T1声门癌CO2激光声带切除深度的探讨

目的:探讨内镜CO2激光声带切除术治疗T1声门型喉癌是否应常规切除甲杓肌.方法:回顾性分析内镜CO2激光治疗T1声门型喉癌57例患者的临床和病理资料.其中Tis 7例,T1a 47例,T1b3例;声带切除术Ⅰ、Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型48例.将48例包括甲杓肌的声带切除标本病理切片进行重新阅片.生存率的计算用Kaplan-Meier方法.结果:随访4～119个月(平均41.5个月),死亡4例,失访8例,5年生存率89.1%,5年疾病别生存率96.3%,5年无瘤生存率78.1%.局部复发10例(17.5%),颈部转移1例,甲杓肌受侵5例(8.8%).挽救手术包括:喉部分切除术6例,喉全切除术3例,颈淋巴结清扫术1例,喉全切除术及颈淋巴结清扫术1例.术后放疗2例.喉保存率93.0%(53/57).结论:T1声门癌可侵及甲杓肌,内镜CO2激光声带切除治疗T1声门癌时,甲杓肌的切除应根据术前和术中肿瘤的范围和侵润深度,分别实施不同类型的切除.正确判断肿瘤的范围和甲杓肌受侵深度有助于减少术后局部复发和提高发声质量.     

早期声门型喉癌患者CO2激光治疗后嗓音功能评估

目的通过主观及客观评估分析早期声门型喉癌患者喉内镜下CO2激光治疗后嗓音功能恢复情况。方法回顾性分析1999年10月至2005年10月接受CO2激光手术治疗的112例声门型喉癌(Tis15例、T1a53例、T1b15例、T229例)患者的术后疗效及嗓音恢复情况,于术后6个月对103例局部无复发及4例复发后行二次激光手术后6个月的患者进行嗓音障碍指数(voice handicap index,VHI)评估表自我评分及嗓音客观评估,包括:嗓音声学分析、电声门图、最长发声时间测试;其中85名患者完成VHI问卷调查。选择50例健康男性作为正常对照组。全部病例于术后6个月进行频闪喉镜检查。声带切除方式按2000年欧洲喉科学会制定分类方案划分为5型,对比组间差异,并与正常对照组比较。结果依照Kaplan-Meier方法计算5年整体生存率为90.24%。声带上皮下切除组、声韧带下切除组与对照组嗓音参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),VHI得分均显示正常或轻度嗓音障碍。而经肌肉声带切除组、声带完全切除组及扩大声带切除组与对照组嗓音参数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),51.8%的患者VHI分值处于中至重度嗓音障碍。结论CO2激光外科治疗早期声门型喉癌疗效确切,可较好保全喉发声功能。其中声带上皮下切除(Ⅰ型)及声韧带下切除(Ⅱ型)术后可恢复近乎正常的嗓音。     

CO2激光喉显微外科技术治疗喉良恶性病变

目的回顾分析应用CO2激光喉显微外科技术治疗喉部良恶性病变的效果。方法自1999年1月1日至2003年6月30日，应用CO2激光喉显微外科技术治疗喉部良恶性病变313例，其中采用切割或汽化方法切除声带息肉236例，声带小结30例；采用声带黏膜剥脱术切除声带白斑、声带角化症、声带不典型增生27例；应用声带黏膜剥脱术或声带切除术切除声门型喉癌(T1aN0M0％)20例。结果所有患者均一次切除病变，术中出血少或不出血，术野清楚。术后无一例出现呼吸困难、出血等严重并发症。声带息肉和声带小结患者的有效率达100％；声带白斑、角化症、不典型增生患者的有效率为92．6％；声门型喉癌患者半年复发率10％。结论应用CO2激光进行喉显微外科手术术中出血少、术野清楚，有效率高，拓展了手术的适应证和范围，值得推广应用。     

CO2激光在声门型喉癌外科治疗中的应用

目的 分析CO2激光治疗声门型喉癌的适应证、手术要点和并发症的预防.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院2003年3月至2006年6月间应用CO2激光治疗的60例无转移的声门型喉癌(T1期52例和,12期8例)的疗效和手术并发症.结果 所有病例术后声音嘶哑都比较明显,随着患侧声带切除后的逐渐修复,发音逐渐响亮,1年左右接近正常发音或轻度嘶哑.术后无气管切开、误吸和呼吸困难患者,除2例双侧声带癌行双侧声带切除后发生前连合粘连外,无其他严重并发症.60例喉癌病例中,54例术后随访2～5年无瘤生存.术后复发4例,1例再次激光手术,随访至今2年无瘤生存;3例改为喉全切除术,其中1例随访2年无瘤生存,2例再次复发死亡.术后4年和5年各失访1例.以Kaplan-Maier法统计累积生存率,3年和5年生存率分别为100.0%和91.5%.结论 激光作为一种微创技术,在喉癌的外科治疗中具有广泛的应用前景.激光手术创伤小,出血少,恢复快,疗效好,且能保留较为满意的发音功能,是治疗T1、T2声门型喉癌的理想方法,值得推广.     

早期声门型喉癌患者CO2激光术后声带粘连的相关因素分析

目的 探讨早期声门型喉癌患者CO2激光术后声带粘连的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析51例行CO2激光手术治疗的早期声门型喉癌患者的临床资料,对其中发生声带粘连者其声带粘连与手术类型、肿瘤T分期、前联合是否受侵犯和术后是否出现肉芽等因素的相关性进行分析.结果 51例患者中,术后发生声带粘连23例,占45.10％(23/51),其中按手术分型:Ⅱ型1例(12.50％,1/8),Ⅲ型2例(22.22％,2/9),Ⅳ型6例(50％,6/12),Ⅴ型14例(63.64％,14/22),各型间差异有统计学意义(x2校正=9.17,P＜0.05);按肿瘤T分期:Tis2例(14.29％,2/14),T1a12例(46.15％,12/26),T1b 3例(100％,3/3),T2 6例(75％,6/8),不同分期间差异有统计学意义(x2校正=13.84,P＜0.05);前联合受侵犯9例(56.25％,9/16),前联合未侵犯14例(40％,14/35),两者差异无统计学意义(x2=1.171,P＞0.05);喉内高出声带表面肉芽25例(49.02％,25/51),其中8例因单一肉芽因素导致声带粘连,占32％(8/25).结论 早期声门型喉癌患者CO2激光手术后声带粘连与手术类型、肿瘤T分期及术后肉芽增生有关.     

CO2激光喉显微手术治疗早期声门型喉癌疗效观察及相关因素分析

目的探讨CO2激光喉显微手术治疗早期声门型喉癌的疗效和安全性,对手术注意事项进行探讨。方法在显微支撑喉镜下,对27例早期声门型喉癌患者采用CO2激光手术治疗,其中Tis6例,T1a8例,T1b7例,T26例。累及前联合者3例,未累及前联合者24例。结果全部患者CO2激光手术均成功,术后无一例患者出现呼吸困难、出血等严重并发症。随访3年以上,存活率100％。2例患者复发,其中1例行CO2激光喉显微手术再切除,1例行喉垂直部分切除并术后放疗,随访2年均未再复发。结论CO2激光喉显微手术是治疗早期声门型喉癌的有效方法,通过选择合适的患者及注意术中操作,可减少甚至避免显微喉镜激光手术引起的声带粘连。     

CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的：探讨CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析18例因甲状腺切除术后双侧声带外展麻痹的临床资料,术前预防性气管切开后,行CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断术。结果：18例患者术后即可经口鼻呼吸,其中15例于术后8周内拔管;3例于术后4～6周因局部肉芽组织增生再次激光手术后拔管;所有患者随访1．6～2．3年,无呼吸困难及误吸,对发声满意。结论：CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断,可有效改善双侧声带外展麻痹造成的呼吸困难,并取得较满意的发声,以及避免误吸。     

CO2激光与掺钕钇铝石榴石激光治疗声门型喉癌手术并发症的比较研究

目的 比较CO2和掺钕钇铝石榴石(Nd:YAG)两种激光治疗声门型喉癌的手术并发症的发生率,并探讨减少并发症的有效方法.方法 采用回顾性分析1999年1月1日至2008年12月31日在北京大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科接受支撑喉镜下CO2和Nd:YAG激光治疗的83例患者的临床资料,比较两组并发症的发生率.CO2激光治疗组32例,其中原位癌2例,T1N0M021例,T2N0M0 8例,T3N0M0 1例,采用非接触式脉冲激光;Nd:YAG激光治疗组51例,原位癌3例,T1N0M0 36例,T1N2M0 3例,T2N0M0 9例,采用光纤接触式激光.结果 CO2激光并发症共4例(12.5%),其中喉软骨膜炎1例(3.1%),舌体麻木1例(3.1%),门齿松动1例(3.1%),皮下气肿1例(3.1%);Nd:YAG激光并发症27例(52.9%),其中术后出血2例(3.9%),呼吸困难5例(9.8%),喉软骨膜炎7例(13.7%),肺部感染4例(7.8%),舌体麻木2例(3.9%),咽颈瘘1例(2.0%),声带固定4例(7.8%),喉狭窄2例(3.9%).结论 Nd:YAG激光较CO2激光更易发生手术并发症,少数并发症需要紧急处理,通过适当预防措施可以减轻并发症,避免严重后果.     

声门型喉癌激光声带切除术后复发病例临床分析

目的：了解支撑喉镜下激光声带切除术治疗早期声门型喉癌复发的临床特点及如何选择再治疗方案。方法：采用波长为532nm的非接触式KTP激光,根据肿瘤大小和侵及深度选择不同术式：Ⅰ型声带切除术16例,Ⅱ型声带切除术63例,Ⅲ型声带切除术21例;对患者术后的复发时间、复发部位、选用术式及原发病变范围等进行分析。结果：1例在术后2个月复发,行激光手术切除,3个月后再复发,再行扩大垂直半喉切除,观察4年无复发。2例在术后3个月复发,1例在术后6个月复发,均行扩大垂直半喉切除,观察4年无复发。1例在术后1年复发,行全喉切除治疗。复发部位在前连合处4例,声带中部1例,其中原发病变T1a 3例,复发率为3．1％;T1b2例,复发率为50．0％。结论：激光声带切除术后复发时间多在半年内,复发部位多在前连合处,早期发现后应首选扩大的部分喉切除术;严格选择手术适应证,熟练的手术技巧是提高疗效的关键。     

不同手术方式对声带息肉术后恢复时间的观察

目的：比较支撑喉镜下采用不同功率CO2激光和常规喉显微手术切除声带息肉患者的术后嗓音恢复时间。方法：200例声带息肉患者均分为4组,分别采用常规喉显微器械和功率为2w、4W、6W的CO2激光切除声带息肉,观察手术后嗓音恢复时间。结果：所有患者均一次切除病变,术后无呼吸困难、出血等并发症。喉显微器械组和CO2激光2W组恢复时间分别为7．2d和7．6d,分别与激光6W组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论：喉显微手术和小功率CO2激光手术切除声带息肉术后恢复时间短。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.