雾霾空气颗粒物成分中铵离子的离子色谱测定法

目的建立一种离子色谱法测定环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)中铵离子含量的方法。方法利用石英纤维滤膜采集获得的环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)样品,滤膜经纯水超声浸提处理提取其中的铵离子,采用离子色谱测定试样中铵离子的含量。选用抑制型电导检测器,CS16阳离子分析柱,30%甲基磺酸作为淋洗液,相对保留时间定性,以峰面积定量。结果铵离子在0~10.00 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),方法精密度高(RSD在0.19%~3.52%之间),最低检出浓度为0.20μg/m3,对标准参考物质进行测定,结果与参考值一致;对同一样品,本文方法与GB/T 14668-1993方法的结果一致。结论该法操作简便,无干扰离子影响,可用于国家空气污染(雾霾)人群健康影响监测专项调查。     

大气PM_(2.5)中4种无机离子的离子色谱测定法

目的建立测定大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中氯离子(Cl~-)、硝酸根离子(NO_3~-)、硫酸根离子(SO_4~(2-))、铵根离子(NH_4~+)的离子色谱法。方法取采集有大气PM_(2.5)的石英滤膜1/8,用陶瓷剪刀剪碎,置于10 ml的刻度离心管中,加入10.0 ml超纯水浸没滤膜,于超声水浴提取30 min后,以4 500 r/min离心5 min(离心力半径=6 cm),取出上清液过滤后进行离子色谱分析。阴离子采用20 mmol/L的KOH溶液作为淋洗液,用AS19阴离子交换柱进行分离,阳离子采用20 mmol/L甲基磺酸作为淋洗液,用CS12A阳离子交换柱进行分离。结果该方法在0.10~80 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r0.999 4),加标回收率在95.5%~103.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.26%~2.82%。结论本方法操作简便、灵敏度高、结果准确可靠、实用性强,适用于大气PM_(2.5)中4种水溶性无机离子的测定。     

上海市虹口区大气PM_(2.5)污染及重金属含量特征分析

【目的】了解上海市虹口区大气PM_(2.5)污染状况及其重金属含量的特征。【方法】2015—2016年,在上海市虹口区某建筑物楼顶采用滤膜称重法采集大气PM_(2.5),每次连续采样24 h,分析PM_(2.5)日平均质量浓度及其重金属含量特征。【结果】大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围为0.008～0.246 mg/m~3,平均值为0.052 mg/m~3,超标率为25.0%。PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化规律为冬季春季夏季秋季,2016年低于2015年。大气PM_(2.5)中重金属含量平均值依次为钾铁钙锌铝铅锰铜钒。【结论】该采样点大气PM_(2.5)污染较严重,超标率较高。重金属浓度变化具有季节规律,冬春季节明显高于夏秋季。     

水浸提分离—离子色谱法测定PM2.5中铵的含量

目的:建立测定PM2.5的石英滤膜样品中铵离子水浸提分离 离子色谱方法.方法:将石英滤膜采集获得的环境空气细颗粒物PM2.5样品进行水浸提分离后,在优化后的ICS-3000离子色谱仪上用标准曲线法定量加标准样品比对,对其中铵离子的含量进行测定.结果:铵离子标准曲线线性良好,相关系数r＞0.9994,方法检出限为0.13...     

工作场所空气中磷酸的离子色谱测定法

目的建立一种测定工作场所中磷酸的离子色谱法。方法工作场所空气中的磷酸用微孔滤膜采集,用水超声洗脱,洗脱液经0.22μm滤膜过滤后直接进样,用离子色谱仪检测。结果磷酸的保留时间为16.70 min,在1.00～10.00mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999以上,检出限为0.04 mg/L,相对标准偏差在0.54%～3.70%,加标回收率为97.5%～103.0%。结论离子色谱法操作简单,重复性好,回收率、灵敏度均能满足工作场所空气中磷酸的检测要求。     

非抑制型离子色谱法检测染发剂中铵和乙醇胺

目的:建立非抑制离子色谱法测定染发剂中铵和乙醇胺含量的方法。方法:染发剂通过用乙腈超声、静置、离心后,取上清液3 ml过石墨碳黑SPE柱加C18小柱,过0.22μm尼龙滤膜后,取滤液进样分析。染发剂在Ion Pac SCS 1分离柱(250 mm×4 mm i.d.)上,利用2 mmol/L的甲基磺酸-10%乙腈淋洗液。结果:铵和乙醇胺在0~200μg/ml范围均具有良好的线性,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别为1.9和2.4μg/L,回收率分别为97.8%~101.6%和95.6%~99.0%,RSD均小于5.0%。结论:建立的方法可用于染发剂中铵和乙醇胺含量的测定,结果满意。     

在线超滤-离子色谱法测定工作场所空气中的磷酸

目的:建立一种测定工作场所空气中磷酸含量的在线超滤-离子色谱方法。方法:采用微孔滤膜采集工作场所空气中磷酸,用电导检测-离子色谱仪,Metrosep A Supp 4-250型分离柱,1.8 mmol/L Na2CO3/1.7 mmol/L NaHCO3为淋洗液,流速为1.0 ml/min。滤膜加纯水浸泡经微波超声,进样、在线超滤、测定。结果:方法的最低检测限为0.043 mg/L,最低检测浓度为5.73×10-3mg/m3(以采集75 L空气样品计),线性范围为0 mg/L～20 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.57%～0.68%,相关系数为0.9999,回收率为92.8%～100.7%。结论:该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、选择性好,适用于工作场所空气中磷酸含量的测定。     

空气中氯化氢的离子色谱测定法

目的建立离子色谱法测定作业环境空气中氯化氢的分析方法.方法采用ICS-1000型离子色谱仪,色谱柱为IonPac AS14,以3.5 mmol/L碳酸钠和1.0 mmol/L碳酸氢钠混合液为淋洗液,流速为1.2 ml/min;以淋洗液作为空气样品吸收液,测定作业环境空气中的氯化氢.结果该方法的线性范围为0～100μg/L,r=0.999 6,检出限为10μg/L,在1.0、5.0、8.0、10 mg/L浓度下进行精密度试验,RSD分别为3.68%,1.65%,2.17%,2.12%,回收率为91.8%～99.7%.结论该方法操作简便、快速、准确,可避免其他阴离子及卤素和含卤酸盐离子的干扰.用离子色谱测定作业场所空气中氯化氢是较为理想的检测方法.     

离子色谱法测定山泉水中草甘膦

目的建立大体积直接进样测定山泉水中草甘膦含量的离子色谱法。方法采用高容量IonPacAS16阴离子交换色谱柱,进样体积为500μL,以27mM KOH为淋洗液,流速1.0mL/min,在13min内测定山泉水中草甘膦含量。结果草甘膦在0.005mg/L～0.1mg/L浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r)大于0.999,相对标准偏差为0.5%～1.7%,回收率在89%～98%之间。结论该方法操作简单、准确度高、重现性好,可用于测定山泉水中草甘膦。     

超声辅助-离子色谱法测定大气PM_(2.5)中5种离子

目的建立同时测定大气PM_(2.5)中F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+5种水溶性无机离子的离子色谱测定法。方法采用石英滤膜采样,用陶瓷剪刀剪取滤膜的1/8并剪碎,加入10mL蒸馏水浸没水浴超声提取30min,浸提液以4 500r/min离心5min,上清液用0.45μm滤头过滤转移至10mL样品瓶中,用ICS-5000+离子色谱仪进行测定,保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果经过该方法处理后,F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+5种阴、阳离子的分离度较好,满足实验测定要求。5种离子的浓度值与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数r均≥0.998 3,回收率为92.6%~110.3%,相对标准偏差RSD为0.8%~4.2%。结论建立的方法操作简单、快速、准确度高,适用于大气PM_(2.5)中F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_42~-、NH_4~+5种阴、阳离子的定量测定。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.