降压治疗预防脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑卒中再发的荟萃分析

目的了解降压治疗预防脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者脑卒中再发的作用。方法检索PubMed数据库、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(VIP)等数据库,搜索2000-01-2009-01研究降压治疗预防脑卒中再发的随机对照临床试验的文献,按照Downs&Black评分系统评价纳入研究的质量,并进行荟萃分析。对以利尿剂和以肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统(RAAS)阻断剂为主要治疗药物的试验进行了亚组分析。结果共纳入10个随机对照临床试验,入选对象累计38227例。总的降压治疗预防脑卒中再发的OR为0.78(95%CI0.68～0.90;P=0.007),其中含利尿剂的试验为0.63(95%CI0.54～0.73,P<0.01),含RAAS阻断剂的试验为0.93(95%CI0.87～1.01,P=0.086)。含利尿剂的试验与包含RAAS阻断剂的试验间存在异质性(P<0.01)。总的OR值也存在异质性(P<0.01)。所有试验汇总的结果,收缩压/舒张压平均下降5.1/2.5mmHg,含利尿剂的试验下降8.5/3.6mmHg,含RAAS阻断剂的试验下降4.0/2.1mmHg。加权回归分析显示,脑卒中再发OR值和收缩压下降明显相关。结论降压治疗可降低脑卒中再发风险。     

Feasibility of treating hyperfibrinogenemia with intermittently administered batroxobin in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack for secondary prevention.

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of batroxobin in treating hyperfibrinogenemia for secondary stroke prevention. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were measured for plasma fibrinogen levels. Selected participants had concomitant hyperfibrinogenemia (plasma fibrinogen > or = 3.0 g/l). Patients enrolled between 1 July 2003 and 31 December 2004 were treated with batroxobin; patients enrolled between 1 January 2002 and 30 June 2003 were treated without batroxobin. Batroxobin was administered intermittently via intravenous injection at 3-monthly intervals. Patients in both groups were followed for 1 year. Any cerebrovascular events and suspected adverse events were recorded. In total, 112 ischemic stroke/TIA patients with concomitant hyperfibrinogenemia were enrolled, 52 being treated with batroxobin and 60 without batroxobin. Six patients (11.5%) with batroxobin and 16 patients (26.7%) without batroxobin had recurrent cerebral ischemic events during follow-up. Stroke/TIA recurrence in patients without batroxobin was higher than that in patients with batroxobin (P < 0.05). Two patients with batroxobin and two patients without batroxobin developed hemorrhagic stroke during follow-up. There were five deaths (9.6%) in the batroxobin group, and seven deaths (11.7%) in the nonbatroxobin group during follow-up (P > 0.05). Intermittent intravenous injection of batroxobin can efficiently reduce the risk for stroke/TIA recurrence in patients with concomitant hyperfibrinogenemia.     

短暂性脑缺血发作和小卒中患者的认知损害

近年来,重型卒中患者的血管性认知损害已引起临床医生的广泛关注,而短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)和小卒中因其症状轻微且持续时间短,其认知损害常被忽视.文章对近年来有关TIA和小卒中患者认知损害的研究进展进行了综述,旨在提高临床医生的重视程度,改善患者的总体预后.     

Effect of patent foramen ovale closure for prevention on recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack in selected patients with cryptogenic stroke

Objectives

This study was sought to evaluate the effectiveness of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in selected patients (PFO shunt grade more than moderate) with cryptogenic stroke (CS).

Background

Whether closure of PFO is an effective treatment for prevention of CS is still unclear.

Methods

Consecutive 158 patients (mean age: 49.9 years old, closure group: 67 patients, medication group: 91 patients) were enrolled. The primary end point was a composite of recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack.

Results

Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, except age which was younger in the closure group (47.7 ± 10.8 vs 51.9 ± 9.9, P = 0.013), and the presence of shunt at rest was more common in the closure group (35.8% vs 10.4%, P = 0.000). Procedural success was 94.0%. Over a mean follow‐up of 27.8 months, a total of six primary end point, all of which were strokes, occurred only in the medication group (6.6% vs 0%, P = 0.039). Stroke‐free survival rate was significantly higher in the closure group (P = 0.026)

Conclusions

Our study showed that PFO closure may be an effective treatment strategy to prevent recurrent stroke or TIA for patients with CS if it is conducted in selective patients who have PFO shunt more than moderate grade.

     

氯吡格雷在短暂性脑缺血发作后脑卒中二级预防中的应用

目的探讨氯吡格雷在短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)后预防缺血性脑卒中发作的疗效。方法选择TIA患者279例,随机分为2组:氯吡格雷组158例(氯吡格雷75 mg,1次/d),长效阿司匹林组121例(拜阿司匹林100 mg,1次/d)。患者随访1.5～3.0(2.3±0.3)年,评估2组的安全性。结果氯吡格雷组患者缺血性脑卒中复发率明显低于长效阿司匹林组,差异有统计学意义(5.06% vs 12.40%,P0.05)。全部患者在TIA后缺血性脑卒中复发的危险比为0.4031,氯吡格雷组为0.1284,长效阿司匹林组为0.8129,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。氯吡格雷组患者发生次要事件概率和胃肠道出血事件明显低于长效阿司匹林组,差异有统计学意义(1.90% vs 8.26%,1.27% vs 6.61%,P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷对TIA患者的缺血性脑卒中的预防,优于长效阿司匹林。     

Effect of transient ischemic attack on early neurological deterioration in patients with ipsilateral ischemic stroke

正Objective To explore the effect of anterior circulation transient ischemic attack(TIA)on early neurological deterioration(END)in patients with ipsilateral ischemic stroke and its mechanism.Methods(1)One hundred and thirteen patients with ipsilateral ischemic stroke and 36 healthy volunteers(healthy control group)in Neurology Department of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from November 2014 to July 2015 were     

Risk factors for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in patients under age 50

To analyze risk factors for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in young adults under the age of 50. To make recommendations for additional research and practical consequences. From 97 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA under the age of 50, classical cardiovascular risk factors, coagulation disorders, history of migraine, use of oral contraceptives, cardiac abnormalities on ECG and echocardiography, and the results of duplex ultrasound were retrospectively analyzed. Literature was reviewed and compared to the results. 56.4% of the patients had hypertension, 12.1% increased total cholesterol, 20% hypertriglyceridemia, 31.5% an increased LDL-level, 32.6% a decreased HDL-level and 7.2% a disturbed glucose tolerance. Thrombophilia investigation was abnormal in 21 patients and auto-immune serology was abnormal in 15 patients. Ten of these patients were already known with a systemic disease associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke (i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus). The ECG was abnormal in 16.7% of the cases, the echocardiography in 12.1% and duplex ultrasound of the carotid arteries was in 31.8% of the cases abnormal. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are not only important in patients over the age of 50 with ischemic stroke or TIA, but also in this younger population under the age of 50. Thrombophilia investigation and/ or autoimmune serology should be restricted to patients without conventional cardiovascular risk factors and a history or other clinical symptoms associated with hypercoagulability and/ or autoimmune diseases.     

短暂性脑缺血发作对后续脑梗死影响的临床分析研究

目的探讨前循环同侧短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)对后续脑梗死的影响及可能机制。方法选取113例前循环脑梗死患者,分为单纯脑梗死组87例和进展脑梗死组26例,分别比较2组早期神经功能恶化(END)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、3个月改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、脑梗死体积、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及其他相关危险因素。结果与单纯脑梗死组比较,进展脑梗死组发生END比例(11.5%vs 31.0%)、出院NIHSS评分[(1.85±2.31)分vs(3.30±3.65)分]、3个月mRS评分[(0.90±0.83)分vs(1.78±1.77)分、hs-CRP[(2.52±3.23)mg/L vs(6.21±32.23)mg/L]、脑梗死体积[(3.92±8.05)cm3 vs(9.15±15.07)cm3均明显减小(P0.05);脑梗死前7~14dTIA发生2~3次、TIA持续时间10min的患者上述指标的变化最为显著;hs-CRP与END(r=0.311,P=0.014)、入院NIHSS评分(r=0.455,P=0.000)及脑梗死体积呈正相关(r=0.524,P=0.000)。结论 TIA对后续脑梗死具有缺血预处理作用,其作用可能与hs-CRP水平下降有关。     

卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作患者的卒中预防指南美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会为医疗卫生专业人员制定的指南

本更新版指南旨在为缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作存活者的卒中预防提供全面和及时的循证推荐.本指南适用于所有为上述患者提供二级预防的临床医生.这些循证推荐包括危险因素的控制、血管闭塞的干预、心源性栓塞的抗栓治疗以及非心源性栓塞性卒中的抗血小板治疗.还对各种特殊情况下复发性卒中的预防提供了推荐意见,包括主动脉弓粥样硬化、动脉夹层分离、卵圆孔未闭、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高凝状态、抗心磷脂抗体综合征、镰状细胞病、脑静脉窦血栓形成以及妊娠.此外,还有专门的章节对颅内出血后抗栓和抗凝治疗的应用以及指南的实施进行了讨论.