Novel computed tomography scan scoring system predicts the need for intervention after splenic injury

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop a computed tomography (CT) scan screening test to predict the need for intervention in patients with splenic injury. METHODS: CT scans of 20 patients with blunt injury to the spleen were reviewed to identify findings that correlated with the need for intervention (surgery or embolization). A screening test was created and then validated in CT scans from 56 consecutive patients. RESULTS: Three findings correlated with the need for intervention: 1) devascularization or laceration involving 50% or more of the splenic parenchyma, 2) contrast blush greater than one centimeter in diameter (from active extravasation of intravenous contrast material or pseudoaneurysm formation), and 3) a large hemoperitoneum. The sensitivity of the screening test was 100%, specificity was 88%, and overall accuracy was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: These CT scan grading criteria appears to reliably predict the need for invasive management in patients with blunt injury to the spleen.     

Safety zones for anterior abdominal wall entry during laparoscopy: a CT scan mapping of epigastric vessels

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of CT scan in mapping the superior and inferior epigastric vessels, relative to landmarks apparent at laparoscopy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Trauma to abdominal wall blood vessels occurs in 0.2% to 2% of laparoscopic procedures. Both superficial and deep abdominal wall vessels are at risk. The superficial vessels may be located by transillumination; however, the deep epigastric vessels cannot be effectively located by transillumination and, thus, other techniques should be used to minimize the risk of injury to these vessels. METHODS: Abdominal and pelvic CT images of 100 patients were studied. The location of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels from the midline were determined at five levels, correlated with each other and with the patient age, body mass index, and history of midline laparotomy using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: CT scan was successful in mapping the epigastric vessels in 95% of patients. At the xiphoid process level, the superior epigastric vessels (SEA) were 4.41 +/- 0.13 cm from the midline on the right and 4.53 +/- 0.14 cm on the left. Midway between xiphoid and umbilicus, the SEA were 5.50 +/- 0.16 cm on the right of the midline and 5.36 +/- 0.16 cm on the left. At the umbilicus, the epigastric vessels were 5.88 +/- 0.14 cm on the right and 5.55 +/- 0.13 on the left of the midline. Midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis, the inferior epigastric (IEA) were 5.32 +/- 0.12 cm on right and 5.25 +/- 0.11 cm on the left. At the symphysis pubis, the IEA were 7.47 +/- 0.10 cm on the right and 7.49 +/- 0.09 cm away from the midline on the left side. CONCLUSIONS: Epigastric vessels are usually located in the area between 4 and 8 cm from the midline. Staying away from this area will determine the safe zone of entry of the anterior abdominal wall.     

Hepatolithiasis in the hepatic hilum mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Report of a case

We report a rare case of hepatolithiasis, which was diagnosed as hilar cholangiocarcinoma and treated with hepatectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection. A 59-year-old woman presented to a local hospital with liver dysfunction. Diagnostic imaging revealed a biliary stricture at the hepatic hilum and middle bile duct. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed, and she was referred to our hospital for definitive surgical treatment. She underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy, total caudate lobectomy, and extrahepatic bile duct resection. Gross examination of the resected specimen revealed intrahepatic stones firmly adherent to the bile duct wall. Pathological examination revealed no malignant lesions. The epithelium of the bile duct was absent underneath the stone, and the boundary between the stone and bile duct wall was ill defined. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of hepatolithiasis with a biliary stricture caused by peculiar stone formation, mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

The hilar snare, and improved technique for securing rapid vascular control of the pulmonary hilum

Massive hemorrhage from pulmonary injuries is often refractory to hilar crossclamping. We report a simple technique, the hilar snare, to control such injuries and compare it to the standard technique of hilar occlusion with a vascular clamp. Standardized lacerations were made in the lung in each of six adult dogs. Blood loss from the injured lung was measured before and after placement of the hilar snare and compared to that following hilar occlusion with a Satinsky clamp (occlusive surface, 5.5 cm). The rate of blood loss before control was not significantly different between the two groups. Blood loss from the lacerated lung was significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the Hilar Snare group (9 +/- 4 ml/min) when compared to the Satinsky group (46 +/- 14 ml/min). The snare's flexible nature ensures complete occlusion of the hilar vessels and is a useful adjunctive technique to present methods of controlling severe pulmonary hemorrhage.     

CT检查在肝门部胆管癌诊断与可切除性评估中的价值

CT检查已成为肝门部胆管癌术前检查的一种重要的手段.本研究回顾性分析2010年9月至2012年9月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院收治的20例经手术和活组织病理检查证实的肝门部胆管癌的多排螺旋CT表现,探讨多排螺旋CT检查在肝门部胆管癌诊断与可切除性评估中的价值.所有患者在腹部平扫后行动态增强扫描,包括动脉期和门静脉期,6例行3 ～4 min的延迟期扫描.扫描结束后进行二维和三维重建.观察肿瘤的部位、大小、邻近血管受累的范围、肝门部及腹膜后有无淋巴结的肿大、肝脏有无转移癌.CT平扫仅发现8个肿瘤,表现为肝门部低密度结节样肿瘤.增强扫描所有肿瘤可显示.5例浸润型表现为肝门部胆管壁局限性增厚,动脉期即可出现环形强化,门静脉期和延迟期的强化则更为明显.8例管内生长型表现为胆管内乳头状或结节状的软组织影,延迟强化的特征非常明显,肝内胆管扩张也非常明显.7例包块型表现为肝门部肿瘤,可累及邻近血管和部分肝组织.所有患者显示弥漫性或局灶性的肝内胆管扩张.二维和三维重建结合可以更加清晰地显示肿瘤以及肝动脉或门静脉受累、肝叶萎缩、淋巴结和肝脏转移的情况.多排螺旋CT横断面多期动态增强＋多平面重组＋ CT血管成像的“一站式”检查,可以更好地显示肝门部胆管癌肿瘤,进行术前准确分期,有助于外科精准化治疗方案的制订.     

CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用

肠梗阻是外科常见的急腹症。肠梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,有无闭袢性肠梗阻及肠缺血、肠绞窄对肠梗阻的治疗有指导意义。肠梗阻通过腹部平片只有 5 0 %～ 6 0 % [1] 可以确诊 ,且常不能确定肠梗阻的部位和程度。近年来 ,文献报道CT对肠梗阻诊断的敏感性和特异性很高 ,而且能显示梗阻的部位、程度及原因 ,并能对闭袢性和绞窄性肠梗阻作出诊断 ,本文将对CT在肠梗阻诊断中的应用综述如下。1　检查方法CT检查时机最好选择在胃肠减压之前进行 ,这有利于正确判断梗阻的部位和程度。疑有肠梗阻的病人在CT扫描前 30～ 12 0min口服 2 %的含碘造影…     

Avoiding cavity surgery in penetrating torso trauma: the role of the computed tomography scan

INTRODUCTION

Surgical decision-making in torso trauma is complex. This paper looks at the role of the computed tomography scan in this decision-making process.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with significant torso trauma (high velocity gunshot wound [HVGSW], blast, stab) admitted to a military role 2 (enhanced) hospital facility during a 7-week period of Operation HERRICK 9 (Afghanistan, October to November 2008) are reported. The management of those patients undergoing a CT scan as part of the decision-making process at the time of admission is discussed.

RESULTS

Twenty eight patients with significant torso trauma were admitted to the facility during the study period; HVGSW (n = 15), blast (n = 9), stab (n = 4). Thirteen patients underwent a CT scan as part of the surgical decision-making process; HVGSW (n = 5), blast (n = 8). Imaging confirmed torso integrity in 12 patients, one of whom subsequently had a laparotomy for vascular control for on-table haemorrhage during lower limb surgery. One patient had a confirmed thoraco-abdominal injury, which was treated conservatively with tube thoracostomy and ‘active observation’.

CONCLUSIONS

A CT scan formed part of the surgical decision-making process in about half of the patients admitted with significant torso trauma, and helped prevent unnecessary laparotomy in this forward military environment. Those patients with a blast injury were more likely to undergo CT scanning than those where the mechanism of injury was a HVGSW.     

Bone mineral density of the thoracolumbar spine in relation to burst fractures: a quantitative computed tomography study

The most common pattern among thoracolumbar burst fractures involves failure of the superior vertebra end-plate. There have been many biomechanical studies of thoracolumbar burst fractures, but the biomechanics related to the internal architecture of thoracolumbar vertebrae has been rarely documented. The objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that distribution of the bone mineral density (BMD) of the thoracolumbar spine is related to the stress concentration in this region and therefore, supports the pattern of burst fractures that occur most commonly. We measured spinal BMD of the first lumbar vertebra in 22 individuals using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in three levels. At each level, the BMD for the trabecular compartment was determined from each of six sites and from one site within each pedicle. Thus the trabecular density was measured at a total of 20 sites for each person. The highest average QCT BMD was in the pedicle (sites 13 and 14), whereas the BMD was abruptly decreased at the posterior part of the vertebral body near the pedicles. The results of the study indicate that stress concentration of the spine related to the regional variation in vertebral bone density may be implicated in the biomechanical mechanism underlying thoracolumbar burst fractures. This finding may be correlated with the injury mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures and of clinical significance.     

Bone density of the first sacral vertebra in relation to sacral screw placement: a computed tomography study

A visual three-dimensional image of the first sacral vertebra was constructed using computer software to predict the sites of strong density for better screw purchase of upper sacrum. Forty dry sacrum specimens were scanned in the prone position. An axial section, 10 mm below the S1 end plate, was selected for determining density at the region of interest. All images were stored on an optic disc and studied using the NIH Image 1.61 program. Plot analysis assessed the bone density in different regions. Also, three-dimensional pictures of the different screw paths and the related bone density in the upper sacrum were analyzed. Bone density in the anterolateral part of S1 was 115.1 +/- 10.4 pixel. Bone density for males (-99.7 +/- 11.3) was greater than for females (-131.4 +/- 9.6). Bone density in the anterolateral alar region was -108 +/- 10.6. The bone density for males (-95.6 +/- 9.8) and females (121.4 +/- 11.7) was more than the body region. Bone density in the middle anterior cortex of the ala was 759.8 +/- 11.6. Bone density for males (878.2 +/- 10.7) was greater than for females (637.6 +/- 11.9). Using surface plot, the midanterior cortex of the ala had high cortical density compared with other areas. The midanterior cortex of the sacral ala had the highest bone density. Sacral screw purchase in the midanterior cortex provides better mechanical fixation.     

Usefulness of helical computed tomography for diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas

Using helical computed tomography (CT), we evaluated cystic pancreatic lesions in 11 patients and compared the imaging and the histopathologic findings. Helical CT allowed us to assess the tumor vasculature. Contrastenhanced images showed satisfactory details of the cysts, cyst walls, and intracystic structures. Helical CT is extremely useful for the evaluation of cystic pancreatic lesions.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for a giant splenic epidermoid cyst: Report of a case

(Received for publication on Aug. 3, 1998; accepted on May 27, 1999)     

Mild hypercalcemia: an indication to select 4-dimensional computed tomography scan for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas

Background

Technetium sestamibi scanning is the most accepted method of imaging used for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) scanning is a relatively new localization technique that has not been as rigorously evaluated.

Methods

One hundred thirty-five consecutive patients who underwent preoperative sestamibi scanning, 4D-CT scanning, and parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated. Patient characteristics, parathyroid gland weights, and the probability of having positive preoperative localization were examined.

Results

Four-dimensional computed tomography scanning was significantly more accurate than sestamibi (73% vs 62%, P = .016). In those with serum calcium levels less than 10.8 mg/dL, 4D-CT scanning was significantly more accurate than sestamibi scanning for the quadrant (45% vs 29%, P = .013) and hemisphere (66% vs 48%, P = .012). Also, 4D-CT scanning was more accurate among patients with parathyroid gland weights less than 500 mg (69% vs 45%, P < .001).

Conclusions

Four-dimensional computed tomography scanning provides better preoperative localization than sestamibi scanning, particularly in patients with mild hypercalcemia and smaller parathyroid adenomas.     

Giant aneurysm of the splenic artery adherent to the pancreas with splenic infarct: report of a case

Giant aneurysms of the splenic artery are extremely rare clinical entities. The size of splenic aneurysms rarely exceeds 3 cm. The treatment includes surgical procedures that sometimes require pancreatectomy. We present a case of a 9 cm giant splenic artery aneurysm tightly adherent to the pancreas which was treated surgically.     

全胃切除术中经胰后入路清扫脾门淋巴结的安全性及可行性分析

目的探究全胃切除术中经胰后入路清扫脾门淋巴结的安全性与可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月于腹腔镜下全胃切除且行脾门区淋巴结清扫保脾术的63例胃癌患者临床资料,将其分为左侧入路组患者33例,胰后入路组患者30例。采用统计软件SPSS 24.0进行数据分析,围术期指标、生活质量评分等计量资料采用(±s)表示,组间独立样本t检验;术后并发症等计数资料组间比较采用χ^2检验;P<0.05差异有统计学意义。结果所有患者均成功完成手术,无中转切脾或中转开腹。胰后入路组在手术时间优于左侧入路组(P<0.05),而左侧入路组在术中出血量少于胰后入路组(P<0.05)。排气时间、术后住院时间及脾门淋巴结清扫数目差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);左侧入路组患者并发症发生率为18.2%,胰后入路组为20%(P>0.05);两组患者术后6个月生活质量评分中的各项评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术中,全胃切除经胰后入路清扫脾门淋巴结在术者对解剖结构良好的把握及规范操作下安全可行。