血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流治疗老年性高血压脑出血的临床研究(附168例报道)

目的 探讨血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流治疗老年性高血压脑出血的临床效果.方法对解放军第四七四医院神经外科自2002年3月至2009年2月收治的168例老年性高血压脑出血患者应用血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流加尿激酶溶解血肿的方法进行治疗,术后随访6～12个月,根据GOS评分评价患者治疗效果,并分别对患者术前意识分级、出血量大小与预后程度关系进行统计学分析.结果 本组患者预后良好91例,轻残41例,重残及植物生存13例,死亡23例,术后并发症较少.术前意识分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组、出血量30～70 mL组和70 mL以上组患者预后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),平均秩次比较显示Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组患者疗效明显优于Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组,30～70mL组患者疗效明显优于70mL以上组.结论 血肿腔钻孔联合侧脑室置管引流加尿激酶溶解血肿是治疗老年性高血压脑出血的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical treatment efficacy of punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture in patients with senile hypertensive hemorrhage. Methods One hundred and sixty-eight patients with senile hypertensive hemorrhage, admitted to our hospital from March 2002 to February 2009, were treated by punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture and hematoma dissolution with urokinase. Meanwhile, follow-up for 6-12 months was performed to every patient; the postoperative treatment effects and complications were evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale; the relations between the prognosis and both the amount of intracerebral hemorrhage and grades of consciousness situation were statistically analyzed. Results Good prognosis was noted in 91 patients,mild disability in 41, severe disability and vegetative state in 13, and death in 23; few postoperative complications were noted. The prognoses were significantly different in patients with different amounts of intracerebral hemorrhage; so are those in patients with different grades of consciousness situation (P＜0.05); the prognosis of patients under grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ consciousness situation was better than that of patients under grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ consciousness situation and the prognosis of patients with hemorrhage between 30-70 mL was obviously better than that of patients with hemorrhage above 70 mL. Conclusion The punch drainage combined with ventricle puncture and hematoma dissolution with urokinase is an effective treatment method for patients with senile hypertensive intracerebral hematoma.     

外伤性纵裂区血肿的显微外科治疗

目的 提高外伤性纵裂血肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析21例经显微手术治疗的外伤性纵裂区血肿的临床资料、手术方法和手术疗效.结果 按GOS治疗结果评定,术后随访1-9年,恢复良好16例,中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例.21例均有明确出血来源,大脑前动脉远段分支破裂出血和纵裂区静脉破裂出血者以全纵裂血肿多见且手术效果较好,纵裂区脑组织挫伤出血者以局部纵裂血肿和挫伤水肿为主,部分患者预后较差.结论 正确掌握外伤性纵裂区血肿的手术指征和手术技巧,及时手术治疗,有助于改善外伤性纵裂血肿患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To study the treatment and clinical outcomes of traumatic interhemispheric subdural hematoma ( TISH ). Method The clinical datum, surgical management and outcomes of 21 patients with TISH treated with mircrosurgery were analyzed retrospectively. Results According to Glasgow coma scale(GCS) ,good recovery was found in 16 cases, moderate disability in 2, severe disability in 1, vegetative survival in 1, and death in 1 during postoperative follow - up period (1-9 years ). There were confirmed sources of hemorrhage in all 21 cases. The whole cerebral longitudinal fissure hematoma was more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from rupture of the distal part of anterior cerebral artery and veins in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually good. Local hematoma, laceration and edema in the cerebral longitudinal fissure were more frequently seen in patients with hemorrhage from brain tissue laceration of the longitudinal fissure, the prognosis was usually poor. Conclusions Good understanding of surgical indications, commanding of surgical skills and timely surgical intervention are helpful in improving the prognosis of TISH patients.     

Individual idea about the micro-invasive aspiration and drainage of intracranial hematoma

AIM： This study aimed to expound the individual idea of micro-invasive surgery from pre-operative preparation, intra-operative processing and post-operative management. METHODS： Pre-operative preparation was improved by analyzing pathological factors and hematoma property, and considering patients＇ age, basic disease, blood pressure control, with persistent haemorrhagia/rehaemorrhagia or not, operative occasion choice, positioning and other procedures. In the surgery, positioner was used. Initial aspiration volume was cautiously controlled. After operation, vital signs of patients were kept stable by cautiously using hematoma liquefacient and combining with free radical scavenger. RESULTS： The core content of individual micro-invasive surgery was mainly to relieve intracranial pressure. Under the condition of sufficient pre-operative preparation known by patients＇ family members, precise positioning was determined and individual therapeutic regimen was made. Meanwhile, caution should be taken in hematoma aspiration. Liquefaction and drainage should be paid more attention, and complications were processed actively. CONCLUSION： During the process of micro-invasive evacuation of intracranial hematoma for treating cerebral hemorrhage, attention should be paid to analyzing cerebral hematoma etiology and pathophysiological mechanism, and individual idea should be considered in surgical treatment aiming at patients＇ concrete disease condition.     

Surgical strategy for cerebral arteriovenous malformation with acute hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Presently, there have been craniocerebral operation, interventional embolization, stereotactic radiotherapy and other methods in treating cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). However, the standard of different therapeutic regimens of cerebral AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage has not been completely identified. OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of AVM at the acute stage of hemorrhage in patients, and to analyze corresponding therapeutic strategies. DESIGN: Non-randomized clinical observation. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six patients with cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage admitted to Department of Neurosurgery, Foshan First People's Hospital between January 1999 and December 2006, were involved in this study. All the patients were confirmed as cerebral AVM complicated by hemorrhage by brain angiography or/and postoperational pathology. The involved patients, 32 males and 14 females, averaged 25 years old, ranging from 6 to 62 years. Informed consents of therapeutic items were obtained from the relatives of all the patients. METHODS: ①On admission, skull CT and brain angiography were conducted in the involved subjects. ②The therapeutic method was confirmed according to the consciousness, hematoma region, hematoma volume, imageological results following comprehensive analysis. DSA examination was permitted to identify the size and position of abnormal vessel mass, and the distribution of feeding artery and draining vein. Craniocerebral operation was carried out as early as possible in patients with severe or progressive conscious disturbance, in which most of hematoma with obvious occupied effect or cerebral hernia was located in lobe of brain. The primary thing was to clean intracerebral hematoma for in time decompression. According to different situations, corresponding therapeutic measures were used for resecting abnormal vessel mass, and the treatments of patients were observed. ③The therapeutic effects were assessed following Glasgow outcome scale(GOS) at 3 months after hemorrhage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The examination results of skull CT and brain angiography of patients on admission. ② Treatment of patients. ③ GOS results at 3 months after hemorrhage. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were involved, and all of them participated in the final analysis. ① Examination results of skull CT and brain angiography: Bleeding part: frontal lobe in 7 cases, parietal lobe 15, temporal lobe 19, occipital lobe 3, cerebellar hemisphere 2, and hemorrhage rupturing into ventricle 10. Haematoma volume: small volume of hematoma （< 20 mL）in 4 cases, moderate volume of hematoma （20–50 mL）14 , large volume of hematoma （50–80 mL）21, great volume of hematoma (> 80 mL) 7; Abnormal vessel mass: Among 17 patients undergoing aortocranial angiography, abnormal vessel mass was found in 16 patients, including cortex 13 patients, basal ganglia and thalamencephalon(deep part) 2 patients , and posterior cranial fossa 1 patient. The size of abnormal vessel mass: small (< 3 cm) 4 patients, moderate (3–6 cm) 9 patients, and large (> 6 cm) 3 patients. The type of feeding artery: perforating branch blood-supply 1 patient, cortical branch blood supply 13 patients, mixed branch blood supply 2 patients. The type of draining vein: cortical draining (superficial part) 10 patients, deep part draining 2 patients, and mixed draining 4 patients. ② Treatment condition: Among 17 patients undergoing brain angiography followed by craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 12 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 3 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 2 patients; Among 24 patients undergoing emergent craniocerebral operation, hematoma was removed and AVM was completely resected in 5 patients, hematoma was removed and AVM was partially resected in 9 patients, and only hematoma was resected in 10 patients; Expectant treatment was carried out in the early stage in 5 patients. When disease condition was stable, AVM resection was separately or complicatedly conducted in 13 patients, embolization in 4 patients, and γ- radiotherapy in 5 patients. ③GOS: 5 patients died in postoperative complications, and among the other patients, 19 had moderate or had not functional impairment, 13 had moderate disability, 6 had severe disability, 2 were vegetative state, and 2 died. ④ Post-operative re-examination of brain angiography: Among 16 patients undergoing AVM, vessel mass disappeared in 9 patients. CONCLUSION: Good therapeutic effects can be obtained by choosing proper therapeutic regimen according to clinical and imageological characteristics of patients with arteriovenous malformation complicated by hemorrhage at the acute stage.     

Atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone for vascular endothelial cell dysfunction induced by chronic subdural hematoma

Atorvastatin has been shown to be a safe and effective non-surgical treatment option for patients with chronic subdural hematoma.However,treatment with atorvastatin is not effective in some patients,who must undergo further surgical treatment.Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects,and low dosages are safe and effective for the treatment of many diseases,such as ankylosing spondylitis and community-acquired pneumonia.However,the effects of atorvastatin and low-dose dexamethasone for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma remain poorly understood.Hematoma samples of patients with chronic subdural hematoma admitted to the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University of China were collected and diluted in endothelial cell medium at 1:1 as the hematoma group.Atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination was added to the culture medium.The main results were as follows:hopping probe ion conductance microscopy and permeability detection revealed that the best dosages to improve endothelial cell permeability were 0.1μM atorvastatin and 0.1μM dexamethasone.Atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination could markedly improve the recovery of injured endothelial cells.Mice subcutaneously injected with diluted hematoma solution and then treated with atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination exhibited varying levels of rescue of endothelial cell function.Hopping probe ion conductance microscopy,western blot assay,and polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the status of human cerebral endothelial cell status and expression level of tight junction protein indicated that atorvastatin,dexamethasone,or their combination could reduce subcutaneous vascular leakage caused by hematoma fluid.Moreover,the curative effect of the combined treatment was significantly better than that of either single treatment.Expression of Krüppel-like factor 2 protein in human cerebral endothelial cells was significantly increased,as was expression of the tight junction protein and vascular permeability marker vascular endothelial cadherin in each treatment group compared with the hematoma stimulation group.Hematoma fluid in patients with chronic subdural hematoma may damage vascular endothelial cells.However,atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone could rescue endothelial cell dysfunction by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins after hematoma injury.The effect of combining atorvastatin with low-dose dexamethasone was better than that of atorvastatin alone.Increased expression of Krüppel-like factor 2 may play an important role in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma.The animal protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tianjin Medical University of China on July 31,2016(approval No.IRB2016-YX-036).The study regarding human hematoma samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University of China on July 31,2018(approval No.IRB2018-088-01).     

Hematoma enlargement-related factors in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage☆

BACKGROUND：Continuous hemorrhage or hematoma enlargement often occurs following cerebral hemorrhage attacks. OBJECTIVE： To retrospectively analyze the influential factors for hematoma enlargement in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage prior to minimally invasive surgery. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A comparative analysis of 90 patients with cerebral hemorrhage undergoing minimally invasive surgery at the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between April 2005 and February 2007. PARTICIPANTS： Fifty-eight males and thirty-one females aged （52.7 ± 5.23） years （range, 28-73 years）. METHODS： Cranial CT was performed twice to objectively identify hematoma enlargement. Patients with hematoma enlargement prior to surgery were selected as the observation group （n = 30）, and those with no obvious hematoma changes served as the control group （n = 60）. Following cranial CT localization, the two groups underwent minimally invasive hematoma aspiration and drainage, according to Standardized Treatment Guidelines for Micro-invasive Aspiration and Drainage of Intracranial Hematoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Hemorrhage site, coagulation function, diabetes history, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS： There were no significant differences in hemorrhage sites between the two groups （χ2 = 2.262, P 〉 0.05）. The percent of intemperance patients in the observation group was significantly larger than the control group （χ2 = 6.923, P 〈 0.01）. No significant differences in terms of percent of coagulation dysfunction or diabetes were determined between the two groups （χ2 = 0.03, 0.08, P 〉 0.05）. The percent of patients with clinical deterioration was significantly higher in the observation group, compared to the control group （χ2 = 25.57, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Intemperance and preoperative clinical deterioration may increase incidence of hematoma enlargement prior to minimally invasive surgery in patien     

脑梗死二级预防中阿司匹林抵抗及其与血管事件的关系

目的 探讨脑梗死二级预防中阿司匹林抵抗(AR)发生率.随访期AR与脑梗死复发及其他血管事件发生的关系.方法 600例脑梗死患者,入院当Et开始服用阿司匹林,服用7～10 d后检测血小板聚集率,筛选出AR患者及敏感患者,并对患者进行6～24个月随访,观察脑梗死复发及其他血管事件发生情况,采用Logistic回归分析AR及血管事件发生的危险因素和预后.结果 600例脑梗死患者中有AR者150例(25.0%),敏感者450例(75.0%);AR组女性、糖尿病患者比例及血低密度脂蛋白(LDL)胆固醇水平均高于阿司匹林敏感组;糖尿病(OR=2.58,95% CI 1.37～4.85,P=0.003)、高LDL血症(OR=1.89,95% CI 1.21～2.93,P=0.005)为AR发生的独立危险因素;AR组随访期脑梗死复发率、心肌梗死发生率以及全因死亡率均高于阿司匹林敏感组;糖尿病(OR=2.47,95% CI 1.36～4.65,P=0.003)、动脉粥样硬化血栓型脑梗死(OR=2.13,95% CI 1.24～3.95,P=0.023)及AR(OR=3.86,95% CI 1.79～5.87,P=0.002)是随访期血管事件发生的独立危险因素,有AR者血管事件发生的风险增加3.86倍.结论 脑梗死二级预防中AR发生率高,AR与脑梗死复发及其他血管事件的发生密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence of the aspirin resistance in secondary prevention of cerebral infarction, and the relationship between the aspirin resistance and the cerebral infarction recurrence or other vascular events during the follow-up periods.Methods Aspirin were taken from the first day of admission in 600 patients with cerebral infarction.The platelet aggregation rate was measured after 7-10 days to screen the patients with aspirin resistance or aspirin sensitivity.All patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months and the cerebral infarction recurrence and other vascular events were recorded.Logistic regression model was used to estimate the risk factors of aspirin resistance, vascular events and prognosis.Results Of 600 patients, 150 (25.0% ) patients were resistant to aspirin and 450 (75.0% ) patients were sensitive to aspirin.The proportion of female and diabetes patients, and the level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the aspirin resistance group were higher than those in the aspirin sensitivity group.Diabetes (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.37-4.85, P=0.003) and high LDL level (OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.21-2.93, P = 0.005 ) were independent risk factors of aspirin resistance.The incidence of cerebral infarction recurrence and myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in the aspirin resistance group were all higher than those in the aspirin sensitivity group.Diabetes ( OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.36-4.65, P = 0.003 ) , atherothrombosis cerebral infarction (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.24-3.95, P = 0.023) and aspirin resistance (OR = 3.86,95% CI 1.79-5.87, P = 0.002) were independent risk factors of vascular events during the following-up period.In the patients with aspirin resistance, the risk of the recurrence of vascular events increased 3.86 times.Conclusions The incidence of aspirin resistance is high in secondary prevention of cerebral infarction.Aspirin resistance is closely correlated with cerebral infarction recurrence and other vascular events.     

CT examination, clinical situation and experimental characteristics of infants with intracranial hemorrhage induced by delayed vitamin K deficiency

Delayed vitamin K deficiency is characterized by acute onset, severe illness and high fatality rate. 33%-50% survivors accompany with other various nervous system sequelas. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage in time become a key factor for improving healing rate and reducing fatality rate and incidence of sequela.OBJECTTVE: To investigate the clinical situation, experimental characteristics, CT examination and terminative characteristics of infants with intracranial hemorrhage induced by delayed vitamin K deficiency.DESIGN: Case analysis.SETTING: Department of Pediatrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 17 infants with intracranial hemorrhage induced by delayed vitamin K deficiency aged 1-3 months including 11 boys and 6 girls were selected from Department of Pediatrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University from January 1994 to December 2005. All infants had drowsiness,rejective milk, spiting milk, gaze of both eyes, tic, coma, full anterior fontanelle, high muscular tension and cerebral hernia, etc. Experimental examination demonstrated that infants had anemia at various degrees;prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were prolonged; platelet count was normal. CT examination indicated that screenages of subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, cerebral parenchyma hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrage were changed. Hemorrhage was stopped by the application of vitamin K. All patients provided informed consent.METHODS: ① Clinical situation and physical sign of infants were observed after hospitalization and scanned with rapid spiral CT scanning system. The thickness and average space of layers were 8-10 mm and the scanning time was 5 s with window width of 30-80 Hu and window position of 28-35 Hu. ② After hospitalization, four items of blood coagulation was measured with Futura meter and biochemical indexes of blood, such as serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin,were detected with Roche Modular PPI automatic biochemistry analyzer. ③ After hospitalization, infants were given 5-10 mg vitamin K1 for 3-5 days, and then, they were transfused with 10-15 mL/kg fresh plasma or whole blood for 1-3 times and received other relative therapies. Therapeutic effects were evaluated based on clinical diagnosis and criteria.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Clinical situation, physical sign and CT examination; ② results of experimental examination; ③ treatment and termination.RESULTS: A total of 17 infants with intracranial hemorrhage were involved in the final analysis. ① Clinical situation, physical sign and CT examination: All infants had pale facial expression and full or bossing anterior fontanelle. Among them, 13 infants had drowsiness or dysphoria, 12 rejective milk or emesis, 11 tic, 13 injection site hemorrhage, 2 gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 3 cerebral hernia, 11 high muscular tension and 6 cervical rigidity. CT examination demonstrated that most infants (88%, 15/17) had subarachnoid hemorrhage;10 (59%, 10/17) had subdural hematoma; 8 (47%, 8/17) had cerebral parenchyma hemorrhage; few had intraventricular hemorrhage. In addition, results of CT examination also indicated that 17 infants had intracranial hemorrhage. Hemorrhage sites of 12 infants were equal to or more than 2, which was accounted for 70%(12/17); meanwhile, partial cases accompanied with a large area of focus of cerebral infarction or cerebral hypoxia-ischemia lesion. ② Results of experimental examination: There were 6 infants with elongation of prothrombin time, 5 with partial elongation of prothrombin time, 4 with decrease of serum calcium (1.69-2.25 mmol/L), 3 with increase of serum alkaline phosphatase, 3 with increase of total bilirubin, 3 with increase of direct bilirubin, and 3 with increase of indirect bilirubin. ③ Treatment and termination: After treatment, 12 infants were cured well, 3 improved, 1 given up and 1 died. Later, ten infants received CT re-examination at 3 months after treatment. The results indicated that 3 infants had simple subarachnoid hemorrhage and 4 had subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanying with subdural hematoma. Their focuses were absorbed well and not show as obvious sequela. One infant had subdural hematoma accompanying with subarachnoid hemorrhage,cerebral parenchyma hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrage and cerebral hypoxia ischemia, and then, after hematom absorption, obvious cerebral malacia focus, hydrocephalus, brain atrophy and inferior accumulating fluid of dura mater were observed; 2 had subdural hematoma accompanying with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral hypoxia ischemia, and then, after bleeding absorption, brain atrophy was changed remarkably;changes of hydrocephalus were observed in one infant.CONCLUSION: ① Symptoms of pale facial expression, full or bossing anterior fontanelle, drowsiness and dysphoria are observed in infants with delayed vitamin K deficiency. ② Experimental indexes demonstrate that prothrombin time and partial prothrombin time are prolonged, and numbers of infants having decrease of serum calcium are in the third place. ③ Poly-intracranial hemorrhage is a notable characteristic of CT examination.Partial infants who have poly-intracranial hemorrhage always accompany with cerebral hypoxia-ischemia lesion or cerebral infarction. Clinical situation and prognosis of infants a large area of intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral hypoxia-ischemia changes are poor; however, those　of infants who have simple subarachnoid hemorrhage or combination of subarachnoid hemorrhage with subdural hematoma are well. ④ Effect of vitamin K on this kind of disease is well.     

Clinical observations on treating thalamic hemorrhage into ventricle

Objective To investigate the treatment of severe patients with thalamic hemorrhage into ventricles. Method 12 cases with thalamic hemorrhage into ventricular system were studied, 9 male, 3 femaie, with a mean age of 64 years. All patients were unconscious. The average size of hematoma was 65 ml. Besides general comprehensive care, they received ventricular puncture for ingertion of drainage tape into the cerebral ventricle, infusion with urokinase for clotlysis, lumbar puncture for letting out some cerebrospinal fluid and injection of dexemethasone. Result The patients' clinical symptoms and signs were obviously improved.. The CT scan also demonstrated that hematomas were removed faster. The effective rate was 83.3 per cent, with a murtality of 16.7 per cent. Cohclusion This kind of therapy can increase the clinical cure rate. decrease the disability rate and death rete.     

定向软通道治疗基底节区自发性脑出血的研究

目的探讨应用定向软通道治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效。方法对35例基底节区高血压脑出血患者施行定向软通道技术清除血肿,并结合术后CT片上的残留血肿量进行尿激酶灌注溶凝治疗。结果 35例患者中死亡1例,存活34例,其中意识清醒32例,植物生存2例。近期疗效评定,格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分优良者23例;远期疗效评定,ADLⅠ~Ⅲ级者26例。结论定向软通道技术定位精确、操作简便、安全、损伤小,治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床效果良好。     

原发性基底节区脑出血手术策略的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨原发性基底节区脑出血手术策略的选择并对其疗效进行分析总结。方法2008年1月至2013年1月经手术治疗原发性基底节区脑出血病人120例。对于血肿量在30-60ml或者血肿量较大已形成脑疝者87例患者行开颅手术血肿清除术,其中未脑疝并且一般身体情况较好的56例行微创小骨窗经侧裂-岛叶入路血肿清除术;另31例血肿量较大已形成脑疝者行大骨瓣颅血肿清除术,12例由于术后脑压仍高加行去骨瓣减压术。对于合并有心,脑,肾严重疾病,以及年龄大于70岁的33例病人行血肿穿刺引流术。术后3天复查头颅CT,观察血肿清情况,术后半年按照COS量表对患者进行疗效评定。结果采用血肿穿刺引流术33例患者术后3天,再出血4例,术后6个月GOS预后评分5分0例,4分16例,3分100例,2分4例,1分3例;采用开颅血肿清除术87例患者,其中56例采用小骨窗经侧裂-岛叶入路,术后3天再出血4例,术后6个月COS预后评分5分0例,4分38例,3分14例,2分2例,1分2例;而行大骨瓣颅内清除31例患者,术后3天再出血8例,术后6个月GOS预后评分5分0例,4分11例,3分9例,2分6例,1分5例。结论对于血肿量在30-60ml,未脑疝并且一般身体情况较好的患者,行小骨窗经侧裂-岛叶入路血肿清除术,手术效果好,恢复快;对血肿量大于60ml或者脑疝的病人,建议行大骨瓣颅血肿清除术,必要时行去骨瓣减压术。合并有心,脑,肾严重疾病,以及年龄大于70岁的病人行血肿穿刺引流术。早期进行小骨窗开颅血肿清除术及积极处理并发症有助于降低基底节区脑出血患者的死亡率,改善其预后。     

急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血

目的探讨急诊显微手术治疗脑动静脉畸形破裂出血的效果。方法回顾性分析破裂出血的24例脑动静脉畸形病人的急诊显微手术治疗。结果血肿清除+全部畸形血管切除17例,血肿清除+部分畸形血管电凝4例,单纯血肿清除3例。按GOS评分,病人恢复良好11例,轻残5例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡2例。结论脑动静脉畸形破裂出血急性期外科手术的正确选择是关键,争取在血肿清除同时切除畸形血管是首选方法。     

简易经额定向穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的研究

目的探讨简易经额定向穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的效果。方法自2012年10月~2015年6月采用简易经额定向穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者37例,总结分析患者术前临床资料、术中情况及术后疗效。结果本组患者中合并脑疝7例(19%),超早期手术13例(35%);术中平均血肿抽吸率为32%(10%~65%),血肿部分抽吸后见脑皮质塌陷;术后并发症的发生率为22%,其中再出血率5%;术后30 d内的死亡率为0,术后6个月的预后良好率为92%(ADLⅠ~Ⅲ级)。结论简易经额定向穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血简单实用,适应证广,安全有效;而把握好手术时机和注重围手术期细节管理是疗效好的保障。     

重度子痫前期及子痫合并颅脑疾病33例诊治分析

目的探讨重度子痫前期及子痫合并颅脑疾病的病因、临床表现、诊断、治疗原则及预后。方法回顾性分析33例重度子痫前期及子痫合并颅脑疾病住院病人的临床资料。结果33例中CT或MRI检查发现19例脑出血患者,出血量在30ml以下者11例,给予保守治疗。血肿量大于30ml的患者8例,其中出血量超过60ml,并伴脑疝形成的4例,3例行血肿清除术及去骨瓣减压术,1例放弃治疗;其余4例1例行脑室外引流,3例行颅内血肿微创引流术。剖宫产25例,阴道产8例,其中利凡诺引产8例,新生儿死亡5例,死胎6例,其余均存活,存活的最小新生儿胎龄28周,重约685g。8例肾功能不全者经血液透析后6例临床治愈,2例经对症处理后治愈。14例脑梗死患者均给予扩管、小剂量脱水、低分子右旋糖苷等保守治疗,均未手术干预。33例孕妇中恢复良好26例,3例轻、中度偏瘫,2例癫痫,1例不全失语,1例放弃治疗自动出院。结论子痫前期及子痫具有易发生肝肾损害、脑卒中等危险因素,出现神经系统症状时应及时行头颅CT或MRI检查,明确诊断后配以脑卒中相应治疗措施,及时终止妊娠,积极治疗重度子痫前期及子痫。     

高血压性脑出血血肿扩大相关因素分析

目的探讨高血压性脑出血后血肿继续扩大的相关因素。方法回顾性分析187例高血压性脑出血病例的临床资料,其中56例出现血肿持续扩大,将其与未出现血肿扩大者进行对比分析。结果①单因素logistic回归分析显示高血压病程、长期饮酒、糖尿病史、长期服用阿司匹林、体重指数高、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高、高血糖和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血后血肿扩大的危险因素;②多因素logistic回归分析显示长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结论对长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高以及出血后大量使用甘露醇的高血压性脑出血患者要严密观察病情变化,高度警惕血肿继续扩大以免延误治疗。     

CT引导立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血

目的 探讨CT引导立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血的方法和疗效.方法 选择我科自2005年至2006年收治的25例高血压脑出血患者,局麻下安装ASA602A型定向仪,CT扫描后导人手术计划系统,选择血肿最大层面,取血肿中心偏后1～1.5 cm处为靶点,测得坐标,设计手术切121及入路,全麻下环钻开颅,颅骨孔直径约3 cm,导入血肿排空针,排出部分血肿后,置入神经内窥镜进行血肿清除并止血. 结果 25例高血压脑出血患者中术后24 h血肿清除率达60%～70%10例;80%～90%11例;达90%以上4例,给予拔除引流管.72 h复查颅脑CT,患者血肿清除率均达90%以上,均拔除引流管.术后3个月日常生活能力评分示显著好转14例:好转9例;死亡2例,分别于术后10d、14 d死于肺部感染. 结论 立体定向神经内窥镜手术治疗高血压脑出血是一种定位精确、微创、血肿清除率较高和疗效较好的治疗方法.     

高血压基底节区出血并脑疝58例治疗分析

目的探讨开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术治疗基底节区脑出血并脑疝的效果。方法 58例基底节区脑出血并脑疝患者采用开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术治疗,术后给予控制血压、预防感染、脱水及补液等综合治疗,必要时行气管切开及腰椎穿刺术。结果术后6个月,根据ADL评分:Ⅰ级1例(1.72%),Ⅱ级20例(34.48%),Ⅲ级17例(29.31%),Ⅳ级7例(12.06%),Ⅴ级7例(12.06%),死亡6例(10.34%)。结论开颅血肿清除并去骨瓣减压术可有效的降低病死率,提高患者生存质量,可作为脑疝患者的首选手术方式。     

微创血肿清除术联合依达拉奉对急性脑出血炎症因子及神经功能恢复的影响

目的观察微创血肿清除术联合依达拉奉对急性脑出血炎症因子及神经功能恢复的影响。方法 138例急性脑出血患者随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予微创血肿清除术和常规对症治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予依达拉奉注射剂静滴,2次/d。2组患者均治疗14 d为1疗程。对2组治疗后NIHSS评分、TNF-α、IL-6、CRP及临床总有效率进行分析和评价。结果 2组治疗后NIHSS评分均明显下降,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.33、6.93,P<0.05)。观察组改变更明显,明显优于对照组(t=3.89,P<0.05)。治疗后2组的TNF-αI、L-6和CRP明显降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(观察组t=8.54、9.36、8.92,对照组t=6.33、7.32、6.70,P<0.05)。观察组改善更明显,与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=4.38、3.84、3.42,P<0.05)。2组总有效率分别为89.0%和73.8%,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.05,P<0.05)。结论微创血肿清除术联合依达拉奉能明显降低急性脑出血炎症反应,改善神经功能恢复,优于单独应用微创血肿清除术。     

影响立体定向血肿引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血预后的多因素分析

目的分析影响立体定向血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血患者预后的因素。方法三维重建单（双）靶点定向置管引流术治疗幕上高血压脑出血患者172例，将患者临床资料和随访资料输入Access数据库，利用单因素模型分析患者术后30d内死亡率、远期预后和血肿增加的影响因素，并对上述影响因素进行Logistic多变量逐步回归分析进而确定主要影响因素。结果血肿增加、肺部感染、出血部位为患者术后30d内死亡的主要影响因素；肺部感染、血肿增加、血肿波及中脑是影响患者远期预后的主要危险因素，术后两周肌力≥Ⅱ级是保护因素；血肿破人脑室（〉4分）是影响血肿增加的主要危险因素。结论应用立体定向血肿抽吸引流术时，应防止血肿增加和肺部感染，以改善幕上高血压脑出血患者的预后。