲ度以上损伤或内侧副韧带后角损伤的患者,以及内侧副韧带损伤合并前交叉韧带损伤或后交叉韧带损伤的患者后期重建手术及术后康复提供有利条件及基础。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.